Tourism is defined as the activities of persons traveling to places outside their usual environment for leisure, business, or other purposes. It involves travel and temporary stays in destinations. Some key points: - Tourism requires travel but not all travel is tourism. It must be for over 24 hours and for purposes other than employment. - It is an important economic sector, contributing over 10% to global GDP and employing over 260 million people worldwide. - The tourism system involves the interactions between tourists, tourism promoters and suppliers, and the external environment across generating regions, transit routes, and destinations. - There are various forms of tourism including domestic, inbound, outbound, and types like cultural, heritage, environmental,

1. The word Travel derived from the French word
‘Travail’
All Tourism involves Travel; but not all Travel
involves Tourism

2. CONCEPT OF TOURISM
Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships
arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so
far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are
not connected with any earning activity
Hunziker and Krapf (A tourism research professor at University of
St. Gallen, Switzerland)

3. Definition according to UNWTO
• "Tourism comprises the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes."

4. Features of Tourism
• Temporary movement of people
• Takes place outside the normal place of
residence and work
• Visit for purposes other than taking up
permanent residence or employment

5. Difference between Tourism and
Travel
Tourism is different from travel. But, in order for tourism to happen, there
must be a displacement: an individual has to travel, using any type of means of
transportation But all travel is not tourism.
Three criteria are used simultaneously in order to characterize a trip as
belonging to tourism. The displacement must be such that;
• It involves a displacement outside the usual environment
• Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose different from being
remunerated from within the place visited: the previous limits, where
tourism was restricted to recreation and visiting family and friends are now
expanded to include a vast array of purposes;
• Duration: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a minimal. Tourism
displacement can be with or without an overnight stay.

6. Every traveller is a ‘potential’ tourist and is upto the managers of
the industry to tap this ‘potential’ and convert the traveller into
an ‘actual’ tourist. Some of the characteristics that distinguish
tourism from travel are:
Tourism is:
• Temporary, to distinguish it from the permanent travel of the
tramp and nomad
• Voluntary, to distinguish it from the forced travel of the exile
and refugee
• Round up, to distinguish it from the one-way journey of the
migrant
• Relatively long, to distinguish it from the recurrent trips of the
holiday house owner

7. Visitor
• A visitor is a traveller taking a trip to a main
destination outside his/her usual
environment, for less than a year, for any main
purpose (business, leisure or other personal
purpose) other than to be employed by a
resident entity in the country or place visited.

8. The term includes two types of visitors:
1. Tourist (Overnight visitor) – A visitor (domestic,
inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist, if
his/her trip includes an overnight stay. The purpose
of whose journey can be classified under one of the
following heads:
a) Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion
and sport)
b) Business, family, mission, meeting.
2. Excursionist (Same day visitor)—is a temporary
visitor staying for a period of less than 24 hours in
the country visited. (Including travellers on the
cruises).

9. Business visitor
• A business visitor is a visitor whose main
purpose for a tourism trip corresponds to the
business and professional category.

10. Country of reference
The country of reference refers to the country for which
the measurement is done.
• The term “country” can be transposed to a different
geographical level using the term “place” instead
(either a region, municipality or other subnational
geographic location);

11. Country of residence
• The country of residence of a household is
determined according to the centre of
predominant economic interest of its members.
• If a person resides (or intends to reside) for more
than one year in a given country and has there
his/her centre of economic interest (for example,
where the predominant amount of time is
spent), he/she is considered as a resident of this
country.

12. Forms of tourism / Classification
of tourism

13. Domestic tourism
• Comprises the activities of a resident visitor
within the country of reference, either as part
of a domestic tourism trip or part of an
outbound tourism trip.

14. Internal tourism
• Internal tourism comprises domestic tourism
plus inbound tourism, that is to say, the
activities of resident and non-resident visitors
within the country of reference as part of
domestic or international tourism trips.

15. International tourism
• International tourism comprises inbound
tourism plus outbound tourism, that is to say,
the activities of resident visitors outside the
country of reference, either as part of
domestic or outbound tourism trips and the
activities of non-resident visitors within the
country of reference on inbound tourism trips.

