The document discusses tourism planning and sustainability. It defines planning as a multidimensional activity that considers social, economic, political, and environmental factors. It discusses the general concepts of planning, including types like economic development planning and physical land use planning. It also discusses what planning is and is not. Tourism planning aims to bring benefits to society while maintaining industry sustainability. The document also summarizes literature around tourism and sustainability, discussing concepts like equitable development, resilience, and indicators that can measure sustainability.

1. TOURISM
PLANNING
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2. Planning defined
• It is a multidimensional activity and seeks
to be integrative. It embraces social,
economic, political, psychological,
anthropological, and technological factors.
It is concerned with the past, present and
the future.
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3. General Concepts of Planning
• What is Planning
- In its broadest definition, planning is organizing the
future to achieve certain objectives.
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4. General Concepts of Planning
• Major types of Planning
- Economic development planning.
- Physical land use planning;
- Infrastructure planning – transportation facilities and
services, water supply, electric power, sewage and solid
waste disposal, and telecommunications;
- Social facility planning – educational, medical, and
recreation facilities and services
- Park and conservation planning
- Corporate planning
- Urban and regional planning – applies the comprehensive
planning approach integrating economic, land use,
infrastructure, social facility and park and conservation
planning
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5. What is Planning?
Basic
human
activity
Problem
Rational
Solving PLANNING
Choice
Activity
Control of
Future
Action
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6. What Planning is NOT
• Not a purely individual activity
• Not present-oriented
• Has little or nothing in common with the
“trial-and-error” approach in problem solving
• Not just the imagining of desirable futures
• Planning is the deliberate social or
organizational activity of developing an
optimal strategy for achieving a desired
set of goals
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7. Tourism Planning
• Aimed at bringing certain benefits to society
while maintaining sustainability of the
industry
• Prepared within a time framework
• Must apply a flexible, comprehensive,
integrated, environmental and sustainable,
community-based and implementable
approach
• May be incorporated into the general
planning of an area
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8. General Concepts of Planning
• Objective
– refers to what is expected to be
achieved from the planning
• Policy
– refers to the development approach
applied to guide and determine
decision-making
– expressed in term of a set of statements
and relates directly to the development
objectives;
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9. General Concepts of Planning
• Plan
– refers to an orderly arrangement of parts of an overall
system that reflects the policy;
– consists of maps, other graphic representations, and
explanatory text including statements on
recommendations;
• Strategy
– refers to the means accomplishing the policy and plan
recommendations
• Conservation
– refers to the planned management of specific sites
and places natural and cultural resources in general
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10. What does the scientific and technical literature say about our
tourism and sustainability?
• Jensen and Bonnevie (1995)
- On a global scale, the only fully sustainable tourism is to make tourists
stay at home
• McKercher (1993)
- The concept of sustainability is itself a threat to the longevity of the
tourism industry, because, moving toward an ecological definition of
sustainability may reduce access to the natural resources upon which the
industry depends.
• Campbell and Heck (1997)
- Suggested that sustainability is the condition where actions are
socially desirable, economically feasible and ecologically viable.
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11. What does the scientific and technical literature say about
tourism and sustainability?
• A sustainable solution occurs at
the intersection of what is socially
desirable, ecologically viable and
economically feasible
Sustainable
Ecologically
Solution Viable
Socially Economically
Desirable Feasible
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12. What does the scientific and technical literature say about
tourism and sustainability?
• Sustainability must consider Temporal, Spatial,
and Functional Scales
– Three important aspects: time, space, and function
-Time – concerns over what period do we measure the
sustainability of tourism five years, a decade, a generation?
-Space – concerns over how we judge sustainability by
community, municipality, province, region, or country
-Function – concerns over the functionality of state institutions
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13. What does the scientific and technical literature say about
tourism and sustainability?
• Sustainability deals with concept of equity
- Intra-generational equity deals with creating or
strengthening opportunity, equalizing income or
redistributing power within the host population where
tourism is occurring.
- Inter-generational equity the need to preserve
natural resources for future generations rather than
considering how tourism development may affect those
living in the future.
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14. What does the scientific and technical literature say about
tourism and sustainability?
• Achieving sustainability leads to social, economic
and ecological systems that are more resilient
- Social resilience – the ability of human communities to respond
or adapt to change
- Economic resiliency – communities with diverse economies are
resilient in the sense that downturns in one industry do not
significantly adverse the entire community’s economy.
