Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
Research in Europe and the USA
Non-collobaration principle applied to defence
What risks, what adversaries today ?
Making society uncontrolable
Making our will inflexible
Following whitout being exploited
Stategy of nonviolent action
1. The document defines nonviolent civil defence (NVCD) as a way to defend against attempts to destabilize or control society through organized nonviolent collective actions.
2. NVCD aims to make society uncontrollable politically, ideologically resistant to submission, and economically unexploitable in order to dissuade aggressors.
3. NVCD acts on political institutions, local powers, and social forces to strengthen resistance and prevent an adversary from achieving their goals through nonviolent means like noncooperation and civil disobedience.
Collective security aims to deter aggression by having all nations commit to jointly opposing any act of aggression. It emerged as an idea after WWI and was a core principle of the League of Nations and UN. However, collective security has proven difficult to implement in practice due to nations prioritizing their own interests over collective action, and the failure to adequately develop collective security mechanisms within international organizations. While the concept of collective opposition to aggression remains valid, the assumptions required for its effective functioning have generally not been met.
Isis phenomena and collective security ziad jaserZiad Jaser
The document analyzes collective security and the threat posed by ISIS. It discusses how collective security is based on the principle that an attack on one is an attack on all. It examines theories like liberalism, constructivism and realism regarding collective security. It also looks at collective security systems like the UN and NATO. The document summarizes the US role in collective security and its policies in the Middle East. It discusses the UN's role in collective security and combating terrorism. Experts recommend addressing root causes of problems in the Middle East rather than just military responses.
Collective security was the cornerstone of the League of Nations but it proved ineffective in preventing aggression for three main reasons:
1) Major powers like the US, Germany, and Russia were absent from the League, leaving it without enough military force to deter would-be aggressors.
2) Nations were reluctant to commit to open-ended military interventions after WWI.
3) The League failed to resolve crises involving major powers like the Ruhr invasion and Manchurian Crisis, exposing the hollowness of collective security without enforcement.
The document discusses the tension between state sovereignty and international governance in matters of international security. It provides an overview of different approaches to humanitarian intervention, democracy and good governance promotion, and international criminal tribunals that have challenged the traditional concept of absolute state sovereignty. While globalization has increased calls for intervention, implementation remains inconsistent and challenges include lack of political will, selective application depending on strategic interests, and tension between universal values and local contexts.
National Defense, International Security, & Globalization in the Post-Cold Wa...Carl B. Forkner, Ph.D.
This document summarizes key topics related to national defense, international security, and globalization. It discusses definitions of national security and strategies for national defense. It also examines global influences like Israel/Palestine, major powers, and regional issues. Military history from 1990 to 2003 is reviewed. Economic forces of globalization and their impacts are considered. Finally, traditional and non-traditional security challenges are presented, with the question of where future wars may occur.
Human vs National Security in the International arenaGabriel Orozco
This document discusses security studies and different perspectives on international order. It analyzes three trends in security studies since the Cold War: 1) Those who argue the international system has not fundamentally changed; 2) The Copenhagen School's securitization theory which examines how issues become security issues; 3) Rational choice theory which views security as affecting states' use of force based on calculations. The document concludes that security studies provides a framework for interpreting phenomena and there are challenges in balancing human and national security perspectives.
The document discusses the concept of human security as an alternative to traditional notions of state security. It defines human security as protecting individuals from threats like poverty, disease, and human rights abuses rather than just protecting a state from military aggression. It explains that human security encompasses economic, food, health, environmental, and personal dimensions. It also argues that human security is best achieved by improving conditions at the local level and promoting development.
1. The document defines nonviolent civil defence (NVCD) as a way to defend against attempts to destabilize or control society through organized nonviolent collective actions.
2. NVCD aims to make society uncontrollable politically, ideologically resistant to submission, and economically unexploitable in order to dissuade aggressors.
3. NVCD acts on political institutions, local powers, and social forces to strengthen resistance and prevent an adversary from achieving their goals through nonviolent means like noncooperation and civil disobedience.
Collective security aims to deter aggression by having all nations commit to jointly opposing any act of aggression. It emerged as an idea after WWI and was a core principle of the League of Nations and UN. However, collective security has proven difficult to implement in practice due to nations prioritizing their own interests over collective action, and the failure to adequately develop collective security mechanisms within international organizations. While the concept of collective opposition to aggression remains valid, the assumptions required for its effective functioning have generally not been met.
Isis phenomena and collective security ziad jaserZiad Jaser
The document analyzes collective security and the threat posed by ISIS. It discusses how collective security is based on the principle that an attack on one is an attack on all. It examines theories like liberalism, constructivism and realism regarding collective security. It also looks at collective security systems like the UN and NATO. The document summarizes the US role in collective security and its policies in the Middle East. It discusses the UN's role in collective security and combating terrorism. Experts recommend addressing root causes of problems in the Middle East rather than just military responses.
Collective security was the cornerstone of the League of Nations but it proved ineffective in preventing aggression for three main reasons:
1) Major powers like the US, Germany, and Russia were absent from the League, leaving it without enough military force to deter would-be aggressors.
2) Nations were reluctant to commit to open-ended military interventions after WWI.
3) The League failed to resolve crises involving major powers like the Ruhr invasion and Manchurian Crisis, exposing the hollowness of collective security without enforcement.
The document discusses the tension between state sovereignty and international governance in matters of international security. It provides an overview of different approaches to humanitarian intervention, democracy and good governance promotion, and international criminal tribunals that have challenged the traditional concept of absolute state sovereignty. While globalization has increased calls for intervention, implementation remains inconsistent and challenges include lack of political will, selective application depending on strategic interests, and tension between universal values and local contexts.
National Defense, International Security, & Globalization in the Post-Cold Wa...Carl B. Forkner, Ph.D.
This document summarizes key topics related to national defense, international security, and globalization. It discusses definitions of national security and strategies for national defense. It also examines global influences like Israel/Palestine, major powers, and regional issues. Military history from 1990 to 2003 is reviewed. Economic forces of globalization and their impacts are considered. Finally, traditional and non-traditional security challenges are presented, with the question of where future wars may occur.
Human vs National Security in the International arenaGabriel Orozco
This document discusses security studies and different perspectives on international order. It analyzes three trends in security studies since the Cold War: 1) Those who argue the international system has not fundamentally changed; 2) The Copenhagen School's securitization theory which examines how issues become security issues; 3) Rational choice theory which views security as affecting states' use of force based on calculations. The document concludes that security studies provides a framework for interpreting phenomena and there are challenges in balancing human and national security perspectives.