16. Tourism Regions of the world (by UNWTO)
UNWTO
regions
MIDDLE
EAST
EAST ASIA
& PACIFIC
AFRICA
AMERICAS
EUROPE
SOUTH
ASIA

17. Tourism Industry
• Tourism Industry comprises of many sectors or
sub – industries such as hospitality industry,
transport industry, attractions and
entertainment.
Constituents of Tourism Industry
• (Main) Transport, Accommodations,
Entertainment, Travel agents & Tour
operators, Guides, Tourism Organisations
• (Sub) Shops, emporiums, art & craft, local
transport, banks, media, communication, etc,

18. Components of Tourism
• 5 A’s or 6 A’s or 8 A’s

19. Tourism Product
• A tourism product can be defined as the sum of the physical
and psychological satisfaction it provides to tourists during
their travelling en route to the destination. The tourist product
focuses on facilities and services designed to meet the needs
of the tourist.
• It can be seen as a composite product, as the sum total of a
country’s tourist attractions, transport, and accommodation
and of entertainment which result in customer satisfaction.
Each of the components of a tourist product is supplied by
individual providers of services like hotel companies, airlines,
travel agencies, etc.
• The tourist product can be analysed in terms of Components.

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM PRODUCT
1) Intangible
2) Psychological
3) Highly Perishable
4) Composite Product
5) Unstable Demand
6) Fixed supply in the short run
7) Absence of ownership
8) Heterogeneous
9) Risky
10) Marketable

21. Six Categories of Tourism
• 1. Ethnic Tourism
• 2. Cultural Tourism
• 3. Historical Tourism
• 4. Environmental
Tourism
• 5. Recreational
Tourism
• 6. Business Tourism /
MICE
• VFR
• SIT
• Health / medical
• Sports
• Religious
• Space
• Adventure
• Rural

22. The tourism system
Leiper Model
Transit route Region
Traveller
Generating
Region
Tourist
Destination
Region
Departing travellers
Returning travellers

23. Overview
of
Attractions

25. Disciplinary
inputs to the
tourism field

27. Characteristics of the Hospitality and
Tourism Industry
 According to World
Travel and Tourism
Council:
Employer of 7.8
Percent of the
Global workforce
10.6 percent
Of
World GDP
5.5 million new
Jobs per year
Until 2010
Tourism
Industry
24/h, 7 days/w,
52 weeks/year

28. TRAVELERS
TOURISM
PROMOTERS
TOURISM
SERVICES
SUPPLIERS
EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
Tour
Operators
Tourist
Boards
Meeting
Planners
Travel
Agents
Direct
Marketing
Destinations
Attractions/
Entertainment
Transportation
Food &
Beverag
e
Accomo-
dations
Society &
Culture
Politics
Technology
Environ-
ment
Economy
Integrated Model
Of Tourism

29. Tourism system
Demand side of tourism
 Population
Supply side of tourism
 Transportation
 Attractions & resources
 Services
 Information (promotion & interpretation)

30. Travel and Tourism ---
World’s Largest Industry
• In 2001 it is estimated to account for some:
•$3.5 trillion of Economic Activity
•207 million jobs
• In 2011 it accounted for :
•$7.0 trillion of Economic Activity
•260 million jobs

31. Share of world: % of Total
(2000)
GDP 11.0
Employment 8.0
Exports 7.9
Capital Investment 9.4
A powerful engine for generating jobs and wealth

32. 27.6
129.0
111.9
403.3
6.420.6
Africa Americas EAP Europe Middle
East
South Asia
Millions

33. Slice 7
0%
Americas
18%
EAP
16%
Europe
58%
Middle East
3%
Africa
4%
South Asia
1%
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

34. Slice 7
0%
Americas
29%
EAP
17%
Europe
49%
Middle East
2%
Africa
2%
South Asia
1%
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

35. Average Receipts Per Arrival 2000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
World Africa Americas EAP Europe Middle East South Asia
Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)
US$

36. Average Length of Stay in the Country
Country
India
Canada
Brazil
France
Hong Kong/China
Japan
Malaysia
Singapore(1997)
Spain
Thailand
Days
31.2
5.22
13.00
7.31
3.38
8.80
5.50
2.60
12.9
8.4

37. World’s Top 10 Tourism Earners
Intl. Tourism Receipts (US $
billion) 2001
1. United States 72.3
2. Spain 32.9
3. France 29.6
4. Italy 25.9
5. China 17.8
6. Germany 17.2
7. United Kingdom 15.9
8. Austria 12.0
9. Canada 10.7 (2000)
10. Greece 9.2 (2000)

