This document outlines the stages of infection and some common skin diseases seen in adolescents. It discusses the incubation, early symptoms, clinical, and recovery stages of infection, as well as the possibility of relapse. It then describes three common skin conditions seen in teens: acne, warts, and fungal infections (tinea). It provides details on types of each condition and their symptoms, causes, and management.
Children's skin problems span nearly two decades from birth through adolescence. Several common pediatric skin conditions will be discussed including: diaper dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, warts, and acne.
follow me on my YouTube channel :- medic o mania
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Children's skin problems span nearly two decades from birth through adolescence. Several common pediatric skin conditions will be discussed including: diaper dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, warts, and acne.
follow me on my YouTube channel :- medic o mania
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
5. 1. Incubation Stage
• This is the time from the entry of the germs to
the appearance of the first sign or symptom.
This can last from several hours to several
months or even years.
6. Incubation Stage
Example:
•Measles has an incubation period of two weeks.
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) can invade the
body up to several years before the condition becomes
full-blown AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome).
7. 2. Early Symptoms Stage
• This is when the general signs and
symptoms of the disease appear, such as
fever, nasal discharge, and rashes.
•It is the early stage of the battle
between the germs and
our body defenses.
8. 3. Clinical Stage
• This is the height of the disease
when the infection is very severe.
•During this period, one is
obviously sick as characteristic
signs and symptoms of the disease
appear.
9. 4. Recovery Stage
• During this stage, there is a gradual return
to health as signs and symptoms begin to
disappear.
•The body is now on its way to recovery.
•However, when the body is unable to
recover, disability or death may result.
10. RELAPSE
•This happens when a sick person
partially recovers but goes back to
the clinical stage.
•Recovery takes much longer after a
relapse because the body defenses
are still weak from a previous
infection.
12. SKIN
•It is the largest essential protective part, and the
most exposed organ of your body.
•Your whole body is covered with it.
•Your skin provides you visible signs showing that
there is an infection affecting your body.
14. 1. Acne
•Commonly called pimples or “zits”, is a
skin condition characterized by the
inflammation of the oil glands
(sebaceous gland) and the hair follicles
or cavity contained within tiny holes on
the surface of the skin, called pores.
19. 1. Acne
• Dirt, debris, bacteria, and inflammatory
cells build up on the clogged pore. A
clogged pore is called a plug. The top of
the plug may be dark (blackhead) or
white (whitehead).
20. Acne can be hereditary and can be
triggered by:
High levels of humidity and sweating
Greasy or oily cosmetic and hair products
Certain drugs, such as steroids,
testosterone and estrogen
Hormonal changes related to menstrual
periods, pregnancy, birth control pills, or
stress
21. Management of Acne
DO’s
DO remove make-up at night.
DO clean your skin gently with a mild,
nondrying soap;
DO remove all dirt or make-up and wash
once or twice a day, including after
exercising.
DO shampoo your hair daily, especially if it is
oily; comb or pull your hair back to keep the
hair out of your face.
22. DONT’s
DON’T scrub or wash your skin repeatedly.
DON’T touch your face with your hands or fingers.
DON’T wear tight headbands, baseball caps, and other
hats.
DON’T squeeze, scratch, pick, or rub the pimples,
although it might be tempting to do this; it can lead to
infection and scarring.
DON’T use greasy cosmetics or creams. Look for water-
based or cosmetics that do not clog pores. They have
been tested and proven not to cause acne.
37. Mosaic Warts
- are groups of
tightly clustered
warts, commonly
found on the hands
or soles of the feet;
38.
39. Subungual Warts
- are cauliflower-
like clusters of
warts found under
or around the
fingernails and
toenails
40.
41. Management of warts
• It is always a good idea to wash your skin regularly and well.
•If you cut or scratch your skin, be sure to use soap and water
because open wounds are more susceptible to warts.
• Wear waterproof sandals or slippers in public showers, locker
rooms, and around public pools, which will also prevent you
from getting other skin infections, like fungal infections.
• If you have warts, do not rub, scratch, or pick at them or you
might spread the virus to another part of your body or cause
the wart to become infected.
42. 3. Tinea
•It is a group of itchy,
reddish and scaly skin
infections caused by
several types of mold-
like fungi that live on
the dead tissues of the
skin, hair, and nails.
43. Types of Tinea
1. Ringworm
2. Athlete’s foot
3. Jock itch
4. Ringworm of the scalp
5. Ringworm of the nails
44. Ringworm
•This affects the skin in different
parts of the body, like the legs,
chest and arms. It starts as a red,
scaly patch or bump that becomes
very itchy and uncomfortable over
time.
58. Management of Tinea
DO’S
DO shower after contact sports.
DO wash sports clothing regularly.
DO shampoo regularly, especially after
a haircut.