The document discusses the concept of human security as an alternative to traditional notions of state security. It defines human security as protecting individuals from threats like poverty, disease, and human rights abuses rather than just protecting a state from military aggression. It explains that human security encompasses economic, food, health, environmental, and personal dimensions. It also argues that human security is best achieved by improving conditions at the local level and promoting development.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
Citizens involvement
Fighting against exclusion and inequalities
Reinforcing democracy
Improving social consultation
Foreign policy oriented at disarmament and sustained development
Disarmament
Strategy of nonviolent action
The document discusses various topics related to humanitarian intervention and sovereignty including:
1. The responsibility to protect principle holds that states have a primary responsibility to protect civilians, and the international community has a secondary responsibility to assist or intervene if the state is unwilling or unable to protect its population from mass atrocities.
2. There is debate around when and how humanitarian intervention should take place, with questions around the role of the UN Security Council and criteria for determining just cause.
3. While humanitarian intervention has become more accepted, it remains a highly political issue and requires balancing concerns of sovereignty and preventing mass atrocities or genocide. Global consensus and prevention should be the ultimate goals.
The Chief Defects of the Collective security systemshahidgajiawala
The document discusses the chief defects of the collective security system established by the League of Nations. It identifies five main defects: 1) neutrals are assumed to either support or oppose peace, limiting their independence; 2) it allows self-defense which reduces the need for collective security; 3) the Cold War made collective security less effective as big powers prioritized their own interests; 4) small states should have more influence but big powers were reluctant to act against their interests; 5) not all nations were able or willing to oppose aggression, and it was difficult to clearly identify aggressors. The collective security system is considered by some to be unworkable and dangerous as it could turn any war into a world war.
The document discusses the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, which holds that sovereign states have a primary responsibility to protect civilians from mass atrocities, but this responsibility shifts to the international community if the state is unable or unwilling to protect its population. It provides examples of conflicts in Burma, Darfur, and Palestine where R2P applies but has not been fully implemented. It calls on individuals and churches to raise awareness of R2P and put political pressure on governments to uphold their responsibility to protect civilians in armed conflicts.
This document provides an analysis of the concepts of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and Protection of Civilians (PoC), examining their origins, evolution, differences, and commonalities. It argues that while R2P and PoC share a concern for protecting civilians from violence, they have distinct scopes and applications. R2P focuses on preventing mass atrocities regardless of conflict, while PoC specifically addresses the protection of civilians during armed conflict. The document uses the international response to the crisis in Libya, including UN Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973, as a case study for how R2P and PoC can reinforce each other in critical situations where civilians face deadly threats.
strategic studies and international relationsTallat Satti
This document discusses the history and development of security studies as a sub-discipline of international relations. It covers the key assumptions and paradigms of security studies, including the realist, rationalist, and revolutionary traditions. The document then outlines the periodization of security studies, covering developments from the inter-war period through post-Cold War debates around conceptualizing security. Key topics discussed include the rise of nuclear weapons and deterrence theory, declines in security studies during détente, and expanding notions of security to include human and environmental dimensions.
Abstract:
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P or RtoP) is a global political commitment which was endorsed by all member states of the United Nations at the 2005 World Summit to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity The principle of the Responsibility to Protect is based upon the underlying premise that sovereignty entails a responsibility to protect all populations from mass atrocity crimes and human rights violations. The principle is based on a respect for the norms and principles of international law, especially the underlying principles of law relating to sovereignty, peace and security, human rights, and armed conflict. The Responsibility to Protect provides a framework for employing measures that already exist (i.e., mediation, early warning mechanisms, economic sanctions, and chapter VII powers) to prevent atrocity crimes and to protect civilians from their occurrence. The authority to employ the use of force under the framework of the Responsibility to Protect rests solely with United Nations Security Council and is considered a measure of last resort. The United Nations Secretary-General has published annual reports on the Responsibility to Protect since 2009 that expand on the measures available to governments, intergovernmental organizations, and civil society, as well as the private sector, to prevent atrocity crimes. The Responsibility to Protect has been the subject of considerable debate, particularly regarding the implementation of the principle by various actors in the context of country-specific situations, such as Libya, Syria, Sudan and Kenya, for example. It has also been argued that commensurate with the responsibility to protect, international law should also recognize a right for populations to offer militarily organized resistance to protect themselves against genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes on a massive scale.
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/about-responsibility-to-protect.html
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect
Responsibility to protect
http://www.globalr2p.org/about_r2p
About R2P
http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/r2p-backgrounder.pdf
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2013/07/24/what-is-the-responsibility-to-protect/
WHAT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/responsibility-to-protect-a-short-history/
Research Interests: Responsibility to Protect and The principle of the Responsibility to Protect
In New York in June 2011, Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP) conducted five trainings, consultations and presentations to United Nations and UN-related organizations, including the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). Marking NP and unarmed civilian peacekeeping's (UCP) biggest exposure ever at the UN, the presentations create further opportunities to advance policy and funding for UCP.
The UN’s invitation and sponsorship of the trainings attest to the international recognition unarmed civilian peacekeeping is gaining through NP’s civilian protection efforts in Sri Lanka, the Philippines and Sudan.
Free to Fly représente plus de 2000 professionnels canadiens du transport aérienGuy Boulianne
This group of aviation professionals believes strongly in personal freedom and autonomy, including the right to travel freely without restrictions like vaccination status. They argue that top-down restrictions tend to be destructive and unstable because they require forfeiting individual liberties. Additionally, they believe individuals should make their own medical decisions based on personal circumstances, and that restricting travel in the name of COVID-19 can no longer be legally or morally justified.
Historically, international humanitarian law (IHL) through the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 has required the protection of civilian populations in armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions provide guidance with regard to the obligations of states and parties to a conflict to apply the principle of distinction and to ensure precaution in attack as they pursue their military objectives. This was the first international legal framework to provide for the protection of civilians and forms the foundation of the ‘Protection of Civilians’ concept.
Throughout the 1990s, devastating failures to protect civilians from violence and atrocities shaped thinking at the United Nations (UN) and gave rise to a more expansive concept of Protection of Civilians, incorporating international human rights law, international refugee law, and including best practices in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian response. This is reflected in the adoption of Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict as a thematic concern of the UN Security Council, and the development of policy and guidance relating to civilian protection since 1999, at the United Nations and elsewhere. The term ‘Protection of Civilians’ has expanded from a set of legal obligations in IHL to a conceptual and operational framework used by multiple ‘protection actors’ and practitioners—military and civilian, political and humanitarian.
The concept of Protection of Civilians has developed in response to conflicts and crises as they emerged and as a result has developed unevenly. Combined with the fact that there is no operational definition of Protection of Civilians, there is a perception among protection practitioners that different actors involved in providing protection to people caught up in crisis understand and implement the concept differently. This perception raised questions among the researchers as to whether different understandings actually exist, and if so what the implications for the implementation of civilian protection might be. This gave rise to a research project titled In Search of Common Ground – Understanding Civilian Protection Language and Practice for Civil and Military Practitioners.