38. Benefits of Tourism - Economic
• Can be developed with
local products and
resources
• Diversifies the
economy
• Tends to be compatible
with other economic
activities
• Spreads development
• High multiplier impact
• Increases
governmental
revenues
• Provides employment
opportunities
• Generates foreign
exchange
• Increases Incomes
• Increases GNP
• Can be built on
existing infrastructure
• Develops an
infrastructure that will
also help stimulate
local commerce and
industry

39. Benefits of Tourism - Social
• Broadens educational and cultural horizons
• Improves quality of life - higher incomes and
improved standards of living
• Justifies environmental protection and
improvement
• Provides tourist and recreational facilities
that may be used by a local population

40. Benefits of Tourism - Cultural
• Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition
• Visitor interest in local culture provides
employment for artists, musicians and other
performing artists enhancing cultural heritage
• Breaks down language barriers, socio-cultural
barriers, class barriers, racial barriers, political
barriers, and religious barriers
• Creates a favorable worldwide image for a
destination
• Promotes a global community
• Promotes international understanding and peace

41. Disadvantages of Tourism - Economic
• Develops excess demand
• Results in high leakage
• Creates difficulties of seasonality
• Causes inflation
• Can result in unbalanced economic
development
• Increases vulnerability to economic and
political changes

42. Disadvantages of Tourism - Social
• Creates social problems
• Degrades the natural physical environment and
creates pollution
• Degrades the cultural environment
• Threatens family structure
• Commercializes culture, religion, and the arts
• Creates misunderstanding
• Creates conflicts in the host society
• Contributes to disease, economic fluctuation, and
transportation problems

43. Steps for
Marketing & Promotion
1. Identify tourism product
2. Identify visitor market groups
3. Determine market position
4. Write market statement
5. Identify & implement suitable promotion &
interpretation strategies

44. Step 1. Identifying the tourism product
 Conduct an inventory
 Attractions
 Resources
 Services
 Facilities & infrastructure
 What is unique about the product?
 How is the product different from that of
competitors?

45. Step 2. Identifying visitor markets (segments)
1. What are the demographics of visitors?
 Group composition
 Origin (location of residence)
 Age
 Gender
 Education level
 Income level

46. Step 2. Identifying visitor markets (segments)
2. What are the interests and needs of visitors?
 demographics
 visitor/resident input
 observations l Group composition
l Origin (location of residence)
l Age
l Gender
l Education level
l Income level
l Visitor interests
l Visitor needs

47. Step 2. Identifying visitor markets (segments)
 How is each market segment anticipated to
change in the future?
 Existing
 Growth
 Potential

48. Step 3. Market position
A brief paragraph that states how your area or
community is situated with regard to visitor
market groups, travel routes, competing
tourism destinations, attractions, & resources.

49. Step 4. Market statement
A short statement or slogan which
summarizes the market position.

50. Step 5. Types of promotion
 Tourism guidebooks
 Videos
 FAM (familiarization) tours
 Motorcoach tours
 Trade show exhibits
 Media press releases (e.g., newspapers, radio)
 Advertisements in magazines, other guides, etc…
 Web sites
 Word-of-mouth advertising

51. Promotion & the five phases of the tourism
experience
 Anticipation & planning
 Traveling to site
 Activities at site
 Traveling to home
 Recollection

52. India - “ A Civilization Alive”
Heritage Site
Cultural Attractions
Beaches / Benchmarks
Health And Wellness - Yoga & Ayurveda
Shopping
Indian Cuisine
New Experience - Meditation, Naturopathy

53. India - Business Opportunity
5th largest Economy (PPP) High Growth - 250 Middle Class
Huge Outbound Market - Growth
Huge Infrastructure Investment Opportunities
100% FDI Permitted
Investment Facilitation System
Union Government
State Government
Single Window System

54. World Travel & Tourism
- The Future

55. Formula to Calculate Number
of Hotel Rooms Required
R = T x P x L
S x N
where
T = number of tourists
P = percentage staying in hotels
N = total number of guest
nights/number of
guests
R = room demand per
nights/number
O = hotel occupancy used for
estimating;
divide number of rooms
needed at 100%
occupancy by estimated
occupancy
S = number of days per year
in business
L = average length of stay
Example
T = 1,560,000 visitors
P = 98%
L = 9 days
N = 1.69
0 = 70 %
S = 365 days
 R= 1,560,000 x .98 x 9
365 x 1.69
R = 22,306 (rooms needed
at 100% occupancy)
at 70 % occupancy need
R = 22,306/.70 = 31,866
rooms

56. Assignment Topics
 Tourism administration in India
 Growth of travel through ages