DO wash your hands often, especially
after touching pets.
DO wear slippers in the locker room
shower or at the pool.
59. DONT’S
DON’T touch pets with bald spots.
DON’T share clothing, towels,
hairbrushes, combs, or other
personal care items.
Editor's Notes
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent. An infection may remain localized, or it may spread through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become systemic (bodywide). Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are not considered infections. For example, bacteria that normally live within the mouth and intestine are not infections.
The incubation stage includes the time from exposure to an infectious agent until the onset of symptoms.
Viral or bacterial particles replicate during the incubation stage.
Duration
The exact time frame of the incubation stage varies depending on the infection. Here are a few examples:
Flu
The flu virus incubates for 1–4 daysTrusted Source, but symptoms can appear as early as 2 days after the virus enters the body.
Hepatitis B
The incubation period for hepatitis B virus (HBV) ranges from 1.5–6 months.
Salmonella
Salmonella, a common foodborne bacterium, causes symptoms within 6 hours to 6 days. They can include:
diarrhea
vomiting
stomach cramps
In medicine, the time from the moment of exposure to an infectious agent until signs and symptoms of the disease appear. For example, the incubation period of chickenpox is 14-16 days.
In biology, the incubation period is the time needed for any particular process of development to take place. For example, the length of time for turtle eggs to hatch is the incubation period.
COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization.
Most common symptoms:
fever
dry cough
tiredness
Less common symptoms:
aches and pains
sore throat
diarrhoea
conjunctivitis
headache
loss of taste or smell
a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers or toes
Serious symptoms:
difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
chest pain or pressure
loss of speech or movement
The third stage of infection is an illness or clinical disease. This stage includes the time when a person shows apparent symptoms of an infectious disease.
During the decline stage, the immune system mounts a successful defense against the pathogens, and the number of infectious particles decreases.
Symptoms will gradually improve.
However, a person can develop secondary infections during this stage if the primary infection has weakened their immune system.
During this stage, the virus can still transmit to other people.
During this stage, symptoms resolve, and a person can return to their normal functions.
Depending on the severity of the infection, some people may have permanent damage even after the infection resolves.
Convalescence is the period in which the body recovers from a serious illness, injury or surgery.
Changes to your lifestyle may be needed to make sure the body has enough time and rest to allow a complete recovery.
If left unexamined, the psychological trauma of serious illness can influence your future decisions, including the way you live your life and interact with other people.
No matter how you think of it, your skin is very important. It covers and protects everything inside your body. Without skin, people's muscles, bones, and organs would be hanging out all over the place. Skin holds everything together.
A pore is an opening of the skin through which sweat and other materials can pass. A skin pore can become clogged when it fills up with sebaceous fluid or dead skin, and is overcome by bacteria on the face.
there are little pockets called sweat glands in the middle layer of your skin (the dermis). These glands make sweat—as you’d expect—which goes through little tubes and comes out of tiny holes called pores. Pores play an essential role in keeping our bodies cool (through sweat) and flushing out toxic substances the body doesn’t need. And when those pores get clogged they can lead to breakouts and severe acne.
Warts are tiny skin infections caused by viruses of the human papillomavirus (HPV) family. Although kids get warts most often, teens and adults can get them too. Sometimes warts are sexually transmitted and appear in the genital area. But most warts affect the fingers, hands, and feet
A mosaic is a piece of art that is composed of many tiny pieces of glass or tile. To make a decorative object into a mosaic,
Subungual warts appear under and around the fingernails. These warts are similar to the common wart but are much more difficult to cure than warts found elsewhere on the body
Ringworm is a contagious fungal infection caused by common mold-like parasites that live on the cells in the outer layer of your skin. It can be spread in the following ways:
Human to human. Ringworm often spreads by direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.
Animal to human. You can contract ringworm by touching an animal with ringworm. Ringworm can spread while petting or grooming dogs or cats. It's also fairly common in cows.
Object to human. It's possible for ringworm to spread by contact with objects or surfaces that an infected person or animal has recently touched or rubbed against, such as clothing, towels, bedding and linens, combs, and brushes.
Soil to human. In rare cases, ringworm can be spread to humans by contact with infected soil. Infection would most likely occur only from prolonged contact with highly infected soil.
Jock itch (tinea cruris) is a fungal infection that causes a red and itchy rash in warm and moist areas of the body. The rash often affects the groin and inner thighs and may be shaped like a ring. Jock itch gets its name because it's common in athletes. It's also common in people who sweat a lot or who are overweight.
is a fungal infection of the scalp and hair shafts. The signs and symptoms of ringworm of the scalp may vary, but it usually appears as itchy, scaly, bald patches on the head. Ringworm of the scalp, a highly contagious infection, is most common in toddlers and school-age children.