International security is evolving from a state-centric view focused on military threats to a broader concept of human security. Human security considers non-military threats like poverty, disease, and environmental degradation that impact individuals. It also examines security across seven sectors - military, political, economic, societal, environmental, personal, and community - with the goal of protecting individuals' freedom from fear and freedom from want. As threats become more complex and involve non-state actors, understanding different frameworks for security and the interplay between traditional state security and human security becomes important.
The document discusses Responsibility to Protect (R2P), which is a principle aimed at protecting vulnerable populations from war crimes, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and genocide. R2P has three key elements: (1) when a country fails to protect its people, the international community has a responsibility to protect and take collective action; (2) R2P was invoked in Libya in 2011 due to escalating violence between government and rebel forces; (3) there is debate around how R2P was applied in Libya, with arguments both for and against the NATO intervention.
This document summarizes a consultation held in Abuja, Nigeria to discuss the report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) titled "The Responsibility to Protect". The consultation was organized by the Centre for Democracy & Development and brought together civil society organizations from West Africa. Key discussions focused on examining the conceptual basis of the responsibility to protect, its relevance in the regional context of West Africa, and how its principles could be operationalized in the region. Regional perspectives on applying the report's flexible view of sovereignty were presented.
Preventive War and Humanitarian InterventionJude Metoyer
The document discusses Michael Doyle's proposal for developing a legal framework for preventive war and humanitarian intervention. It summarizes Doyle's three-part proposal: 1) Develop a multilateral framework for sanctioning preventive war, 2) Develop case law and jurisprudence around preventive use of force, and 3) Apply the same legal standards for unilateral intervention that exist for multilateral interventions. The document agrees with the first two parts but argues that Harold Koh makes a stronger case for banning unilateral preventive action, as unilateral action lacks legitimacy and there are better alternatives through multilateral cooperation.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
Actors of nonviolence born between 1930 and 1938
I. strategic stadies and international relationsrizkiar
Venezuela's security policy focuses on defending against perceived U.S. intervention and threats to the regime. The U.S. security policy emphasizes military strength and alliances to protect national interests and global stability. Russia's security policy aims to assert itself as a world power and counter Western influence near its borders. China's security policy works to build military capabilities to deter threats and assert sovereignty claims while maintaining economic and political rise.
Responsibility to protect (R2P) is a norm that states must protect their populations from mass atrocities and the international community has a responsibility to assist states or intervene through coercive measures if needed. R2P was developed following the Rwandan genocide in 1994 and calls for intervention in cases of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. However, implementing R2P can be problematic, as seen with the vetoes from Russia and China regarding intervention in Syria despite the ongoing civil war and crimes against humanity.
Droits de l'homme et conflit malien depuis 2012 Fin des exactions : une co...Patrice Piardon
This document summarizes a conference held at the European Parliament about ongoing human rights issues in northern Mali since conflict began in 2012. NGOs and MEPs discussed reports of abuses committed by armed groups and the Malian army. Testimonies detailed violence against minorities and restrictions on media access. Participants debated the roots of the conflict and humanitarian solutions to better protect civilians as the French military withdraws and reconciliation efforts continue. Recommendations in a joint statement focused on ensuring security, accountability for past violations, and supporting a lasting peace process.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
Thinkers and actors of non-violence born since 1950.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
An alternative to armed defence
Defence, a vital function
Dealing with new threats
Alternative to armed defence
Conventional defence
Armed popular defence
nuclear defence.
This document discusses the conditions and preparation needed for nonviolent civil defence. It outlines five conditions: 1) educating the population about nonviolence, 2) involving citizens, 3) fighting inequality, 4) pursuing disarmament diplomacy, and 5) decentralizing power. It also discusses preparing through research, training, education, and informing citizens. Finally, it proposes "trans-armament" as an alternative to unilateral disarmament, which involves transitioning from an armed defence system to a nonviolent civil defence over time through demilitarization and adoption of nonviolent resistance.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
Citizens involvement
Fighting against exclusion and inequalities
Reinforcing democracy
Improving social consultation
Foreign policy oriented at disarmament and sustained development
Disarmament
Strategy of nonviolent action
The document discusses various topics related to humanitarian intervention and sovereignty including:
1. The responsibility to protect principle holds that states have a primary responsibility to protect civilians, and the international community has a secondary responsibility to assist or intervene if the state is unwilling or unable to protect its population from mass atrocities.
2. There is debate around when and how humanitarian intervention should take place, with questions around the role of the UN Security Council and criteria for determining just cause.
3. While humanitarian intervention has become more accepted, it remains a highly political issue and requires balancing concerns of sovereignty and preventing mass atrocities or genocide. Global consensus and prevention should be the ultimate goals.
The Chief Defects of the Collective security systemshahidgajiawala
The document discusses the chief defects of the collective security system established by the League of Nations. It identifies five main defects: 1) neutrals are assumed to either support or oppose peace, limiting their independence; 2) it allows self-defense which reduces the need for collective security; 3) the Cold War made collective security less effective as big powers prioritized their own interests; 4) small states should have more influence but big powers were reluctant to act against their interests; 5) not all nations were able or willing to oppose aggression, and it was difficult to clearly identify aggressors. The collective security system is considered by some to be unworkable and dangerous as it could turn any war into a world war.
The document discusses the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, which holds that sovereign states have a primary responsibility to protect civilians from mass atrocities, but this responsibility shifts to the international community if the state is unable or unwilling to protect its population. It provides examples of conflicts in Burma, Darfur, and Palestine where R2P applies but has not been fully implemented. It calls on individuals and churches to raise awareness of R2P and put political pressure on governments to uphold their responsibility to protect civilians in armed conflicts.
This document provides an analysis of the concepts of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and Protection of Civilians (PoC), examining their origins, evolution, differences, and commonalities. It argues that while R2P and PoC share a concern for protecting civilians from violence, they have distinct scopes and applications. R2P focuses on preventing mass atrocities regardless of conflict, while PoC specifically addresses the protection of civilians during armed conflict. The document uses the international response to the crisis in Libya, including UN Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973, as a case study for how R2P and PoC can reinforce each other in critical situations where civilians face deadly threats.
strategic studies and international relationsTallat Satti
This document discusses the history and development of security studies as a sub-discipline of international relations. It covers the key assumptions and paradigms of security studies, including the realist, rationalist, and revolutionary traditions. The document then outlines the periodization of security studies, covering developments from the inter-war period through post-Cold War debates around conceptualizing security. Key topics discussed include the rise of nuclear weapons and deterrence theory, declines in security studies during détente, and expanding notions of security to include human and environmental dimensions.
