European Green Cars Initiative Projects-
Helios Final Paper with the objectives of
Evaluating the performances of 4 positive electrode (NCA, LMO blend, LFP & NMC/ Graphite anode)
Comparative assessment of Performance (12- 15 months cycling tests) life, cost, recycling and safety characteristics
Requirements for innovative services and business modelsOlgaRodrguezLargo
This presentation identify requirements for various stakeholders relevant for creation of innovative services and business models for electric and hybrid vehicles developed in CarE-Service Project.
Define requirements on:
1. B2B level through elaboration on the three main reuse chains: batteries, metals and techno-polymers.
2. B2C level through elaboration on car sharing/renting services.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
This report presents a preliminary analysis of the three re-use value-chains (battery, metals and techno-polymers) of CarE-Service Project in order to derive specific process requirements to be furtherly implemented and demonstrated.
The main objective is to propose an optimal management of End of Life (EoL) Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (E&HEV), requiring proper technologies and ad hoc processes. The aim is the reduction of wasted materials in landfills or incinerators and the recovery of components with residual properties as re-used products or chemical compounds as secondary raw materials. In particular, the automotive target parts are:
batteries, representing the main innovation in E&HEVs;
techno-polymers, whose amount is increased to reduce the wholeweight of E&HEVs;
and metals.
To properly derive robust requirements addressing real needs for future sustainability, a great effort has been spent involving all relevant actors for the development of innovative technical solutions for future services at all supply chain levels. Therefore, State of Art analysis and in-depth interviews have been carried out with the key-players of the future de-manufacturing value-chains. Once collected all the information, several potential scenarios have been analysed and detailed schemes of the three main value-chains have been defined.
Finally, an in-sight view of the current re-design practices and European laws and directives addressing the EoL of automotive products is drawn to identify the limits concretely bounding the market exploitation of CarE-Service results.
Requirements for innovative services and business modelsOlgaRodrguezLargo
This presentation identify requirements for various stakeholders relevant for creation of innovative services and business models for electric and hybrid vehicles developed in CarE-Service Project.
Define requirements on:
1. B2B level through elaboration on the three main reuse chains: batteries, metals and techno-polymers.
2. B2C level through elaboration on car sharing/renting services.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
This report presents a preliminary analysis of the three re-use value-chains (battery, metals and techno-polymers) of CarE-Service Project in order to derive specific process requirements to be furtherly implemented and demonstrated.
The main objective is to propose an optimal management of End of Life (EoL) Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (E&HEV), requiring proper technologies and ad hoc processes. The aim is the reduction of wasted materials in landfills or incinerators and the recovery of components with residual properties as re-used products or chemical compounds as secondary raw materials. In particular, the automotive target parts are:
batteries, representing the main innovation in E&HEVs;
techno-polymers, whose amount is increased to reduce the wholeweight of E&HEVs;
and metals.
To properly derive robust requirements addressing real needs for future sustainability, a great effort has been spent involving all relevant actors for the development of innovative technical solutions for future services at all supply chain levels. Therefore, State of Art analysis and in-depth interviews have been carried out with the key-players of the future de-manufacturing value-chains. Once collected all the information, several potential scenarios have been analysed and detailed schemes of the three main value-chains have been defined.
Finally, an in-sight view of the current re-design practices and European laws and directives addressing the EoL of automotive products is drawn to identify the limits concretely bounding the market exploitation of CarE-Service results.
Presentation of the main ideas and first results of the European Project CarE-Service.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
This presentation collects the analysis and specification of re-use value-chains in automotive sector, specifically for electric and hybrid vehicles. It includes:
• The definition of the current State of Art of recycling processes in automotive sector (techno-polymer and metallic components) and for Li- ion batteries.
• The identification of standards and regulations currently impacting and/or limiting the proposal of innovative solutions for end-of-life E&HEVs.
• The preliminary analysis and detection of guidelines for the re- design of products in order to make them easily disassemblable, re- usable and/or recyclable.
• The collection of possible innovative solutions to be developed during CarE-Service project.
• The identification of general requirements of processes, necessary for their application in real life.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851
CarE-Service Project: Introduction general overview and objectives OlgaRodrguezLargo
Introduction, general overview and objectives of H2020 Project CarE-Service, project demonstrating innovative circular economy business models of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (E&HEVs) that will boost electric mobility services in Europe.
This project has received funding from the European Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No 776851
Position paper for standardization and legislation of battery value chain of ...OlgaRodrguezLargo
This report analyzes the state of the art of the current legislation and standard regulations in general concerning technical and legal requirements, together with safety issues, relative to disassembly and re-manufacturing, transportation and storage of reusable/recyclable parts and components, extended producer responsibility (EPR) regarding new parts and products put on the market. These topics were mainly focused on the batteries value chain by identifying limits and barriers of the current legislation and standard regulations for the development of CarE Service project, and furthermore by elaborating proposals to remove these limits and barriers with the clear indications of potential benefit associated.
