The document appears to be a complex compilation involving various topics related to agriculture, potentially agricultural practices, and associated illustrations from FAO Nepal. It may contain technical terms and data, including references to different methods and guidelines within a specific agricultural framework. However, the formatting and language present challenges to a traditional understanding of the content.

1. ! kl/ro
ul/jb]lv wgL;Ddsf] efG5fdf
t/sf/L / crf/df k|of]u ul/g]
le6fldg P, aL!, aL$, ;L cflb tyf
SoflN;od / kmf]:km/; k|z:t dfqfdf
kfOg] ax'pkof]uL t/sf/L afnL xf] .
@ xfjfkfgL
Gofgf] xfjfkfgL / 3fd nfUg]
df};d rflxG5 . o;n] a9L jiff{ /
t'iff/f] ;xg ;Sb}g .
# pko'Qm hftx¿
pGgt hftx¿df lj=P;=P;=–@), l;=Pn=–!!#!,
u]|:sf]–!, nK;Lu]8], dgk|]s;, cflb .
a0f{z°/ hftx¿df laz]if, dlgiff, c+s'z, O{G8f]d–
(%)@, OG8f]d–(*)@, lxd;f]xfgf, l;l/;, nIdL,
;''/Iff, ;[hgf, cn/fp08/, cflb .
ð
ð
uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal. uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

2. $ /f]Kg] / afnL lng] ;do
dlxgf
If]q j} h] c ;f ef cf sf d+ k' df kmf r}
pRr kxf8
dWo kxf8
t/fO{÷
leqL dw];
-hft, :yfgLo xfjfkfgL / k|ljlw cg';f/ nufpg] / afnL lng] ;do km/s x'G5 ._
% df6f]
k|z:t k|f·fl/s kbfy{ / lkPr dfg ^
b]lv ^=% ePsf] df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 .
s'v'/fnfO{ ;f]Q/ jf lk“h8fdf
kflnG5 . g]lko/, :6fOnf], h}, s]/fp,
af]8L, cflb nufpg] .
^ hUufsf] tof/L
ulx/f] x'g] u/L hUufsf] vghf]t ug{] .
aLp b/
aLpM k|lt /f]kgL !) u|fd
‑k|lt s67f ^=^ u|fd_
a]gf{M k|lt /f]kgL !@))–!%))
-k|lt s67f *))–!)))_
ð
ð
!)–!% ;]=dL=
#) ;]=dL=
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal. uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

3. * dnvfb
dnvfbsf] dfqf /f;folgs dnsf] kl/df0f df6f]sf]
pj{/fzlQm, cl3Nnf] afnL, sDkf]i6 dnsf] kl/df0f
/ afnLsf] hftdf e/k5{ . cfjZostf cg';f/ emf]n
dn tyf ;IdtŒj ‑SoflN;od_ k|of]u ug{] .
dnvfb k|lt /f]kgL k|lt s67f slxn]
sDkf]i6
!)))–!%))
s]=hL=
^^)–!)))
s]=hL=
hdLg tof/L ubf{
l8PkL =) s]=hL= $=^ s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{
kf]6f; =) s]=hL= $=^ s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{
o'l/of
@=% s]=hL= != s]=hL= a]gf{ /f]k]sf] @) lbgdf
@=% s]=hL= != s]=hL= kmn nfUg] a]nfdf
gf]6 M ;Dej ePdf lkgf !)) s]=hL= / af]gldn %)–!)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL ‑lkgf ^^ s]=hL= /
af]gldn ##–^^ s]=hL= k|lt s67f_ sf b/n] k|of]u ug]{ .
8ofª agfO;s]kl5 a]gf{ /f]Kg' !% lbg
cl3 k|lt vf8n uf]7]dn # b]lv $
s]=hL=, l8PkL @) u|fd / kf]6f; ^ u|fd
/fVg] . afof]hfd, lh° / af]/]S; k|lt
/f]kgL !÷! s]=hL= -k|lt s67f )=
s]=hL=_ sf b/n] lbg] .
a]gf{ /f]k]sf] !* b]lv @)
lbg leq k|ltaf]6 o'l/of
!) u|fd / kmn nfUg]
a]nfdf k'gM k|ltaf]6 !)
u|fd o'l/ofn] 6k 8«]l;·
ug]{ .
ð
ð
ð !) u|fd
o'l/of
!) u|fd
o'l/of
) ! @ # $ % ^ *xKtf
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal. uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