Abstract:
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P or RtoP) is a global political commitment which was endorsed by all member states of the United Nations at the 2005 World Summit to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity The principle of the Responsibility to Protect is based upon the underlying premise that sovereignty entails a responsibility to protect all populations from mass atrocity crimes and human rights violations. The principle is based on a respect for the norms and principles of international law, especially the underlying principles of law relating to sovereignty, peace and security, human rights, and armed conflict. The Responsibility to Protect provides a framework for employing measures that already exist (i.e., mediation, early warning mechanisms, economic sanctions, and chapter VII powers) to prevent atrocity crimes and to protect civilians from their occurrence. The authority to employ the use of force under the framework of the Responsibility to Protect rests solely with United Nations Security Council and is considered a measure of last resort. The United Nations Secretary-General has published annual reports on the Responsibility to Protect since 2009 that expand on the measures available to governments, intergovernmental organizations, and civil society, as well as the private sector, to prevent atrocity crimes. The Responsibility to Protect has been the subject of considerable debate, particularly regarding the implementation of the principle by various actors in the context of country-specific situations, such as Libya, Syria, Sudan and Kenya, for example. It has also been argued that commensurate with the responsibility to protect, international law should also recognize a right for populations to offer militarily organized resistance to protect themselves against genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes on a massive scale.
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/about-responsibility-to-protect.html
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect
Responsibility to protect
http://www.globalr2p.org/about_r2p
About R2P
http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/r2p-backgrounder.pdf
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2013/07/24/what-is-the-responsibility-to-protect/
WHAT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/responsibility-to-protect-a-short-history/
Research Interests: Responsibility to Protect and The principle of the Responsibility to Protect
In New York in June 2011, Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP) conducted five trainings, consultations and presentations to United Nations and UN-related organizations, including the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). Marking NP and unarmed civilian peacekeeping's (UCP) biggest exposure ever at the UN, the presentations create further opportunities to advance policy and funding for UCP.
The UN’s invitation and sponsorship of the trainings attest to the international recognition unarmed civilian peacekeeping is gaining through NP’s civilian protection efforts in Sri Lanka, the Philippines and Sudan.
Free to Fly représente plus de 2000 professionnels canadiens du transport aérienGuy Boulianne
This group of aviation professionals believes strongly in personal freedom and autonomy, including the right to travel freely without restrictions like vaccination status. They argue that top-down restrictions tend to be destructive and unstable because they require forfeiting individual liberties. Additionally, they believe individuals should make their own medical decisions based on personal circumstances, and that restricting travel in the name of COVID-19 can no longer be legally or morally justified.
Historically, international humanitarian law (IHL) through the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 has required the protection of civilian populations in armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions provide guidance with regard to the obligations of states and parties to a conflict to apply the principle of distinction and to ensure precaution in attack as they pursue their military objectives. This was the first international legal framework to provide for the protection of civilians and forms the foundation of the ‘Protection of Civilians’ concept.
Throughout the 1990s, devastating failures to protect civilians from violence and atrocities shaped thinking at the United Nations (UN) and gave rise to a more expansive concept of Protection of Civilians, incorporating international human rights law, international refugee law, and including best practices in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian response. This is reflected in the adoption of Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict as a thematic concern of the UN Security Council, and the development of policy and guidance relating to civilian protection since 1999, at the United Nations and elsewhere. The term ‘Protection of Civilians’ has expanded from a set of legal obligations in IHL to a conceptual and operational framework used by multiple ‘protection actors’ and practitioners—military and civilian, political and humanitarian.
The concept of Protection of Civilians has developed in response to conflicts and crises as they emerged and as a result has developed unevenly. Combined with the fact that there is no operational definition of Protection of Civilians, there is a perception among protection practitioners that different actors involved in providing protection to people caught up in crisis understand and implement the concept differently. This perception raised questions among the researchers as to whether different understandings actually exist, and if so what the implications for the implementation of civilian protection might be. This gave rise to a research project titled In Search of Common Ground – Understanding Civilian Protection Language and Practice for Civil and Military Practitioners.
International security is evolving from a state-centric view focused on military threats to a broader concept of human security. Human security considers non-military threats like poverty, disease, and environmental degradation that impact individuals. It also examines security across seven sectors - military, political, economic, societal, environmental, personal, and community - with the goal of protecting individuals' freedom from fear and freedom from want. As threats become more complex and involve non-state actors, understanding different frameworks for security and the interplay between traditional state security and human security becomes important.
The document discusses Responsibility to Protect (R2P), which is a principle aimed at protecting vulnerable populations from war crimes, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and genocide. R2P has three key elements: (1) when a country fails to protect its people, the international community has a responsibility to protect and take collective action; (2) R2P was invoked in Libya in 2011 due to escalating violence between government and rebel forces; (3) there is debate around how R2P was applied in Libya, with arguments both for and against the NATO intervention.
This document summarizes a consultation held in Abuja, Nigeria to discuss the report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) titled "The Responsibility to Protect". The consultation was organized by the Centre for Democracy & Development and brought together civil society organizations from West Africa. Key discussions focused on examining the conceptual basis of the responsibility to protect, its relevance in the regional context of West Africa, and how its principles could be operationalized in the region. Regional perspectives on applying the report's flexible view of sovereignty were presented.
Preventive War and Humanitarian InterventionJude Metoyer
The document discusses Michael Doyle's proposal for developing a legal framework for preventive war and humanitarian intervention. It summarizes Doyle's three-part proposal: 1) Develop a multilateral framework for sanctioning preventive war, 2) Develop case law and jurisprudence around preventive use of force, and 3) Apply the same legal standards for unilateral intervention that exist for multilateral interventions. The document agrees with the first two parts but argues that Harold Koh makes a stronger case for banning unilateral preventive action, as unilateral action lacks legitimacy and there are better alternatives through multilateral cooperation.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
Actors of nonviolence born between 1930 and 1938
I. strategic stadies and international relationsrizkiar
Venezuela's security policy focuses on defending against perceived U.S. intervention and threats to the regime. The U.S. security policy emphasizes military strength and alliances to protect national interests and global stability. Russia's security policy aims to assert itself as a world power and counter Western influence near its borders. China's security policy works to build military capabilities to deter threats and assert sovereignty claims while maintaining economic and political rise.
Responsibility to protect (R2P) is a norm that states must protect their populations from mass atrocities and the international community has a responsibility to assist states or intervene through coercive measures if needed. R2P was developed following the Rwandan genocide in 1994 and calls for intervention in cases of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. However, implementing R2P can be problematic, as seen with the vetoes from Russia and China regarding intervention in Syria despite the ongoing civil war and crimes against humanity.
Droits de l'homme et conflit malien depuis 2012 Fin des exactions : une co...Patrice Piardon
This document summarizes a conference held at the European Parliament about ongoing human rights issues in northern Mali since conflict began in 2012. NGOs and MEPs discussed reports of abuses committed by armed groups and the Malian army. Testimonies detailed violence against minorities and restrictions on media access. Participants debated the roots of the conflict and humanitarian solutions to better protect civilians as the French military withdraws and reconciliation efforts continue. Recommendations in a joint statement focused on ensuring security, accountability for past violations, and supporting a lasting peace process.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
Thinkers and actors of non-violence born since 1950.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
An alternative to armed defence
Defence, a vital function
Dealing with new threats
Alternative to armed defence
Conventional defence
Armed popular defence
nuclear defence.