The contents of this report were used to elaborate this deliverable as a formal position paper with proposals on legislation and standard regulations to be submitted to the relevant European stakeholders (CEN- CENELEC, Standardization Committee, National and Regional Authorities, European Commission).
This report is a living and dynamic document due to the upcoming changes in the EU regulations for the revision of the Battery Directive, the ELV Directive and the battery sustainability initiatives.
Thus, this is the first version, potentially upgradeable up to the end of the CarE-Service project.
2021 hidalgo et al. - development of an innovative process involving the us...Jokin Hidalgo
Development of an innovative process involving the use of
ionic liquids for the recovery and purification of rare earths
from permanent magnets and NIMH batteries
Requirements for innovative services and business modelsOlgaRodrguezLargo
This deliverable reports the identification of stakeholder requirements, specifications and KPIs at B2B and B2C level collected through a wide consultation of consumers, service companies and industrial stakeholders.
To this aim, diverse methods of data collection were performed including:
• Detailed interviews not only with all industrial partners in the CarE- Service consortium but also with the support of the project stakeholder group and other relevant companies in the value chain.
• Comprehensive consultation with some members of the project consumer committee and additional consumer associations.
• Exploratory open-ended discussions in the form of focus groups with diverse themes of B2C requirements for future sustainable/circular business models and services.
• European Survey of consumers’ view on non-ownership and
electrification in mobility services.
• Literature review on the state of the art of mobility services and car sharing business models
Thanks to the above data collection channels, the business model and service engineering requirements and KPIs were identified and quantified, where possible, categorized in following six value chains:
•
• B2B Business models:
- Battery re-use value chain
- Metal re-use value chain
- Techno-polymer re-use value chain
- Business model of the ICT Platform
- Business model of the SMMs
• B2C Business models
Lithium-Ion Batteries towards Circular Economy: A Literature Review of Opport...OlgaRodrguezLargo
Presentation of a literature review of opportunities and issues of recycling treatments for Lithium-Ion Batteries in SDEWES19 Conference, within the framework of the European Project CarE-Service.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
Presentation of Electric Vehicles battery packs redesign results obtained within the framework of CarE-Service European Project.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
Requirements for generalization of the approach to EU industryOlgaRodrguezLargo
This presentation shows the vision of CarE-Service project of the different European scenarios trying to understand which are the actual drivers able to make the value chains of end of life components and materials in electric and hybrid vehicles (batteries, metals, techno-polymers) the most exploitable possible.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
Closing the loop: Disassembly, Testing, Remanufacturing, Second Life and Recy...OlgaRodrguezLargo
Presentation Closing the loop: Disassembly, Testing, Remanufacturing, Second Life and Recycling by Envirobat & CSIC during the last Exploitation Webinar held on 25th November 2021
Requirements for generalization of the approach to EU industryOlgaRodrguezLargo
Identifying some criteria to generalize the results of a research project on the Circular Economy on a European scale requires a broader competence on products end of life products combined with an ability to predict which will be the most relevant trend lines that will influence the technologies and economic dynamics of products end of life in the coming years.
This deliverable highlights that there various types of criteria: some are of a general nature, cross-cutting and allow the project to be strengthened in terms of its European value, while others are more specific and expendable on the three specific value chains that, by integrating them, have surely more chances to be recognized and appreciated in European terms.
The work is not limited to a mere statement of general criteria, but also provides some examples and operating suggestions for the transformation of these European criteria for valid operational suggestions for future activities of CarE-Service project.
A circular economy model for electric vehicles batteries by StellantisOlgaRodrguezLargo
Presentation by Stellantis about circular economy model for electric vehicles in the Final CarE-Service Exploitation webinar held on 25th November 2021
Innovative community platform for the re-use, re-manufacturing and recycling ...OlgaRodrguezLargo
Demonstration event of the H2020 CarE-Service project about the ICT Platform created during the project for the re-use, re-manufacturing and recycling of metals, techno-polymers and batteries in automotive
Electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with low-carbon electricity sources offer the potential for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal trans-
portation. In considering these benefits, it is important to address concerns of problem-
shifting. In addition, while many studies have focused on the use phase in comparing
transportation options, vehicle production is also significant when comparing conventional
and EVs.
Presentation of the main ideas and first results of the European Project CarE-Service.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
This presentation collects the analysis and specification of re-use value-chains in automotive sector, specifically for electric and hybrid vehicles. It includes:
• The definition of the current State of Art of recycling processes in automotive sector (techno-polymer and metallic components) and for Li- ion batteries.
