2. Introduction
Bacteria constitute a large domain of
prokaryotic microorganisms.
Few micrometres in length .
Different shapes, ranging from
spheres to rods and spirals .
They lack true nucleus .
3. Can be classified to Gram +ve & Gram –ve
Bacteria
Many of the bacteria have Flagellae & Pili
Healthy people may carry:
• 1012 bacteria on skin.
• 1010 in mouth.
• 1014 in GIT.
4. Tuberculosis
Infects about 1/3 of world’s
population
Kills approximately 3 million people
per year
Most important cause of death in
the world
5. caused by aerobic, non-spore
forming bacillus Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis
It has :
Thick , Waxy coat
Doesn’t react with Gram Stains
6. It can be spread through small airborne droplets
The organism will be carried to the Pulmonary air
spaces.
7. Primary Tuberculosis
•Occurs in previously unexposed people.
•Almost always involves the lungs.
•Most infections are the result of direct person -
to – person spread.
•Results only in a localized , fibrocalcified nodule .
8. Secondary Tuberculosis ( Active Disease )
•Develops later in life from a reactivation of
organisms.
•This reactivation is typically associated with
compromised host defenses
Immunosuppressive medication Or HIV Patients
Diabetes
Old age
9. Clinical Signs And Symptoms :
1. Primary T.B : Usually asymptomatic.
2. Secondary T.B :
Low grade fever
Malaise
Night sweats and weight loss
With progression , hemoptysis and chest pain.
10.
11. Oral Tuberculosis
If oral cavity is involved , it is presented either as :
1. Primary infections
Effects
Gingiva
Mucobuccal fold
Areas of inflammation
12. 2. Secondary infection ( more common )
Effects:
The tongue
Palate due to infected sputum
13. Typical lesion
Indurate Chronic
Nonhealing Ulcer
That Is Usually Painful
Bony involvement of maxilla and mandible produces
tuberculosis osteomyelitis
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. Diagnosis
•Tuberculin skin test.
•Biopsy (with special stains)
•Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for
bacterial DNA detects the disease.
21. Treatment
First line drugs likely to used fro treatment of TB include
• ISONIAZID
• RIFAMPIN
• PYRAZINAMIDE
• EXAMBUTHOL
22. Drug combinations are often used in 6, 9, or 12
month treatment regimens.
Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine is effective
in controlling childhood TB.
24. Acquired Syphilis
Acquired syphilis is subdivided into:
1. Primary Syphilis:
Characterized by the appearance of “Chancre”
A firm nodule in which the surface breaks up in a few
days leaving a round hard ulcer
Chancre is typically painless and heals spontaneously
in weeks
25.
26. 2. Secondary Syphilis :
• Develops in 1 to 4 months of initial infection.
• It Causes:
Mild Fever - Malaise
Sore Throat
Headache
Muscle Pain
Generalized lymphadenopathy
Rash and Stomatisis
27. Numerous red macules and papules
occur in the mouth & palate as ulcers
White grey plaque on the tongue ,
gingiva , palate and buccal mucosa
The Ulcer Discharge contains many
spirochetes
28.
29. 3. Tertiary syphilis
Latent period of 1-30 years between secondary
and tertiary stage
Presented as
Neurological defects
Cardiovascular defects
31. Gumma : At the tongue ,
palate , tonsils , begins as
swelling that ulcerate and
destroy the underlying
tissue that may cause
perforation of the palate
32. Congenital syphilis
Passing syphilis from the mother to the child
Results in classical symptoms called triad of
Hutchinson:
Corneal Keratitis
Deafness ( involvement of the 8th cranial nerve)
under development of the maxilla , palate and
saddle nose
35. Actinomycosis
Chronic bacterial disease
Caused by Gr +ve anaerobic Actinomyces Israeli
About 55% occur in cervicofacial region
Not regarded as contagious because infection cannot be
transmitted from one individual to another
Usually appears after Trauma , Surgery and previous infection
36. When occurs in the Head and Neck it
appears as:
• Swelling of Mandible.
• Skin lesion are indurated.
• Having woody hard consistency.
• Results in Osteomyelitis that may drain
through gingiva.
39. Short incubation period of less than 7 days
Absence of symptoms in many individuals,
especially females
Transmission from an infected patient to
dental personnel is regarded as highly
unlikely
Requires break in skin or mucosa to establish
an infection
40. Oral Findings
I. No specific clinical signs have been
consistently associated with oral gonorrhea.
II. Multiple ulcerations
III. Generalized erythema
IV. Cervical lymphadenopathy
V. Chief complaint may be sore throat