This document discusses the conditions and preparation needed for nonviolent civil defence. It outlines five conditions: 1) educating the population about nonviolence, 2) involving citizens, 3) fighting inequality, 4) pursuing disarmament diplomacy, and 5) decentralizing power. It also discusses preparing through research, training, education, and informing citizens. Finally, it proposes "trans-armament" as an alternative to unilateral disarmament, which involves transitioning from an armed defence system to a nonviolent civil defence over time through demilitarization and adoption of nonviolent resistance.
This document discusses the concept of human security. It provides background on how human security became part of international discourse in 1994. It then outlines three conceptions of human security and debates around defining and applying the concept. Key risks to human security are also examined, such as state failure, organized violence, relative poverty, and threats from pandemics, environmental degradation, and terrorism.
The document discusses civil resistance and civil disobedience. It begins by defining civil as relating to citizens or the state. It then distinguishes between non-violent resistance, which relies on nonviolent civil groups challenging power through nonviolent means, and violent resistance like killing. The document focuses on Henry David Thoreau's 1849 essay "Civil Disobedience", which inspired Martin Luther King Jr. and others. It discusses whether civil disobedience is ethical and reasons for choosing non-violent resistance. Examples of civil disobedience movements are provided, including in Cuba, Estonia, Egypt, East Germany, France, and Thailand.
1. Civil protection grew out of civil defence, which was originally designed to protect non-combatant populations from armed aggression by a foreign power.
2. Over time, civil defence evolved to focus on preparations for nuclear war during the Cold War, but then declined as political tensions eased.
3. In the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, civil protection emerged as a new approach focused on peacetime disasters rather than war, with an emphasis on collaboration over command and inclusion of the population.
4. Modern civil protection must adapt rapidly to changes in hazards, society, emerging risks, and political and public demands. It encompasses activities like disaster risk reduction, humanitarian relief, civil defence,
This document provides an overview of several topics covered in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments, including:
1. Liberal theories such as liberal institutionalism, international regimes, and democratic peace theory that provide alternative perspectives to realism.
2. Other social theories covered like constructivism, feminism, postmodernism, and Marxism and their relationship to gender theories.
3. Specific concepts are then defined further like collective security, the waning of war, peace studies, women in international relations, and Immanuel Kant's views on promoting peace. Case studies on topics like children in war, Sudan, and liberal challenges to realism are also mentioned.
PLSI 120/.DS_Store
__MACOSX/PLSI 120/._.DS_Store
PLSI 120/articles/Annan In Larger Freedom FA 2005.pdf
"In Larger Freedom": Decision Time at the UN
Author(s): Kofi Annan
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2005), pp. 63-74
Published by: Council on Foreign Relations
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n Larger Freec omn
Decision Time at the UN
Kofi Annan
OUR SHARED VULNERABILITY
As K A New York investment banker who walks past Ground Zero
every day on her way to work what today's biggest threat is. Then ask
an illiterate 12-year-old orphan in Malawi who lost his parents to
AIDS. You Will get two very different answers. Invite an Indonesian
fisherman mourning the loss of his entire family and the destruction
of his village from the recent, devastating tsunami to tell you what he
fears most. Then ask a villager in Darfiur, stalked by murderous militias
and fearftil of bombing raids. Their answers, too, are likely to diverge.
Different perceptions of what is a threat are often the biggest
obstacles to international cooperation. But I believe that in the twenty
first century they should not be allowed to lead the world's governments
to pursue very different priorities or to work at cross-purposes. Today's
threats are deeply interconnected, and they feed off of one another. The
misery of people caught in unresolved civil conflicts or of populations
mired in extreme poverty, for example, may increase their attraction
to terrorism. The mass rape of women that occurs too often in today's
conflicts makes the spread of HIV and AIDS all the more likely.
In fact, all of us are vulnerable to what we think of as dangers that
threaten only other people. Millions more of sub-Saharan Africa's
inhabitants would plunge below the poverty line if a nuclear terrorist
attack against a financial center in the United States caused a massive
downturn in the global economy. By the same token, millions ofAmer
icans could quickly become infected if, naturally or through malicious
KOFI ANNAN is Secretary-General of the United Nations.
[63]
Kofi Ann.
Political Science 7 – International Relations - Power Point #5John Paul Tabakian
This document provides an overview of several topics discussed in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments, including: liberal institutionalism and international regimes; collective security; the waning of war; peace studies; democratic peace theory; and feminist approaches to international relations. Key theorists discussed include Kant, Keohane, Nye, and Wendt. The document also summarizes perspectives on gender in war and peace, and the roles and impacts of women in international relations.
This is a discussion board Please read it very.docxwrite5
Humanitarian aid has existed throughout history but modern humanitarian aid emerged in the mid-20th century in response to armed conflicts. Key events like World Wars I and II led to the establishment of international organizations like the Red Cross and UN agencies. Four core principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence govern humanitarian aid as outlined in international documents in the 1990s-2000s. Modern humanitarian aid is complex with many organizations providing aid globally.
The document discusses the concept of human security. It defines human security as protecting individuals rather than states from threats, and focuses on protection, provision, and empowerment. The UNDP's 1994 Human Development Report originated the concept and defined seven areas of human security: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political security. There are two schools of thought on human security - freedom from want, which takes a holistic development approach, and freedom from fear, which focuses on protecting individuals from violence. The document also discusses critiques of human security, promoting human security through organizations and policies, and the relationship between human security and gender.
The document discusses several key aspects of liberal theories in international relations. It covers:
1) Early liberal thinkers like Kant who argued that states could cooperate through international organizations and that democracies are more peaceful.
2) 19th century liberalism focused on free trade increasing interdependence and making war less likely.
3) Wilsonian idealism promoted collective security and international law to prevent war.
4) Neoliberal institutionalism sees states cooperating through international regimes when it is in their self-interest to do so and institutions help address collective action problems.
5) Concepts like collective security, international regimes, and the democratic peace theory are discussed as key aspects of modern liberal
the manual takes a developmental approach to peace education, offering methods and materials suitable to all grade levels, that we also advocate for disarmament education.
The Global Campaign for Peace Education
The document discusses the motivations behind the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and whether it was in the national interest. It argues that in the post-9/11 context, the neoconservative faction in Washington convinced the public and Congress that invading Iraq was necessary for national security due to perceived threats from Iraqi WMD programs and Iraq's potential to disrupt US oil interests in the Middle East. This helped justify implementing neoconservative foreign policy goals of preemptive war and regime change in Iraq.