• The identification of standards and regulations currently impacting and/or limiting the proposal of innovative solutions for end-of-life E&HEVs.
• The preliminary analysis and detection of guidelines for the re- design of products in order to make them easily disassemblable, re- usable and/or recyclable.
• The collection of possible innovative solutions to be developed during CarE-Service project.
• The identification of general requirements of processes, necessary for their application in real life.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851
CarE-Service Project: Introduction general overview and objectives OlgaRodrguezLargo
Introduction, general overview and objectives of H2020 Project CarE-Service, project demonstrating innovative circular economy business models of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (E&HEVs) that will boost electric mobility services in Europe.
This project has received funding from the European Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No 776851
Position paper for standardization and legislation of battery value chain of ...OlgaRodrguezLargo
This report analyzes the state of the art of the current legislation and standard regulations in general concerning technical and legal requirements, together with safety issues, relative to disassembly and re-manufacturing, transportation and storage of reusable/recyclable parts and components, extended producer responsibility (EPR) regarding new parts and products put on the market. These topics were mainly focused on the batteries value chain by identifying limits and barriers of the current legislation and standard regulations for the development of CarE Service project, and furthermore by elaborating proposals to remove these limits and barriers with the clear indications of potential benefit associated.
The contents of this report were used to elaborate this deliverable as a formal position paper with proposals on legislation and standard regulations to be submitted to the relevant European stakeholders (CEN- CENELEC, Standardization Committee, National and Regional Authorities, European Commission).
This report is a living and dynamic document due to the upcoming changes in the EU regulations for the revision of the Battery Directive, the ELV Directive and the battery sustainability initiatives.
Thus, this is the first version, potentially upgradeable up to the end of the CarE-Service project.
2021 hidalgo et al. - development of an innovative process involving the us...Jokin Hidalgo
Development of an innovative process involving the use of
ionic liquids for the recovery and purification of rare earths
from permanent magnets and NIMH batteries
Requirements for innovative services and business modelsOlgaRodrguezLargo
This deliverable reports the identification of stakeholder requirements, specifications and KPIs at B2B and B2C level collected through a wide consultation of consumers, service companies and industrial stakeholders.
To this aim, diverse methods of data collection were performed including:
• Detailed interviews not only with all industrial partners in the CarE- Service consortium but also with the support of the project stakeholder group and other relevant companies in the value chain.
• Comprehensive consultation with some members of the project consumer committee and additional consumer associations.
• Exploratory open-ended discussions in the form of focus groups with diverse themes of B2C requirements for future sustainable/circular business models and services.
• European Survey of consumers’ view on non-ownership and
electrification in mobility services.
• Literature review on the state of the art of mobility services and car sharing business models
Thanks to the above data collection channels, the business model and service engineering requirements and KPIs were identified and quantified, where possible, categorized in following six value chains:
•
• B2B Business models:
- Battery re-use value chain
- Metal re-use value chain
- Techno-polymer re-use value chain
- Business model of the ICT Platform
- Business model of the SMMs
• B2C Business models
Lithium-Ion Batteries towards Circular Economy: A Literature Review of Opport...OlgaRodrguezLargo
Presentation of a literature review of opportunities and issues of recycling treatments for Lithium-Ion Batteries in SDEWES19 Conference, within the framework of the European Project CarE-Service.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
Presentation of Electric Vehicles battery packs redesign results obtained within the framework of CarE-Service European Project.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
Requirements for generalization of the approach to EU industryOlgaRodrguezLargo
This presentation shows the vision of CarE-Service project of the different European scenarios trying to understand which are the actual drivers able to make the value chains of end of life components and materials in electric and hybrid vehicles (batteries, metals, techno-polymers) the most exploitable possible.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
Closing the loop: Disassembly, Testing, Remanufacturing, Second Life and Recy...OlgaRodrguezLargo
Presentation Closing the loop: Disassembly, Testing, Remanufacturing, Second Life and Recycling by Envirobat & CSIC during the last Exploitation Webinar held on 25th November 2021
Requirements for generalization of the approach to EU industryOlgaRodrguezLargo
Identifying some criteria to generalize the results of a research project on the Circular Economy on a European scale requires a broader competence on products end of life products combined with an ability to predict which will be the most relevant trend lines that will influence the technologies and economic dynamics of products end of life in the coming years.
This deliverable highlights that there various types of criteria: some are of a general nature, cross-cutting and allow the project to be strengthened in terms of its European value, while others are more specific and expendable on the three specific value chains that, by integrating them, have surely more chances to be recognized and appreciated in European terms.
The work is not limited to a mere statement of general criteria, but also provides some examples and operating suggestions for the transformation of these European criteria for valid operational suggestions for future activities of CarE-Service project.
