COMPLETE CROWN PROSTHESIS- A restoration that covers all the coronal tooth surfaces (mesial, distal, facial, lingual and occlusal) (GPT8)
Steps for all metal full veneer crown
1. occlusal reduction
2. axial reduction
3. proximal reduction
4. finishing
5. buccal seating groove
METAL CERAMIC FULL VENEER CROWN - Combines strength of metal and the aesthetics of ceramic.
It is of 2 types:
a. metal with complete ceramic coverage
b. metal with ceramic facing.
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
a detailed account of the principles of tooth preparation with main reference from Shillingburg
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Posterior tooth preparations/dental crown &bridge course by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Metal ceramic and partial veneer crown/certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Posterior tooth preparationscertified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
principles of tooth preparation - ann george final.pptxDrHIMANSHUTIWARI1
No recent literature has reviewed the current scientific knowledge on complete coverage tooth preparations.Nine scientific principles have been developed that ensure mechanical, biologic, and esthetic success for tooth preparation of complete coverage restorations.
The cast metal restoration is versatile and is especially applicable to Class II onlay preparations. The process has many steps, involves many dental materials, and requires meticulous attention to prepration.
Tooth treatment planned to be restored with an intracoronal restoration, but the decay or fracture is so extensive that a direct restoration, such as amalgam or composite, would not be able to sustain or bear forces.
Additionally, when decay or fracture incorporate areas of cusp or remaining tooth structure that undermines perimeter walls of a tooth, an onlay might be indicated.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. DEFINITION:
A restoration that covers all the coronal tooth surfaces (mesial,
distal, facial, lingual and occlusal)(GPT8).
ADVANTAGES:
1. Most effective retention and resistance.
2. Alteration in tooth form and occlusion is possible.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Extensive tooth preparation.
2. Margins are close to gingivae and need meticulous maintenance.
4. INDICATION
1. Presence of extensive caries
2. Large defective restorations
3. Endodontically treated teeth
4. Fractured tooth
CONTRAINDICATION
1. Poor oral hygiene
2. Young patients where pulp chambers are large.
6. ALL METAL FULL VENEER CROWN PREPARATION
Armamentarium:
1. Airotor handpiece
2. Round end tapered diamond
3. Short thin tapering/needle diamond
4. Chamfer diamond/ torpedo diamond/bur
5. Baseplate wax sheet 2mm thick
7. Preparation of putty index
Purpose: to have a positive check on the amount and
configuration of tooth preparation
Procedure:
1. Half a scoop of base of elastomeric putty impression material is
kneaded with its catalyst paste or activator
2. Then it is adapted over the tooth to prepared and even the
adjacent tooth
3. Once set, index is removed and it is cut into labial and lingual half
with BP blade
8. Adaptation of putty
index
Cut putty index along the
occlusal/incisal edge
Verification of preparation with the
use of the index
9. STEPS FOR ALL METAL FULL VENEER CROWN
OCCLUSAL REDUCTION
AXIAL REDUCTION
PROXIMAL REDUCTION
FINISHING
BUCCAL SEATING GROOVE
10. 1.OCCLUSAL REDUCTION
This prepares the occlusal surface
Depth of preparation: 1mm on non-functional cusp and 1.5mm on
functional cusp
Rotary instruments used are: round-end tapering diamond
11. Procedure:
1. The depth cuts of 1mm are first placed on the occlusal grooves
following the anatomic contour of the occlusal surface.
2. Depth cuts are then placed on the triangular ridges from cusp tip
to the base again following the anatomic contour
3. It should be 1mm on non functional cusp and 1.5mm on
functional cusp
4. The remaining tooth structure between the depth cuts is then
removed uniformly to complete the occlusal reduction
12. Depth cuts are placed on the
occlusal grooves
Depth cuts should follow the anatomic
contour of the tooth
Depth cuts placed in the triangular
ridges
Complete occlusal reduction is checked with
index
13. FUNCTIONAL CUSP BEVEL
A wide bevel is then placed on the functional cusp using the
round-end tapered diamond.