A presentation for the ASPHER and University of Bielefeld in the series, 'Public Health in the Times of War '
20221125-4.5 final delivered militarism and health.pptx
20221125-4.5 final delivered militarism and health.pptx
This document discusses the major challenge of global terrorism. It begins with a definition of terrorism as the use of violence by sub-state groups to inspire fear and effect political change by attacking civilians or symbolic targets. The document then outlines how terrorism has evolved since 1968 due to factors like increased air travel, televised news coverage, and overlapping ideological interests among extremists. Samuel Huntington's theory of a clash of civilizations between Western and Islamic societies is discussed critically. The role of new technologies in enabling terrorists to communicate, coordinate attacks, spread propaganda, and become more lethal is also examined.
The document discusses several key concepts in international relations:
1) The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany after WWI and established the League of Nations, but its terms are argued to have contributed to the rise of fascism and WWII.
2) The Iron Curtain divided Europe between the Western and Eastern blocs during the Cold War, with the Berlin Wall as a visible symbol.
3) The Marshall Plan provided US economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after WWII to prevent the spread of communism amid poverty and instability.
Similar to Towards a nonviolent civil defence : 6 Definition and design of a nonviolent civil defence (16)
Pour en savoir plus sur la non-violence et sur la résolution non-violente de conflits, sur les « chercheurs d’humanité » (non-violence, alternatives économiques, écologie, changement sociétal, spiritualité) : www.irnc.org, rubrique « Diaporamas »
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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Towards a nonviolent civil defence : 6 Definition and design of a nonviolent civil defence
1. Étienne Godinot
Translation : Claudia McKenny Engström
05.05.2015
Series “Towards a nonviolent civil defence”
Slides 5
Definition and design
of a nonviolent civil defence
2. Definition and design of a nonviolent civil defence (NVCD)
Contents
• Research on nonviolent civil defence
• A democratic defence of democracy
• Defining nonviolent civil defence
• Two battlefronts:
- political institutions, local powers, administration
- social forces
• The objectives of NVCD
- making society unseizable
- making wills inflexible
- surviving without becoming exploited
• The role of NVCD in comparison with army defence
3. Nonviolent civil defence,
a concept born with the nuclear weapon
In 1958, a high ranked British officer, major Stephen King Hall
recommended, in his book Defence in the Nuclear Age, the
United-Kingdom unilaterally renounce the nuclear weapon and
instead establish a nonviolent civil defence.
In 1964, Alastair Buchan, Director of the International Institute for
Strategic Studies (IISS) wrote: “ It is essential we pay more and
more attention to indirect strategies in order to preserve our
societies from foreign domination. And it is possible our society’s
survival rests in the hands of nonviolent defence.”
Photos : - Stephen King Hall’s book
- IISS, Arundel House, London
4. NVCD research in Europe and the USA
Researchers work on the subject, especially during the cold
war :
- in Norway (Johann Galtung)
- in the UK (Stephen King Hall, Adam Roberts, Michael
Randle)
- in Germany (Theodor Ebert)
- in Belgium (Yohann Niezing, Jean Van Lierde, Robert Polet)
- in Spain (Gonzalo Arias)
- in the Netherlands (Hylke Tromp, Alex Schmid)
- in the USA (Gene Sharp), etc.
Photos :
- Gene Sharp, political science professor, University of Massachussets,
author of numerous books on nonviolent action and civil defence
- including Civilised War.
5. Research on NVCD in France
• Studies are led in France
• - in 1975 by a group of civilians and military,
animated by Olivier Maurel;
- in 1982 by the MAN *;
- in 1984 by Jean-Marie Müller in his book
You said “Pacifism”? From nuclear threat to
nonviolent civil defence.
* Mouvement pour une Alternative Non-violente (Movement for
a Nonviolent Alternative)
6. Research on NVCD in France
There are researches who find things…
In France, the literary reference in the matter is Civil Dissuasion –
Principle and methods for nonviolent resistance in French
strategy, written by Christian Mellon, Jean-Marie Muller and
Jacques Sémelin in 1985 * (photos).
The book is divided into three parts:
- Conceptual clarification
- Historical contributions
- A few measures that could prepare French society to deterrence
through nonviolent civil defence
* at the request of French Defence Minister, Charles Hemu (La dissuasion civile -
Principes et méthodes de la résistance non-violente dans la stratégie française, éd.
Fondation pour les Études de Défense Nationale, 1985)
7. International research
International symposiums have taken place on the topic
of nonviolent civil defence and deterrence,
in Oxford (1964), Munich (1967), Uppsala (1972), Oslo
(1978), Antwerpen (1980), Strasbourg (1985).
Photos
- (above) Norwegian researcher Johann Galtung
- (below) General Jacques de Bollardière, MAN co-founder
- Symposium organised by the IRNC in Strasbourg,
nov. 1985
8. Non-collaboration principle applied to defence
An exterior aggressor’s stranglehold or an internal dictator’s
dominance over a people can only last so long as the oppressor
benefits from active or passive collaboration of a majority of the
population.
To deprive power of such support, collective non-collaboration
must be organised, a non-collaboration that can mean mass civil
disobedience :
- if the power doesn’t suppress it, the movement will grow;
- if power represses it, the latter repression will develop popular
solidarity and increase the number of transgressors.
Photos :
- Etienne de la Boétie, author of Discourse on voluntary servitude
- Henry David Thoreau, author of a treaty on civil disobedience
- Mohandas Gandhi, first one to lead civil disobedience campaigns.
9. Nonviolent civil defence,
a concept born with the nuclear weapon
In 1958, a high ranked British officer, major Stephen King Hall
recommended, in his book Defence in the Nuclear Age, the
United-Kingdom unilaterally renounce the nuclear weapon and
instead establish a nonviolent civil defence.
In 1964, Alastair Buchan, Director of the International Institute for
Strategic Studies (IISS) wrote: “ It is essential we pay more and
more attention to indirect strategies in order to preserve our
societies from foreign domination. And it is possible our society’s
survival rests in the hands of nonviolent defence.”
Photos : - Stephen King Hall’s book
- IISS, Arundel House, London
10. Nonviolent civil defence,
a concept born with the nuclear weapon
In 1958, a high ranked British officer, major Stephen King Hall
recommended, in his book Defence in the Nuclear Age, the
United-Kingdom unilaterally renounce the nuclear weapon and
instead establish a nonviolent civil defence.
In 1964, Alastair Buchan, Director of the International Institute for
Strategic Studies (IISS) wrote: “ It is essential we pay more and
more attention to indirect strategies in order to preserve our
societies from foreign domination. And it is possible our society’s
survival rests in the hands of nonviolent defence.”
Photos : - Stephen King Hall’s book
- IISS, Arundel House, London
11. Nonviolent civil defence,
a concept born with the nuclear weapon
In 1958, a high ranked British officer, major Stephen King Hall
recommended, in his book Defence in the Nuclear Age, the
United-Kingdom unilaterally renounce the nuclear weapon and
instead establish a nonviolent civil defence.