A circular economy model for electric vehicles batteries by StellantisOlgaRodrguezLargo
Presentation by Stellantis about circular economy model for electric vehicles in the Final CarE-Service Exploitation webinar held on 25th November 2021
Innovative community platform for the re-use, re-manufacturing and recycling ...OlgaRodrguezLargo
Demonstration event of the H2020 CarE-Service project about the ICT Platform created during the project for the re-use, re-manufacturing and recycling of metals, techno-polymers and batteries in automotive
Electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with low-carbon electricity sources offer the potential for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal trans-
portation. In considering these benefits, it is important to address concerns of problem-
shifting. In addition, while many studies have focused on the use phase in comparing
transportation options, vehicle production is also significant when comparing conventional
and EVs.
Ahmad A Pesaran of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory presented to CALSTART member companies on battery technologies for plug-in electric, hybrid electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in April 2011.
Preliminary hazards identification of the ship hybrid power system esrel2017Tito Livio M. Cardoso
The worldwide concern with environmental preservation has driven the more rational and efficient use of energy, giving rise to hybrid power systems where more than one power source is usually involved with the presence of energy storage elements such as batteries , supercapacitors and flywheels. Since 2008, hybrid propulsion in ships has been an active field of research. This work presents the identification of hazards carried out in the context of a project to produce a hybrid version, based on Ion-Lithium batteries, of a commercial model of Plataform Supply Vessel (PSV).
THE CENTRAL QUESTION ...
Since the battery is pivotal to my EV, what are the core issues that will allow me to understand battery technology?
COURSE ABSTRACT
A discussion of battery components and fabrication approach, the reasons that building higher capacity batteries are constrained by geometry and technological factors, the key characteristics to assess when comparing battery chemistries, and new battery tech that may lead to significant improvements in those characteristics. To obtain a copy of the EVU study guide for this and other available EVU courses, please complete the form on this page.
Course level: Intermediate
European Green Cars Initiative Projects HELIOS Proposal Paper (July 2012)Andrew Gelston
European Green Cars Initiative Projects-
Helios Presentation with the objectives of
Evaluate the performances of 4 positive electrode (NCA, LMO blend, LFP & NMC/ Graphite anode)
Comparative assessment of Performance (12- 15 months cycling tests) life, cost, recycling and safety characteristics
Hydrogen storage for micro-grid application: a framework for ranking fuel ce...IJECEIAES
To securely address energy shortage and various environmental issues attributed to fossil fuel, the adoption of renewable energy is growing across the globe. However, wind and solar which form the bulk of the emerging renewable energy for micro-grid applications are intermittent and need energy storage device for backup. Due to its environmentally friendly nature, the use of hydrogen as storage mechanism is now being explored for micro-grid applications. However, due to the various technical criteria attributed to various fuel cell (FC) technologies used for hydrogen production, selecting the most suitable alternative remains a challenge. This study uses evaluation based on distance from average solution, a multicriteria decision making tool to rank FC technologies that can be used to produce of hydrogen energy storage in micro-grid applications. The analysis was based on 4 FC technologies and 6 technical criteria. The results of the study show that the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application is the polymeric electrolyte membrane while the least preferred is molten carbonate FC. It is expected that future analysis would explore the inclusion of socio-economic criteria in the evaluation of the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application.
How EV/HEV drive the battery technology development 2016 Presentation by Dr. ...Yole Developpement
Rapidly growing market
•Competitive with other main battery technologies
•Growing number of involved players
•Large variety of applications
•Products available in the largest range of battery power and energy capacities
•Further development and deployment strongly driven by a huge automotive market
• Specific requirements on battery safety and cell management due to inherent properties of Li-ion chemistries
Removing carbon from the processes which are essential to our modern world will be one of our generation's defining challenges. Central to this goal will be the role of Energy Storage within our modern infrastructure. Energy storage will need to be placed at all parts in our infrastructure - both in front and behind the meter applications will be key. These diverse applications will need a portfolio of technologies to deliver services to a range of customers. In this talk we explore some innovation possibilities with a focus on (a) Li-ion roadmap and the role of digitisation, (b) Flow batteries for longer term storage and finally (c) Power2X technologies for Energy Reserve and Chemical Industry.
Dr. Eric Isaacs, Laboratory Director, Argonne National Laboratory
• Comparing the life, density, safety, and costs of new battery technologies for EVs and portable electronics
• Assessing the viability of emerging technologies
• How do we develop a domestic manufacturing capability for advanced energy storage technologies?
Hybrid resources: Challenges, Implications, Opportunities, and InnovationAndrew Gelston
Publication in the IEEE power & energy magazine November/December 2021 Issue on Hybrid renewable + Storage resources.
