Dehalogenases, nitroreductases, and peroxidases are important enzyme families. Dehalogenases remove halogen atoms from substrates and are used in bioremediation. Nitroreductases reduce nitro groups on toxic compounds and are important for bioremediation and cancer treatment. Peroxidases catalyze redox reactions using peroxides and have roles in plant metabolism, immune response, and detoxification.
Isolation and purification of peroxidase from soyabeanPooja Walke
Peroxidase (EC. 1.11.1.7), an oxidoreductase, has iron porphyrin ring generally and catalyzes a redox reaction between H202 as an electron acceptor and many kinds of substrates by means of oxygen liberation from HzOz (Brill, 1996).
Assessing the Suitability of using Plant Latex as Immobilization Support for ...ijsrd.com
Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized onto latex from three different plants viz. Calotropis procera, Euphorbia royleana and Alstonia scholaris with 0.51 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.01 mg/cm2 conjugation yield and 62.07 ± 0.85, 66.1 ± 0.85, 71.24 ± 0.80 % retention of specific activity respectively. The support, before and after addition of peroxidase was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Optimum pH, optimum temperature and changes in kinetic parameters (Ea, Km and Vmax) for immobilized peroxidases were studied and found to differ from that of free peroxidase. Alstonia scholaris latex was most effective in stabilizing the structure of peroxidase during storage at 4°C, whereas thermal stability and reusability of peroxidase was better on Calotropis procera latex. Analytical use of Calotropis procera latex bound peroxidase for determination of phenolic content of fruit juices has also been demonstrated.
Polysaccharides produced by microorganism during their growth and especially at the stationary phase of growth when there is excess of carbon source in the medium.
High molecular weight carbohydrate polymers mainly produced by bacteria and fungi.
Microbial polysaccharides are of two types:
Storage polysaccharides like glycogen, inulin etc.
Exopolysaccarides like xanthans, dextrans, levans which are secreted by the cells.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ABSTRACT- Microbial source of amylase is preferred to other sources because of its plasticity, vast availability, higher yield and
thermostability even at elevated temperatures.Various physical and chemical factors have been known to affect the production of α-
amylase such as temperature, pH, period of incubation, carbon sources acting as inducers, surfactants, nitrogen sources, phosphate,
different metal ions, moisture. Interactions of these parameters are reported to have a significant influence on the production of
the enzyme.Study was mainly aimed to isolate a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing a starch source and to check effect of different physiological
parameters on amylase enzyme activity. To conduct this research, study was mainly focused on three objectives i.e. 1st Screening
and morphological characterization of the isolated bacteria. 2nd Characterization of amylase production by selected isolates. 3rd
Time course of Enzyme production and Partial purification with Ammonium Sulphate saturation.Amylases of isolate-6 and isolate-9
were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation which can be used as partially purified enzyme for further study. Isolate-6 and
Isolate-9 showed the activity 0.34 and 0.28 units/ml/min respectively.Enzyme derived from isolate-6 and isolate-9 was stable at different
physiological conditions. So, it is useful in fermentation industry and in pharmaceuticals.
Key words- Amylase, Starch hydrolyzing bacteria, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries
Isolation and purification of peroxidase from soyabeanPooja Walke
Peroxidase (EC. 1.11.1.7), an oxidoreductase, has iron porphyrin ring generally and catalyzes a redox reaction between H202 as an electron acceptor and many kinds of substrates by means of oxygen liberation from HzOz (Brill, 1996).
Assessing the Suitability of using Plant Latex as Immobilization Support for ...ijsrd.com
Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized onto latex from three different plants viz. Calotropis procera, Euphorbia royleana and Alstonia scholaris with 0.51 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.01 mg/cm2 conjugation yield and 62.07 ± 0.85, 66.1 ± 0.85, 71.24 ± 0.80 % retention of specific activity respectively. The support, before and after addition of peroxidase was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Optimum pH, optimum temperature and changes in kinetic parameters (Ea, Km and Vmax) for immobilized peroxidases were studied and found to differ from that of free peroxidase. Alstonia scholaris latex was most effective in stabilizing the structure of peroxidase during storage at 4°C, whereas thermal stability and reusability of peroxidase was better on Calotropis procera latex. Analytical use of Calotropis procera latex bound peroxidase for determination of phenolic content of fruit juices has also been demonstrated.
Polysaccharides produced by microorganism during their growth and especially at the stationary phase of growth when there is excess of carbon source in the medium.
High molecular weight carbohydrate polymers mainly produced by bacteria and fungi.
Microbial polysaccharides are of two types:
Storage polysaccharides like glycogen, inulin etc.
Exopolysaccarides like xanthans, dextrans, levans which are secreted by the cells.
Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oil...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ABSTRACT- Microbial source of amylase is preferred to other sources because of its plasticity, vast availability, higher yield and
thermostability even at elevated temperatures.Various physical and chemical factors have been known to affect the production of α-
amylase such as temperature, pH, period of incubation, carbon sources acting as inducers, surfactants, nitrogen sources, phosphate,
different metal ions, moisture. Interactions of these parameters are reported to have a significant influence on the production of
the enzyme.Study was mainly aimed to isolate a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing a starch source and to check effect of different physiological
parameters on amylase enzyme activity. To conduct this research, study was mainly focused on three objectives i.e. 1st Screening
and morphological characterization of the isolated bacteria. 2nd Characterization of amylase production by selected isolates. 3rd
Time course of Enzyme production and Partial purification with Ammonium Sulphate saturation.Amylases of isolate-6 and isolate-9
were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation which can be used as partially purified enzyme for further study. Isolate-6 and
Isolate-9 showed the activity 0.34 and 0.28 units/ml/min respectively.Enzyme derived from isolate-6 and isolate-9 was stable at different
physiological conditions. So, it is useful in fermentation industry and in pharmaceuticals.
Key words- Amylase, Starch hydrolyzing bacteria, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries
A study of effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on three substrates namely vanillin, orange peel oil and clove oil. The method uses HPTLC for analysis of biotransformation products.
Industrial enzymes in the synthesis of drugs/ intermediatesPHARMA IQ EDUCATION
Importance of the following enzymes for the synthesis of drugs
1. introduction
2. penicillin acylase
3. lipase
4. oxidoreductase
5. transaminase
6. protease
Conclusion
References
Thanks
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
Production of Amphiphilic Surfactant Molecule From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae M...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Lotus Notes to Excel Converter Software is outstanding utility to transfer Lotus Notes Contacts to Excel Spreadsheet. You can access your whole entire Notes Contacts into Excel with alphabetic order and can view or read easily without difficulty.
A study of effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on three substrates namely vanillin, orange peel oil and clove oil. The method uses HPTLC for analysis of biotransformation products.
Industrial enzymes in the synthesis of drugs/ intermediatesPHARMA IQ EDUCATION
Importance of the following enzymes for the synthesis of drugs
1. introduction
2. penicillin acylase
3. lipase
4. oxidoreductase
5. transaminase
6. protease
Conclusion
References
Thanks
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
Production of Amphiphilic Surfactant Molecule From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae M...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Lotus Notes to Excel Converter Software is outstanding utility to transfer Lotus Notes Contacts to Excel Spreadsheet. You can access your whole entire Notes Contacts into Excel with alphabetic order and can view or read easily without difficulty.
The Experiments in Design results from Dots 2016Fluxx
Experiments In Design - the meet up combining product development and lean experimentation - went on tour to Brighton and took part in the excellent DOTS Conference 2016 hosted by Brilliant Noise
On the topic of Bioremediation.
Environmental Biotechnology -
the development, use and regulation of
biological systems for remediation of
contaminated environments (land, air,
water), and for environment-friendly
processes.
Bioremediation - the use of
microorganisms to remedy
environmental problems
What do they all have in common?
The advent of the Industrial Revolution
increase in products and waste
people moved to the city
increase in human population
Regulations were passed:
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
Must identify hazardous waste and establish standards for managing it properly
Requires companies that store, treat or dispose to have permits stating how the wastes are to be managed
Record of its travels: Chain of Custody
EPA initiates the Superfund Program (1980)
Counteract careless and negligent practices
Environmental Genome Project
Study and understand the impacts of environmental chemicals on human diseases
Waste
Solid: landfills, combustion-including waste-to energy plants, recovery
slurries, composting
Liquid: septic: sewage treatment, deep-well injection
Gas: fossil fuels, chlorofluorocarbons
Hazardous –anything that can explode, catch fire, release toxic fumes, and particles or cause corrosion
Thanks!!
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
Disinfectant and antiseptic is used for kill the microbes or inhibit the growth of microbes and decreasing their numbers in such a low level that they become unable to impart any harmful effect.
Biodegradation and Bioremediation, an environmental friendly treatment methods to sustain natural environment unchanged. This is the Reliable, and cost effective application.
Human digestive system structure and function
overview
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine
Acessory organs:
Liver
gall bladder
Pancreas.
Human digestive system
Major organs
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
small intestine
large intestine.
Acessory organs:
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas.
MAJOR ORGANSThe Mouth
pH: 7
The first part of the digestive system
the entry point of food.
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.
saliva
moistens the food
contains enzymes (ptyalin or salivary amylase)
begins digestion of starch into smaller polysaccharides.
Function:
Mechanical digestion.
increasing surface area for faster chemical digestion.
The Esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth to the stomach
running through the Thoracic cavity.
Location:
lies behind windpipe (Trachea).
The trachea has as an epiglottis
preventing food from entering the windpipe,
moving the food to the esophagus while swallowing.
Food travels down the esophagus, through a series of involuntary rhythmic contractions (wave-like) called peristalsis.
Function:
The lining of the esophagus secretes mucus
lubricating
to support the movement of food.
Esophageal sphincter:
bolus reaches the stomach
must pass through a muscular ringed valve called the esophageal sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter).
Function:
prevent stomach acids from back flowing into the esophagus.
Stomach
J-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds (rugae)
Increasing surface area of the stomach.
Function:
Stomach performs mechanical digestion
HOW By churning the bolus and mixing it with the gastric juices
secreted by the lining of the stomach.
GASTRIC JUICES HCl, salts, enzymes, water and mucus)
HCL helps break down of food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.
The bolus is now called Chyme.
Enzymes in stomach:
Acidic environment
HCl secreation
kill any microbes that are found in the bolus,
creating a pH of 2.
Mucus prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
Pepsin secreation
responsible for initiating the breakdown of proteins (in )food.
hydrolyzes proteins to yield polypeptides.
pH is 2, the enzyme from the salivary glands stops breaking down carbohydrates.
Pyloric sphincter:
chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.
It passes through a muscular ringed sphincter called the pyloric sphincter.
stomach does not digest itselfWhy ?
Protective Mechanism:
three protective mechanisms.
First the stomach only secretes small amounts of gastric juices until food is present.
Second the secretion of mucus coats the lining of the stomach protecting it from the gastric juices.
The third mechanism is the digestive enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive protein c
Biology I Presentation
FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi
THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi
OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)
Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
KingdomArchaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Overview
What are they ?
To which family they belong
Where they are present ?
What are their role ?
3. (1) Dehalogenase :
•A dehalogenase is a type of enzyme that
catalyzes the removal of a halogen (cleavage of
carbon-halogen bonds ) atom from a substrate
•EC 3.8 ( hydrolase class )
•Examples include :
•4-chlorobenzoate dehalogenase
•4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase
•Dichloromethane dehalogenase
•Fluoroacetate dehydrogenase
•Haloacetate dehalogenase
•(R)-2-haloacid dehalogenase
•(S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase
•Haloalkane dehalogenase
•Halohydrin dehalogenase
•Haloacetate dehalogenase
•Tetrachloroethene reductive dehalogenase
4. Application
•Halogenated aliphatic compounds
• widely used in agriculture and industries.
• have applications as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, solvents and hydraulic or transfer fluids
•But now accumulating in the environment
• decontamination by using microbiological degradation methods (transforming them into
harmless products.
• potential use of DEHALOGENASE in biotechnological applications in the bioremediation of
halogenated environmental pollutants
•This enzyme may also have potential applications in the detoxification of contaminated water
•important in dechlorination reactions of chlorinated hydrocarbons
5. (2) nitoreductase
Oxidoreductases family
They form a group of enzymes that have a central role in the reduction of nitro groups on
nitrocompounds using
FMN or FAD (flavin mononucleotide or flavin adenine dinucleotide ) as prosthetic groups and
•NADH or NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate ) as reducing agents
•Occurance
•They are primarily found in bacteria, mouse and human .
•This protein is not found in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
6. Categorisation
•nitroreductases have been grouped into two categories based on their ability to reduce nitro
groups in the presence of oxygen by one electron or two-electron transfers
•Type I (oxygen-insensitive) nitroreductases catalyze the sequential transfer of two electrons
from NAD(P)H to the nitro groups of nitrosubstituted compounds, in the presence or absence of
oxygen
•Type II (oxygen-sensitive) nitroreductases catalyze one-electron reductions of the nitro group in
the presence of oxygen,
7. Why important ?
•nitrosubstituted aromatics (reported as toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic )
•nitroaromatic compounds an important group of pollutants,
• examples : nitrofurans, nitropyrenes, nitrobenzenes and several others, have been used in
multiple applications as pharmaceuticals, antimicrobial agents, food additives, pesticides,
explosives, dyes and raw materials in several industrial processes. Thus their reduction is
important thus
•Role of nitroreductase
•(1) environmental and human health importance due to their central role in mediating
nitrosubstituted compound toxicity
8. Role of nitroreductase
•(2) biotechnological application for bioremediation , biocatalysis
•Good tool _ It can be used as biosensors and for the bioremediation of nitroaromatic
compounds
•transgenic plants have also been used for the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with high
levels of explosives
•Examples of this include the use of the tobacco plant , Arabidopsis thaliana and Aspen. These
trangenic plants are able to degrade nitroaromatic compounds .