- Ecological resiliency – the ability of an ecosystem to return to a
state of equilibrium following some type of disturbance
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15. Useful indications of Sustainable Tourism
• What are indicators?
- Indicators measure of information with which decision-makers may
reduce the chances of unknowingly taking poor decisions (WTO, 1996)
- Indicators are both a tool for management today and an investment
in the future, since they reduce the risk of inadvertent damage to the
resource base on which the industry depends (WTO, 1996)
- Indicators are pieces of information which measure things that are
important to real decisions.
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16. Indicator Measure
Stress Number of visitors/tourists (per annum/season)
Social Stress Ratio of visitor/tourist members to local population (per annum/per season)
Attractiveness List of natural and cultural resources
Rate of attractiveness of cultural and natural resources
Planning process Existence of local/regional plan for development
Tourism Planning process Existence of local/regional plan for tourism development
Area protection Category of protection
Percentage of protected area compared to the whole territory of the destination
Local involvement Ratio the number of locally owned tourist business to the total number of tourist businesses
Local control Existence of formal measures (public hearing, community meeting, local referendum) to
ensure local control over development planning and implementation
Employment Number of jobs created in tourism (full time equivalent)
Ratio of local employee number to the number guest workers
Tourism contribution to the local Proportion of local tax income generated by tourism only
economy
Economic Diversity Share of different economic activities in the total tax income
Energy Consumption Ratio of renewable energy sources to non-renewable energy sources (consumption)
Waste Management Percentage of households with proper sewage system
Percentage of waste receiving treatment
Education and training Percentage of local people involved in tourism with professional training and education
Distribution of tourism employees by education
Percentage of tourism employees (and local people) participating in on-the-job training in a
given time
Local Satisfaction Overall perception of tourism’s impact to local community
Tourist Attraction Overall satisfaction of tourists concerning the quality and the value/price ratio of the complex
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tourist product
Percentage/change of repeat visits compared to first-time visits

17. The need for a tourism plan
• To determine the optimum level of tourism that can
result in the achievement of environmental conservation
objectives
• To ensure that the natural and cultural resources are
indefinitely maintained in the process of development
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18. The need for a tourism plan
• There must be careful matching of tourist markets and
products through the planning process without
compromising socio-cultural and environmental
objectives.
• The direct and indirect economic benefits can best be
optimized through the careful and integrated planning.
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19. The need for a tourism plan
• Tourism can generate various socio-cultural benefits
as well as problems
• Tourism is a multi-sectoral, complicated and
fragmented activity such that planning and project
development coordination are necessary
• Planning provides the rational basis for development
staging and project programming.
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20. The need for a tourism plan
• To upgrade and revitalize existing outmoded or badly
developed tourism areas and plan for new tourism areas
in the future; and
• To satisfy the manpower skills and capability
requirements of tourism development.
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21. Sub-Regional
and Area-Wide
Planning
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22. Sub-Regional and Area-Wide
Planning
• Made up of policy and structure plans
• Policy: states the extent of tourism development that
is appropriate for the area and the special
considerations.
• Structure Plans:
– shows the access to the area
– primary and secondary attractions
– places or sites where tourist facilities will be concentrated
– the connecting transportation network
– Type and approximate amount of accommodation to be
developed
– Tour circuits and tourist stopovers
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23. Important principles in Area-Wide
Planning
• Establishment of a good access point or gateway for
tourists visiting the area. There may be more than
one.
• Establishment of a staging area at or near the access
point.
• Clustering of tourist attractions: induces more tourists
to visit the area and encourage them to stay longer.
Efficient provision of access and other infrastructure.
• Designation of tourism development zones
• Designation of an interesting and efficient
transportation network: should allow for organising
tour circuits that form loops and minimize
backtracking on the same roads
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24. Important Principles in Area-Wide Planning
• Development of tourist stopovers: points of tourist
interest, with minor tourist facilities
• Provision of multi-purpose infrastructure: serves
general community needs and tourism
development
• The Plan (area-wide / sub-regional) should also
include:
– Market analysis and establish market targets
– Establish carrying capacities
– Recommendations on institutional elements and
environmental measures
– Approaches to conserving local cultural identities and
bringing benefits to local communities
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