Layman explanation of why 1+1 = 3, rather then 2, with Hybrid co-optimizing internally as a single resource
NextEra Energy and Hawaiian Electric Industries to Combine (December 2014)Andrew Gelston
Achieving a More Affordable Clean Energy Future For Hawaii
Hawaiian Electric Industries Announces Plan to Spin off ASB Hawaii into an Independent Publicly Traded Company
December 3, 2014
European Green Cars Initiative Projects HELIOS Final Paper (2014)
1. Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris
HELIOS : High Energy Lithium-Ion Storage solutions - final results
Frederique Del Corso a*, Horst Mettlach b , Mathieu Morcrette c , Uwe Koehler d, Cedric Gousset e, Christian Sarrazin f, Ghislain Binotto g, Denis Porcellato h, Matthias Vest i
a Renault, Guyancourt- France
b Adam Opel AG, Russelsheim – Germany,
c CNRS-LRCS, Amiens – France
d JCHaR, Hannover, Germany,
e Saft, Bordeaux – France,
f EDF, Moret/ Loing – France,
g Ineris, Verneuil / Halatte – France,
h PSA , Carrières sous Poissy- France,
i RWTH-IME, Aachen - Germany
Abstract
HELIOS is a 4 year project to carry out a comparative assessment of 4 types of lithium-ion battery technologies, selected as the most promising technologies being developed across the world: NCA, NMC, LMO & LFP/C. The assessments concern traction batteries for the automotive sector (EV, PHEV & HEV-APU). The work achieved from laboratory testing and other analysis deliver the comparative data covering performance, life, cost, recycling and safety/abuse characteristics.NCA is the current mainstream manufacturing technology used by SAFT and is therefore the base case against which the other 3 technologies are compared. In each case the evaluations are carried out on representative size high energy cells with a capacity of approximately 40 Ah, produced industrially. In total, up to 220 cells have been employed across the various cell types and test activities (safety tests on new and pre-aged cells), cycling and calendar tests (12-15 months).
Keywords: batteries lithium- ion ; safety ; performances ; EV & PHEV.
Résumé
HELIOS est un projet européen de 4 ans dont l’objectif est de comparer 4 technologies de batteries lithium-ion (les plus prometteuses développées pour les applications automobiles) des points de vue économique, techniques (performance, durée de vie, sécurité) et recyclabilité. Cette étude couvre les applications véhicules (VE, PHEV) et poids-lourds (HEV-APU). Les batteries NCA, commercialisées par SAFT seront les batteries de référence à comparer aux 3 autres chimies retenues (NMC , LMO et LFP ). Au total, près de 220 cellules haute énergie de 40 Ah (format représentatif) seront fabriquées par SAFT pour les essais. Enfin le projet HELIOS bénéficie du savoir-faire et des connaissances de 6 constructeurs automobiles, 4 industriels et 8 universités et instituts de recherche. Le résultat final sera d’apporter une meilleure visibilité sur le potentiel à plus long terme de ces nouvelles technologies tant sur l’environnement, l’indépendance énergétique que sur l’emploi au sein de l’union européenne.
Mots-clé: batteries lithium- ion ; safety ; performances ; EV & PHEV.
* Corresponding author information here : Tel : +33 1 768 57598
E-mail address:frederique.delcorso@renault.com
2. F. del Corso et al./ Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris 2
Nomenclature
NCA Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium
NMC Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt
LMO Lithium Manganese spinel
LFP Lithium Iron Phosphate
C Carbon - graphite
EV Electric Vehicles
PHEV Plug-in Hybrid Electric vehicles
HEV-APU auxiliary power units in heavy duty hybrid trucks
SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
1. Introduction
The automobile industry and urban transport operators must meet the required reduction of the environmental impact of vehicles and thereby contribute to the objectives fixed by the EU Climate and Energy package known as the “Grenelle de l'Environnement” 20-20-20 targets: 20 % renewables energies by 2020, 20% reduction of CO2 emissions and fuel consumption from transport. Innovative, safe and with high performance energy storage solutions have to be studied and grow up.
Energy storage is an area of rapidly evolving technology. Lithium-ion has become the dominant rechargeable battery chemistry for consumer electronics devices and is going to become also the most competitive technology for industrial, transportation, and power-storage applications. From a technological point of view, this chemistry provides a high specific energy (Wh/kg) and high energy density (Wh/L) regarding previously popular rechargeable battery chemistries (nickel metal hydride, nickel cadmium, and lead acid battery).
Battery reliability and safety are the key issue for the commercialization of x-EV vehicles.