In 1964, Alastair Buchan, Director of the International Institute for
Strategic Studies (IISS) wrote: “ It is essential we pay more and
more attention to indirect strategies in order to preserve our
societies from foreign domination. And it is possible our society’s
survival rests in the hands of nonviolent defence.”
Photos : - Stephen King Hall’s book
- IISS, Arundel House, London
12. A deterrence that doesn’t threaten personal safety
First interest of NVCD and civil deterrence :
it is a system of a purely defensive defence that
presents no threat to material security what so ever.
On the contrary, nuclear deterrence – French for
instance – can be perceived by a State or terrorist
organisation as a danger and call for preventive strike
in case of serious tension.
Photo : like the hedgehog in front of potential predators, NVCD is a
system of defence without attack.
13. What risks, what adversaries today ?
In the study Civil Deterrence in 1985, the potential aggressor was
the Soviet Union where reigned a communist dictatorship.
Today, the risks of aggression, destabilisation or control of our
societies are different:
- exterior aggression by terrorist organisation;
- risk of coup or power accession by authoritarian or
dictatorial regime, grounded on an ideology of exclusion or
xenophobia, for instance following a serious food,
economic, financial, social and/or ecological crisis.
Photos :
- Twin Towers attack in New York, 11th September 2001
- Economic crisis today, that has only just begun.
14. A global approach to security and peace
Ecology and security
For instance, defence politics – French and European – must
take into account the weight of climate change.
1. Senator Leila Aïchi, Foreign affairs and defence Commission
Secretary at the French Senate, speaks in those terms about
Somalian piracy, to which we have hitherto only responded in
excessive security measures, increasing the number of navy
ships :
“ We will not find a solution to the problem if we do not
understand that 95 % of these pirates are impoverished
fishermen, hit by resource scarcity. And that is the consequence
of the ecological crisis, be it through the ocean’s increased
acidity generated by climate change, because of over-fishing or
water pollution ”.
Photos :
- Somalian pirates
- Livre vert de la Défense, éditions du Sénat, published in 2014 under the
supervision of Leila Aïchi (photo above).
15. A global approach to security and peace
Climate change, energy and security
2. “ Out-of-control climate change can be the spark that sets the
fire between communities. The United States, namely its army,
are aware that climate change is a major factor of instability (…).
For instance in Syria, the conflict was if not launched, at least
amplified by the climate factor. It is indeed, a phenomenon of
desertification increased by climate change that brought a million
and a half people to go from North to South of Syria.
3. As soon as States, big or small, will be able to produce
energy within their borders and free themselves from
dependence, the conditions of stability, equity and thus, peace,
will be re-established ”.
Nicolat Hulot, (La Vie, 26.02.2015)
16. 1 - Making society uncontrollable
Two battlefronts
Civil deterrence and NVCD act on two battlefronts :
1 - the institutional one :
- the State: constitution, executive, legislative and judicial
powers, public services (police, border control, schools,
universities, postal services and telecommunications, energy,
transports, etc.)
- local powers (regions, districts, municipalities
2 - a social front : political movements and parties,
associations and NGO, companies, trade unions and
professional organisations, civil society movements
(associations, clubs, cooperatives), Churches, etc.
Photo above : the French Constitutional Court.
17. At the head of the State,
maintaining legitimate power…
The constitution must guarantee the State’s legitimate
leaders will refuse to cooperate with the aggressor, or else
they would lose their legitimacy.
Provisions specify what acts must, always, be illegal,
whatever their appearance of legality they might present,
for example, a constitutional modification or
limitation to fundamental rights, a call to cease
resistance, etc.
Photos :
- Pétain and Hitler in Montoire, 24 October 1940
- Anti-Jewish laws under Vichy regime.
18. …a legitimate but also efficient political power
A sort of “government of national union” is desirable to lead the
population’s political resistance.
- Decide with precision, in structural composition of those bodies,
who may enter in clandestinity in case of occupational threat or
internal dictatorship.
- Decide parliamentary activity should be upheld *, even
clandestine and irregularly.
* to remind the population and international public opinion of the democratic
legitimacy of the resisting power. Reduce preventively the number of parliamentarians
called to seat in case of serious crisis, while maintaining the same political
composition.
Photos :
- A possible convergence in time of peace : Daniel Cohn-Bendit, François Bayrou,
Michel Rocard;
- Disappearing in a crowd, one form of clandestinity.
19. The functioning of local powers
Regional, district and municipal powers must be
prepared to exercise their powers in exceptional
conditions.
Clandestinity of their leaders can be very diverse
depending on the risks.
Decentralisation reduces the vulnerability of all local
powers towards attempts to take them over.
Photos :
- Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain, France) town hall
- Regional council of Franche-Comté in Besançon
20. Preparing for exceptional circumstances
Numerous delegations from the grassroots must be
implemented as soon as normal power can no longer be
exercised.
Decentralisation must not prevent the coordination of
resistance actions.
- Take preventive measures regarding support to this
coordination : radio, internet, etc.
- Create organigrams allowing to clearly situate the relations
in discussing, executing and informing between the different
instances with responsibility within the resistance.
Photos :
- Local radio;
- Organigram of delegation
21. Make sure administration can resist
The objective of NVCD is not only to guide civil servants in
their individual and difficult choice (resign or stay in function,
obey or not to this or that order, destroy or not this or that
document, etc.),
but also to make sure administration will enter in resistance
with the enemy, preventing the latter from reaching his goal to
dominate or exploit.
Civil servants must be trained in obeying legitimate power, and
know who carries that legitimacy (even clandestine) and who
doesn’t.
22. Educating to initiative and ethics
• Individual initiative will often be necessary in order to counter
certain measures ordered by the power in place. It is
therefore important that administration develop a critical
thinking regarding those orders, as well as a sense of
initiative.
Educating to personal responsibility must be done
within a wider collective reflection in each service or
working team, on the general requirements of
resistance.
This education must include a systematic reflection on
the conditions of legitimate obedience and thus, on the
duty to disobey when those conditions are not fulfilled.
23. How to decide between orders ?
To deprive the illegitimate power from executors, criteria
need to be established, criteria that will help in
discerning which orders and rules should be followed or
not, implemented or not, ignored or not, challenged or
not, etc.
Official instructions should be set for public agents in
case of serious disrupt in the exercise of legitimate
power.
They must provide a few simple criteria that will help the
person or the group to make a decisions on questions
that in normal time, are not of their competence.
24. An example : the police force
1. Legal provisions and rules : what should be, during an
occupation, dictatorship or coup, the general attitude of the police ?
2. Provisions on police officers’ training : when does the civil duty to
disobey become a professional duty ? *
3. Practical provisions : ensuring that in no circumstance, police
documents may be used by the occupying force or agents.
* What attitude to adopt when, for example, an order of arrest is received
concerning people solely on the basis of their racial, political or religious
belonging ?