•(3)Clinical significance :
• clinical importance in chemotherapeutic tumor (cancer )treatment, ablation of
specific cells and role in antibiotic resistance
9. (3) Peroxidase
Oxidoreductases: peroxidases (EC 1.11)
can be heam and nonheam proteins
Peroxidase is a heat stable enzyme
Occurance : Peroxidase is usually intracellular, as are the other
fungi and bacteria
In plants : The enzyme occurs in plants like radish, soybean, tomato , potato, turnip,
carrot, wheat, pear, apricot, banana, dates strawberry and horseradish.
In animals :
It has also been found in spleen, lungs, mammary and thyroid glands, bone marrow
and intestine
10. function of peroxidases :
important in redox reactions
Catalyse redox reactions by using a wide variety of donor molecules and reduce a wide range of
peroxides
• example :
H2O2 (peroxide ) + ZH2 (donor) → 2 H2O (reduced ) + Z (oxidized )
"Z" it indicates that the enzyme can use several different molecules as the source of the
hydrogen atoms.
11. Role in Biological Systems :
plants and mammals
Mammmals :
involved in biological processes such as immune system or hormone production or detoxification
detoxification
•Glutathiones ( peroxidases ) present both within and outside cells which use H2O2 or peroxide compounds
of lipids (fats and oils) and remove them
•immune system :
•Peroxidases in the saliva : redox reactions between H2O2 and chemicals called thiocyanates >producing
compounds > kill potentially harmful microorganisms.
•hormone production
•Thyroid peroxidase (TPO ) produced by the thyroid gland which uses iodine ,tyrosine and H202
•Use to create the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) imp to control metabolism and growth.
12. Role in Biological Systems :
plants and mammals
Plants :
involved in auxin metabolism
suberin formation (wound healing )
cross-linking of cell wall components ( polymerization of macromolecule )
defense against pathogens
.Help in minimizing the damage caused by stress factors or insect pests.
•release of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
•ROS effect can damage or kill cells.
•Role of peroxidases : peroxidases remove ROS, helping prevent damage.
13. In insects
group of insects known as bombardier beetles.
Chamber( mixture of hydrogen peroxide and chemicals called hydroquinones )
When threatened…… they mix these with peroxidases
a redox reaction take place
lot of heat is released, with the resulting liquid ejected explosively at 212°F (100°C). It is a very
effective way of deterring predators
14. Applications :
• Bioremediation of Waste Water: Removal of Phenolic Contaminants
•Removal of Endocrine Disruptive Chemicals (EDCs) that are resistant to conventional waste water treatments
• helpful in removal or degradation of other potent environmental pollutants such as chloroanilines and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons .
Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PAHs) Pesticides
Peroxidases extracted from some fungal species have great potential to transform several pesticides into harmless
form
Degradation of Chlorinated Alkanes and Alkenes
Degradation of Chlorinated Dioxins
Degradation of Chlorinated Insecticides
Peroxidase as Biosensors for the continuous monitoring of a contaminated area
Use in Pulp-Paper Industries (lignin degrading & modifying enzyme )
perchloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE). Carbon tetrachloride (CT)
The bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri strain KC can dehalogenate CT into carbon dioxide and chlorine without producing the toxic intermediate chloroform (CCl3H
Nitrocompounds such as nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic derivatives (nitrosubstituted compounds) constitute a large group of chemicals that are characterized by the presence of one or more nitro groups
Biocatalysis is the use of natural catalysts, such as protein enzymes, to perform chemical transformations on organic compounds
The sensor is a gold electrode onto which an enzyme, the nitroreductase NfsB of E. coli, is directly immobilized via thiol linkages
Examples :
tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum) constitutively expressing the nsfI nitroreductase gene from Enterobacter cloacae,
Arabidopsis thaliana expressing a nitroreductase gene of E. coli and
Aspen expressing the nitroreductase gene pnrA of P. putida JLR1.
Heat-stable enzyme --> thermostable enzyme
An enzyme that is not readily subject to destruction or alteration by heat
The separation and isolation of peroxidase from leukocyte by Agner (1943) assured its presence in animal tissue as well.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemicallyreactive molecules containing oxygen. Examples include peroxides. superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen. In a biological context, ROS are formed as a natural byproduct of the normal metabolism ofoxygen .
Contamination of soils and aquifers by the aliphatic halocarbons trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) widely used as degreasing solvents is a serious environmental pollution problem. TCE is subject to in vitro reductive dehalogenation catalyzed by LiP of P. chrysosporium in the presence of tertiary alcohol, H2O2, and EDTA (or oxalate) leading to the production of the corresponding reduced chlorinated radicals