2. Objectives and presentation of Helios project
HELIOS is a 4 year project to carry out a comparative assessment of 4 types of lithium-ion battery technologies, selected as the most promising technologies being developed across the world. The 4 types of positive electrode materials having been selected are
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)
Lithium Manganese oxide - NCA blend (LMO-NCA or LMO-b)
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA)
NCA is the current mainstream manufacturing technology used by SAFT and regarded therefore as the base case against which the other 3 technologies are compared. In order to make the comparison easier (changing only one thing at a time: the positive electrode material), electrolyte and negative electrode were kept the same, only adjusting quantities (balancing electrodes capacities and electrolyte quantity) to optimize the cell operation.
The assessments concern traction batteries for the automotive sector (EV, PHEV & HEV-APU).
The work achieved from laboratory testing and other analysis of full sized battery to determine the performance, cycle life and storage life, safety under abuse conditions, volume cost, capability for recycling of material.
3. F. del Corso et al./ Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris
The majority of the work was performed at cell level, with some module abuse testing (typically 4 cells). In all cases, the comparative results have been extrapolated to full battery pack size units suitable for complete vehicle. From the results, a recommendation for the future work on electrochemical system was proposed.
Dedicated Work Packages (WP) are focused on the key tasks, namely
- WP2 - Ageing analysis, post mortem analysis
- WP3 - Cell specification and test procedures
- WP4 - High energy cell manufacture
- WP5 - Electrical performance testing (cycling and storage)
- WP6 - Safety and abuse testing
- WP7 - Economical assessment
- WP8 - Recycling assessment
WP4 -materialselectionWP4-proto 4/5 Ah cellsWP6-Abuse testsWP4-proto 40Ah cellsWP6-Abuse tests on 40AhWP5-Life cycle & calendare tests (12-15 months) WP2-Post- mortem analysisWP8-Recycling & LCA assessmentWP7-COST assessmentWP3-Specification & testingprocedureNov2009Oct2013
Fig 1. Technical architecture of Helios project, per work package
3. Main Results
The final goal of the investigation is to benchmark the properties of the four different electrochemical systems versus each other and to identify their advantages, disadvantages, risks, challenges.
Table 1. Battery specifications (HELIOS recommendation, see Helios Deliverable 3.1; 2010)
EV battery specification
PHEV & HEV-APU battery specification
Usable energy (kWh)
20
10-12
Peak power (kW)
75 kW (@45 s)
80 kW (@15 s)
Life
>10 y
10-15 y
Voltage (V)
250- 420
250-410
E throughput (kWh)
60 000
50 000
Mass (Kg)
200
120
Volume (L)
125
80
In order to carry out the testing and analysis work it was necessary to develop procedures for each phase. These documents are available for future use in similar activities:
4. F. del Corso et al./ Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris 4
- Cell specifications applicable to both electric and hybrid electric vehicles (Table 1)
- Performance, cycle and ageing test procedures, with links to other existing procedures available world-wide (public Deliverable 3.2 ; 2010)
- Safety test procedures for performance under electrical/thermal/mechanical accident or abuse for new and aged cells (public Deliverable 3.3, 2011)
- Procedures and recommendation for handling of used cells and recovery of materials
Various active materials for positive electrode were investigated (WP4) and qualified for their electrochemical properties based on the ageing review performed (P Kubiak et al., 2013). As the goal of Helios project is to compare 4 electrochemistries for positive electrode, we’ve kept the same negative electrode (graphite) and electrolyte used by SAFT in their commercial cells.
In a pre-study the behavior of the materials was investigated by the use of small cells with approximately 0.5 Ah. These cells were tested mainly for their safety and aging properties (WP6). As the results were quite promising, the manufacture of large cells was set up by SAFT. They used their industrial lines to produce cathode electrodes and 40 Ah cells.
Around 60 cells per chemistry were manufactured, characterized and delivered to WP5-6 and 8 partners to perform life cycle, safety & recycling tests.
Fig. 2. Picture of 40Ah cells (NCA chemistry) provided by SAFT and undergoing calendar life tests
- Electrical tests show that EV & PHEV cycles defined in the project (WP5) are the most constraining parameter (concerning the cell capacity decrease, and cells power ability decrease in a less extent). Moreover, temperature seems to be a really predominant parameter influencing the cells ageing, though its influence turned out to be more and more important from storage to EV-Cycling and finally PHEV cycling (Fig. 3).
NCA and NMC cells show the best performances at 30 and 45°C. In the literature, some data about the comparison of the main Li-ion technologies for EV and PHEV applications can be reported on representative cells (25-100 Ah) (M Broussely,2007). For example, we can find energy and power evolution of Saft VL45 E (for EV application) during DST cycle at 80% DoD and storage test at 100%SOC, 40°C.