25. Civil society and its organisations
- Educating role : to prepare NVCD, it is important to develop activities in which
citizens can take responsibilities and learn solidarity.
The more civil society is alive, the more society will be able to resist.
- Practical role : civil society life creates extremely ramified networks, difficult to
destroy or control, that can become for resistance, the organisational structures
and informative channels.
Photos :
- An example of participative democracy : the steering committee of the review
Nonviolent Alternatives
- An example of network, the Alliance pour la planète (Alliance for the Planet)
regrouping 35 trade unions, movements and alternative associations.
26. 2 - Making our will inflexible
Whether the conflict is military * or not, it is a confrontation of
wills that in the end, is the ultimate stake and central place.
Everything that helps a society to demonstrate its faith in
democracy, human rights and freedoms, increases its security.
Dissuasion is efficient if the will to resist is largely shared
amongst citizens.
* “ War is an act of violence destined to force an adversary to implement
one’s will. ” Clausewitz
Photos Photos
- Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831), war theorist
- The Plateau des Glières, place of resistance, yesterday and today.
27. Democratic contagion, a risk for the aggressor
For the potential aggressor, contagion of our democratic
ideal in his people can become a risk for his own power.
Democracy is a heritage we wish to defend, but also a
liberating strength we could spread.
“ It is sometimes said the nuclear bomb was what stopped the
Russians from invading Europe in years following the 2nd World War.
I am not convinced by this argument (…). The Russians
outnumbered us (…). The United-States at that time, has few
nuclear bombs (…). What dissuaded the Russians, was the idea
that their troupes would blend in with Western population ”.
Basil Liddell Hart
28. The spirit of defence of the population
1. Awareness of what needs to be defended (homeland, democracy,
freedom, etc.) and what might constitute a threat
2. Feeling, in each citizen, of real responsibility in defending these
values and ideas and what role to play in case of aggression
3. Accepting risks, personal and collective ones, to defend the values
we believe in*.
* Educating to techniques of nonviolent resistance will result in a
lucid acceptation of certain risks by larger and larger strands of the
population.
29. The human cost,
incomparably lighter than the military one
Indeed, it is very likely the repression orchestrated
by the aggressor or dictator will cause victims in
the population.
But the number of these victims will be much
smaller than in case of guerrilla, classic war or
nuclear war.
Photos :
- Second World War Military cemetery
- Nagasaki 9th August 1945.
30. The role of moral authorities
By their words and attitudes, “moral authorities” (journalists,
church, renowned intellectuals, teachers, political leaders,
trade unions, associations, etc.) can exercise considerable
influence on the choice made by millions of citizens :
- legitimize resistance
- ethical thinking despite the struggle
- facilitate consensus towards a nonviolent form of
struggle.*
* for instance: without killing them, isolate collaborators and prevent
them from harming.
Photos :
- Stephane Hessel, French resistant in 1939-45, former ambassador, author
of the text Indignez-vous
- Danielle Mitterand (1924-2011), President of the France Libertés
Foundation.
31. Social cohesion, a necessity for consensus
The strategic consensus of social national forces necessary
in time of crisis (and also created by the aggressor when his
threat becomes real…), does not imply ideological
consensus in time of peace, which is neither possible nor
wished for.
Social cohesion is necessary to create a social consensus in
defence. Those excluded will have no reason to be solidary
in a society that marginalises them.
The feeling of social injustice, doctrines based on inequality, racist
behaviour, worship of the strongest one, are all major threats to
the capacity of defence.
Photos :
• - Youth in poor suburbs, put to the side by society
• - Unemployment, symptom of an economic system where men are a
mere variable of adjustment.
32. Motivated and prepared citizens
The best way to prepare a defence of democracy in time of
crisis is to reinforce it and make it more efficient in time of
peace.
The more the citizens of a country have the feeling they live in
a just and open society, more they will be motivated to defend
this society against what threatens it.
The more they participate in the political and economic
management of their country, the more they will be prepared
to defend their society against a potential aggression.
33. 3 – Following without being exploited
All at the same time it is necessary to
- stop the aggressor from profiting from our wealth,
- maintain a sufficiently high economic activity for the population
to survive in decent conditions :
– for its optimism not to be shattered
– for most of its energy not to be dedicated to
finding individual solutions to basic needs (food,
heating, etc.).
Photos :
- Maintaining food supplies, production
- The mental health of a population is also essential : having food
34. The principal forms of economic non-collaboration
Partial strike, working without collaboration
- plan for fast dispersion in clandestinity of a few thousand
people working in key sectors, destruction and hiding of material
- working slowly, making “mistakes” or voluntarily “forgetting”,
executing wrongly, etc.
Nonviolent sabotage *
- paralysing machines without destroying them, by removing a
fundamental piece, changing a programme, etc.
* so as not to scare the aggressor and justify a violent repression
35. Resisting and surviving
Just like military defence, NVCD must plan in advance
infrastructures and supplies, and thus, take measures
regarding food, transports, communication, energy, etc.:
- by diversifying supply sources of raw material and
the products not produced by us
- look for new raw material and substitute products
- constitute stocks
- organise NVCD within the European Union
36. Agriculture: liberate ourselves from oil dependence
1 - Produce in a more autonomous way :
- Reduce dependence to oil (tractors, machines,
pesticides, heating green houses and animal farms,
transports, etc.)
- Improve use of wood and biomass
- Organise large return to the countryside in order to
substitute part of man’s work to the machine’s, develop
use of animals in farming
2 - Transporting food to consumers : favour short circuits
37. Electricity : decentralise
Infrastructures are very vulnerable (production centres,
namely nuclear power stations, cables transporting electricity,
inter-connexion posts) :
develop renewable and decentralised energies (photovoltaic,
hydroelectric, wind, etc.)
The functioning in networks is very difficult for non-
professionals to control.
Resistance, depending on the context, must determine which
sectors or areas to prioritise, and the ones which can be
deprived from electricity.
Photos :
- Nuclear power, vulnerable yet maximal centralisation
- Photovoltaic, invulnerable and decentralised.
38. The role played by NVCD in military defence
Three scenarios are possible :
1. It complements :
NVCD is put into place at the same time as military defence.
Adding nonviolent means of resistance will only increase
military efficiency.
Punctual actions will on the other hand not support a globally
nonviolent resistance.
../..
39. The role played by NVCD in military defence
2. Appeal : NVCD is installed after failure or at least stop of
military defence. That is the most unfavourable hypothesis,
but the only way to generate within society a new feeling and
will to struggle: “It’s not all over…”
3. Option : NVCD is chosen instead of military defence.
Global deterrence (e.g.: nuclear) has failed, has not
frightened the enemy, and it seems any use of weapon is if
not in vain, suicidal. NVCD is the most reasonable hypothesis
to defend without destroying.
Photos : - Spare wheel
- Alternative
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