It is placed on the buccal cusp of the mandibular teeth and
palatal cusp of the maxillary teeth.
Bevel at an angle of 45 degree and approximate width of
1.5mm on the functional cusp is given
Round-end tapering diamond is used
14. CHECKING OCCLUSAL CLEARANCE
This is verified by asking the patient to bite on 2mm thick
baseplate wax .
Thin spots in wax indicate inadequate clearance and the
thickness is checked with a wax caliper.
15. Functional cusp bevel at an angle of
45 degree is given
Approximate width of 1.5mm
Round end tapering diamond is used Checking occlusal clearance with a
wax caliper
16. AXIAL REDUCTION
In axial reduction facial, lingual/palatal surfaces are prepared.
DEPTH of preparation:
0.8 – 1mm and 0.3 – 0.5mm cervically
ROTARY instrument:
Round end tapered diamond
17. Depth cuts with round-end
tapering diamond
Depth cut 1mm occlusally and
0.5mm cervically
Complete buccal
reduction
Facial reduction checked with putty
index
18. Depth orientation grooves on
lingual surface
Completed lingual preparation
Completed facial and lingual preparation-
occlusal view with putty index Completed axial reduction using round-end
tapering diamond
19. PROXIMAL REDUCTION
Prepares mesial and distal surfaces.
DEPTH of preparation: 0.8 – 1mm and 0.3 – 0.5mm cervically.
ROTARY instrument: short thin tapering diamond/ needle
diamond followed round end tapering diamond.
20. PROCEDURE:
A matrix band is used to protect the adjacent tooth or
Thin tapering diamond is used in a vertical sawing motion,
from facial to lingual surface
Diamond is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth and a
lip of enamel is kept to protect the adjacent tooth.
This portion can be removed with a probe.
21. Proximal tooth preparation
using thin tapering diamond
The lip of the enamel can be removed with
a probe
Completed proximal
preparation
Facial view
Using short thin tapering diamond and
round end tapering diamond
22. FINISHING
The axial surfaces are finished using a torpedo diamond of fine grit
or torpedo bur.
Occlusal finishing with a flat end tapering fissure bur.
23. BUCCAL SITTING GROOVE
It prevents rotation of crown during cementation and acts as a
guide during placement.
When opposing walls are exclusively tapered, in tipped teeth
and long span fixed partial dentures, additional groove may
be placed.
Depth of preparation : 1mm
Rotary instruments : Flat end tapering fissured bur
24. Sitting groove parallel to
the path of insertion.
Prepared sitting groove –
occlusal view
Prepared sitting view- buccal view Using flat end tapering fissured bur
25. METAL CERAMIC FULL VENEER CROWN PREPARATION
This restoration combines the strength of metal and the
aesthetics of ceramics.
It maybe of two types:
Metal with complete ceramic coverage Metal with ceramic facing
26. ANTERIOR METAL WITH CERAMIC FACING CROWN
TOOTH PREPARATION ON MAXILLARY INCISOR
ARMAMENTARIUM:
1. Airotor handpiece
2. Flat-end tapered diamond
3. Round-end tapering diamond
4. No. 2 round bur
5. Small wheel diamond
6. long thin tapering diamond/ needle diamond
7. End cutting diamond
8. Chamfer diamond
9. Flat-end tapering fissure bur
10. Baseplate wax sheet- 1mm thick
28. Depth cuts are placed on incisal edge
perpendicular to the direction of
mandibular teeth
Depth cuts placed at mid-incisal and at junction of
each proximal surface
Complete incisal reduction Incisal reduction with flat-end tapered diamond
29. LABIAL REDUCTION
DEPTH OF PREPARATION: 1.2- 1.5 mm
ROTARY INSTRUMENT: flat-end tapering diamond
Flat end tapering diamond of 1.2mm diameter is selected to prepare
a depth of 1.5mm after finishing .