The cells (NCA/graphite) ensures an excellent calendar life (>1500 days) and very good stability during cycling (> 2500 cycles), as we can see in Helios project, even if the cells studied are VL41M cells (which are High energy PHEV design).
Very detailed aging study is described (S Kabitz, 2013) until 450-500 days on NMC Li-ion pouch cell but only at 10 Ah. However, it’s very interesting to notice the evolution of capacity (decreasing) and resistance (increasing) with temperature (25 to 60°C) and with % SOC (20 to 100) as we did in Helios project.
5. F. del Corso et al./ Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris
Fig. 3. Capacity decrease for the four chemistries tested in Helios project and for four cycling test conditions (PHEV, EV cycling @ 45°C and calendar life @ 45 and 60°C)
6. F. del Corso et al./ Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris 6
We can find also comparison of commercial battery cells (13 different cells from 2 to 70 Ah & for different applications) with fully characterization but there‘s no data on life performance (G Mulder, 2013).
- The safety tests have been performed on 40Ah cells produced by SAFT (WP6). Safety is the key point to allow lithium-ion batteries technology to be widely used for electric vehicles. According to the several types of positive active material dealing in the HELIOS project, each of them has not exactly the same performances in terms of specific energy, cycling life time and safety. A review on the chemical runaway mechanism under abuse conditions has been performed and disseminated (see the public deliverable 6.1, 2011).
Abusive tests were performed on 40 Ah cells (with new and pre-aged cells).
Abuse testsLevel acceptabilityCells tested (ZSW/INERIS) HELIOSSANDIALMO-NCANMCNCALFPOvercharge334 *55 → 74Short circuit220 *454Thermal Shock cycl220 *000Overdischarge222 *222Nail penetration434 *5 -654Nail penetration (aged cells)4-5454Crush test (Rad)334 *65 → 66Crush test (Axial)333 → 4 *3 → 463 → 4 Simulated Fuel Fire530000Elevated Ture stor.220000Thermal Stability435*553 → 4 Thermal stability (aged cells@45C)436*4 *446644Module cells (2S2P)HELIOSSANDIALMO-NCANMCNCALFPShort circuit223*33 3
Fig. 4. Abusive tests performed on 40 Ah cells (new and pre-aged) – synthesis of the results
The three tested technologies could be ranked from the one with the safest behaviour to the lowest as below: LFP (110Wh) ≥ NMC (140Wh) > NCA (150Wh). This ranking is rather close than the one obtained on small cell (NMC ≥ LFP > NCA) and the same obtained after Differential Scanning Calorimetry measurements on pristine and charged materials. Regarding the abuse tests on 40 Ah module (without taking into account LMO-NCA blend of which capacity is about 28 Ah instead of 40 Ah), crush tests (radial position), nail penetration, short-circuit, thermal stability and overcharge seem to be the most constraining tests. No technology has a satisfactory behaviour if we consider all the test results at cell level: without BMS (Battery Management System) or casing integration.
Finally, post-mortem analysis on new, intermediate and final samples showed that:
- adhesion is one of the main ageing mechanism (but electrode formulations except for NCA were one by labs with low optimization);
- dissolution issue with NMC and LFP is activated by the temperature;
- graphite is the limited electrode for the 4 technologies;
- for LMO-NCA / Graphite cells, a Mn migration was observed from LMO to NCA particles.
The main results, conclusions obtained within Helios project can be summarized in Table 2.
7. F. del Corso et al./ Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris
Table 2. Synthesis of the results on performances, safety, economical and recycling points of view at material, cell and pack levels for the four electrochemistries (positive electrodes) studied in Helios project.
Material level
NCA (SAFT)
NMC
75%LMO- 25%NCA
LFP
specific capacity (mAh/g @ C/2)
142
150
110
130
WP6 - thermal tests on small cells (0,5Ah)
3
1
3
1
WP7- economical assessment at material level
4
3
1
2
cell level
NCA/Graphite (SAFT)
NMC/Graphite
LMO- NCA/Graphite
LFP/Graphite
commercial reference
formulation done in research labs with lack of optimisation
Ah (real capacity)
41
38
28
35
WP2 - post mortem analysis
- adhesion is one of the main ageing mechanism but difficult to evaluate - graphite is the limited electrode
Mn migration from LMO to NCA
WP5 – PHEV cycling (45°C)
1
2
3
4
WP5 – EV cycling (45°C)
1
2
3
3
WP5- calendar (45°C)
1
2
3
4
WP5- low temperature (-20°C@ C/5)
1
3
2
4
WP6 - abuse tests (average on cell tests)
3
2
N/A
1
WP6 - abuse tests (average on cell tests)
crush tests (radial position), nail penetration, short-circuit, thermal stability and overcharge seem to be the most constraining tests.
WP6 - abuse tests with aged cells
no significant effect (in fact,lower SOH of the aged cells ~50-70% is masking the higher reactivity of aged components)
WP7- economical assessment at cell level (EV or PHEV)
2
1
2
4
pack level
NCA/G
NMC/G
LMO-NCA/G
LFP/G
WP7- economical assessment at pack level in $/kWh(PHEV)
3
1
1
4
WP7- economical assessment at pack level in $/kWh(EV)
3
1
1
4
WP8- recycling
Optimisation depends on volume, battery chemistry, design, investment and labour cost …
4. Conclusion
The project is showing significant information on the differences between the 4 cell technologies. This will provide considerable assistance to future R&D and business decision making within the industry.
8. F. del Corso et al./ Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris 8
The NMC based cells showed a slightly lower capacity than the NCA based cells, but continued material improvement and further adaptations in the cell geometry may lead to an equivalent energy density to the current NCA product. LMO/NCA-blend cells are definitely significantly lower in their capacity. Future activities with respect to an optimization in the mass mixture and the recipe may lead to at least partly compensate this disadvantage. LFP based cells were rather disappointing, particularly with regard to life endurance, linked to water content of positive material electrode (water content of raw material, and many transportation steps). It needs to be emphasized that the cells were not manufactured on an industrial scale. It is expected that optimization with this chemistry will overcome the life problem. Also the capacity of these cells may be further increased without sacrificing their advantageous abuse tolerance. This makes them interesting especially for those PHEVs with a relatively small battery system.
Finally, we can conclude that each of the four Li-ion chemistries have some advantages / disadvantages / risks and opportunities. The procedures, all the test results, the bibliography and the recommendations gives a good overview and improve the know-how on Li-ion batteries for vehicle applications.
The comparisons covered in Helios project will be a good support to the automotive industry, research organization and legislative bodies in their decision making for the future development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles.
The main objective of Helios project was to gather European car manufacturers, battery manufacturers, research organization and recyclers with their interdisciplinary skills in order to form a strong collaboration, to generate new knowledge and recommendations that will be implemented in new products.
- For the end users, having tests procedures for safety and electrical tests, robust and agreed.
- Ageing model will give a helpful tool to define the ageing mechanisms.
- Selection and evaluation of the most- promising positive electrode materials on safety, performance and economical points of view.
- Economical assessment for the four chemistries at cell and pack level for PHEV & EV applications. The tool can be used also for different pack design.
- Recommendation for recycling process on safety, economical and environmental aspects.
-
- 6 OEMCRFAdam Opel AGFordVolvoRenaultPCA 4 IndustriesEDFSAFTUmicoreJCHaR 6Research Institutes AITZSWCNRS -LRCSINERISCEAENEA2 UniversitiesRWTH-ISEA & IMEUU
- Fig. 5. HELIOS consortium: 18 partners are involved from 6 European countries.
9. F. del Corso et al./ Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the European Union for funding the project HELIOS, which brought the opportunity to carry out this collaborative work.
Also, acknowledgements are directed to all the partners involved into this project (Fog. 5): OEM’s (RENAULT, Adam Opel AG, Ford, Volvo, CRF, PSA), other industries (EDF, SAFT, JCHaR, Umicore), Research Institutes (AIT, CEA, CNRS-LRCS, ENEA, ZSW, INERIS), Universities (RWTH ISEA & IME, University of Uppsala).
References
Broussely, M. & Pistoia, G. (2007). Industrial Applications of batteries, from cars to Aerospace & Energy storage, Elsevier, pp. 247-255
Helios website : http://www.helios-eu.org/
Helios Deliverable 3.1 (2010) “High Energy cell target specification” http://www.helios-eu.org/
Helios Deliverable 3.2 (2010) “Initial performance Characterisation, Cycling and Calendar ageing test procedures”
Helios Deliverable 3.3 (2011) “report on recommended safety tests for High Energy battery cells”
Helios deliverable 6.1 (2011) “review on thermal runaway reaction mechanisms events in batteries”
Kabitz, S., Gerschler, J.B., Ecker, M., Yurdagel, Y., Emmermacher, B., André, D., Mitsch, T., Sauer, D.U (2013). JPS 239 572-583 - cycle and calendar life study of a graphite NMC li ion high energy system.
Kubiak, P., Wolfahrt-Mehrens, M., Edström, K., Morcrette, M. (2013). Review on ageing mechanisms of different Li-ion batteries for automotive applications, JPS power D 12 03691.
Mulder, G., Omar, N., Pauwels, S., Meeus, M., Leemans, F., Verbruffe, B., De Nijs, W., Van den Bossche, P., Six, D., Van Mierlo, J. (2013). Electrochimica Acta 87 ; 473-488