30. A metal caliper is used to check
the diameter of the diamond
Depth orientation groove in 2 planes- first
plane following gingival contour of labial
surface
Depth orientation groove 2nd plane
following incisal contour of labial
surface
Completed depth orientation grooves
31. Depth orientation groove in two
planes prepared with flat end
tapered diamond
Preparation should follow the gingival contour to
avoid the damage of interdental papilla and
excessive extension into the gingival crevice
The putty index is used to verify
adequacy of the preparation
Labial reduction using a flat end tapering
diamond and subgingival margin should be at
least 1.5mm away from the alveolar crest
32. LINGUAL REDUCTION
This is divided into two parts:
1. LINGUAL AXIAL REDUCTION
DEPTH of preparation: 0.3- 0.5mm
ROTARY instrument: round end tapering diamond
2. LINGUAL FOSSA REDUCTION
Depth of preparation: 0.8-1mm
Rotary instrument: no.2 round bur and wheel diamond/football
diamond
33. LINGUALAXIAL REDUCTION
This prepares the cervical portion of the lingual surface.
It should be parallel to the path of insertion and produce a
taper of 3-5 degree with cervical portion of the labial surface.
Around end tapering diamond is used to prepare the surface
producing a chamfer finished line.
A chamfer finished line is recommended as the lingual surface
is covered only by metal.
34. LINGUAL AXIAL REDUCTION
Lingualaxial reduction
lingual view
Lingual axial
reduction occlusal
view
Lingual axial reduction using
a chamfer or round end
tapered diamond
35. LINGUAL FOSSA REDUCTION
Depth cuts like potholes are placed on the lingual fossa with a
number 2 round bur with diameter of 1 mm.
The remaining tooth structure is removed with a wheel
diamond or a football diamond.
The clearance is checked using baseplate wax of 1mm
thickness.
36. LINGUAL FOSSA REDUCTION
Depth cuts placed on lingual fossa
with round bur
Completed depth cuts of 0.5mm depth
Removal of remaining tooth structure with
small wheel diamond
37. Football diamond bur can
also be used for lingual
reduction
Completed facial and lingual
reduction checked with putty
index
Lingual fossa reduction with round
bur/ diamond and wheel diamond.
38. PROXIMAL REDUCTION
DEPTH OF PREPARATION: varies with formation of wing
ROTARY INSTRUMENT: Long thin tapering diamond/ long
needle diamond and round end tapering diamond
39. Thin tapering diamond
used to gain access to the
proximal surface
Round end tapering diamond used
to provide a chamfer finish line
Finished preparation with wing
40. Labial axial finishing –
flat end tapering fissure
Shoulder finishing using end cutting
diamond
Shoulder finishing – end cutting
diamond
FINISHING
41. ADVANTAGES :-
Combines the aesthetics of ceramics and less abrasive metal
occlusal surface.
More conservative and less expensive than metal with complete
ceramic coverage crown and all ceramic crown.
DISADVANTAGES :-
More tooth preparation and more expensive than all metal crown.
Risk of ceramic fracture.
43. INCISAL REDUCTION
DEPTH OF PREPARATION: 2mm
ROTARY INSTRUMENT: flat end tapering diamond
Depth cuts at mid-incisal
and at junction of each
proximal surface
Complete incisal reduction
Incisal reduction with flat-end tapering
diamond
44. LABIAL REDUCTION
DEPTH OF PREPARATION: 1.5mm
ROTARY INSTRUMENT: flat end tapering diamond
LINGUAL REDUCTION:
1. LINGUAL AXIAL REDUCTION:
Depth of preparation: 1.5mm
Rotary instrument: flat end tapering diamond
2. LINGUAL FOSSA REDUCTION
Depth of preparation: 1.5mm
Rotary instrument: no. 6 round bur and wheel diamond/football
diamond
45. FINISHING
The shoulder is finished with an
end cutting diamond
Completed preparation facial view
Completed preparation
incisal view
Completed preparation using heavy
chamfer