4. ( la?jfsf] pd]/ / ;fg]{ tl/sf
8ofªdf xf/sf] b'/L % ;]=dL= /
af]6b]lv af]6sf] b'/L ^) ;]=dL=df
/f]Kg] .
sl/j @) b]lv @% lbgsf] # b]lv $
kft] xf]rf] / df]6f] a]gf{ ;fg]{ .
a]gf{ ;f/]sf] # b]lv $ lbg leq a]gf{
d/]sf] 7fp“df gof“ a]gf{ k'gM ;fg{] .
!) yfFj|mf lbg]
8ofªdf /f]k]sf] uf]ne]8fnfO{ k|To]s
nx/df $ af]6sf] aLrdf cUnf]
hftdf !) ;]=dL= / xf]rf] af]6df
% ;]=dL= cUnf] yf“qmf lbg] .
pQm yf“qmf]df hdLgb]lv klxnf] ef6f
#) ;]=dL= dfly / cGo ef6f #) b]lv
$% ;]=dL=sf] km/sdf 8f]/L jf
;'tnLn] af“w]/ # b]lv $ txdf
nufpg] .
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
aLp /f]Kg] @)–@% lbgsf] a]gf{
;fg{ tof/ x'G5 .
^) ;]=dL= % ;]=dL=
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal. uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

5. !! sfF65fF6
xf]rf] hftsf] af]6df z'?df cfPsf @ j6f;Dd d'gf
x6fpg] .
nfdf] af]6df z'?b]lv d'Vo sf08dfq /fvL d'Vo
sf08 / kftsf] aLrdf knfPsf] d'gf x6fO{ lbg] .
la?jf kftnf] -() b]lv !)) ;]=dL= km/sdf_ /f]lkPsf]
/ dnvfb k|z:t lbOPsf] 5 eg] la?jf $% ;]=dL=
nfdf] ePkl5 d'Vo sf08 / kftaf6 cfPsf] b'O{j6f
d'gf /fvL pQm d'gfnfO{ Ps tkm{ / csf]{ d'gfnfO{
;f6f÷ef6fsf] csf]{tkm{ nu]/ af“Wg] .
cUnf] x'g] hftdf Ps af]6df d'Vo @ xf“uf dfq /xg]
u/L kl5 af]6 a9b} uPkl5 tNnf] efusf] d'gf tyf
kx+]nf] / /f]uL kftx¿ x6fpg] .
af]6df grflxg] efudf d'gf b]lvg] lalQs} x6fpg] /
cGoyf To;n] vfBtTj vfO lbG5 / af]6nfO{ sdhf]/
agfp“5 .
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
!% b]lv @) ;]=dL=
$% ;]=dL=
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal. uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

6. !@ uf]8d]n
cfjZostf cg';f/ # b]lv $ k6s
uf]8d]n u/L ps]/f nufpg] /
afnLnfO{ emf/kftd'Qm /fVg] .
!# l;+rfO{ / lgsf;
uf]8d]n u/]kl5 / o'l/of dn
/fv]kl5 l;+rfO{ ug{]{ .
kfgL hDg glbg] .
!$ afnL lng]
hft cg';f/ a]gf{ /f]k]sf] *) b]lv
!%) lbg;Dd uf]ne]8f l6Kg ;lsG5 .
6f9fsf] ahf/df laqmL ug{ xl/of]af6
xNsf kx]+nf] /ª r9g yfn]kl5 /
glhssf] ahf/df kx]+nf]–/ftf] /ª
r9]sf] kmn l6Kg] .
!% pTkfbg
hft / Joj:yfkg cg';f/ k|lt /f]kgL
!%))–#))) s]=hL= ‑k|lt s67f !)))–
@))) s]=hL=_ pTkfbg x'g;S5 .
ð
ð
ð
ð
Photo: Fintrac
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal. uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

7. ! kl/ro
PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg eg]sf]
ljleGg tl/sfx¿sf] ;d'lrt
k|of]uaf6 afnL lj?jfsf /f]u,
sL/f, emf/kft, r/f, d';f, cflbsf]
Joj:yfkg ug{' xf] .
of] cfly{s ¿kn] sd vlr{nf],
jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] bLuf] /
:jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn] sd
xfgLsf/s ljlw xf] .
o;df ef}lts, oflGqs, h}ljs ljlw
k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 cfjZos k/]
dfq /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] ;s];Dd
sd k|of]u ul/G5 .
@ d'Vo l;4fGtx¿
:j:y afnL pTkfbg .
v]taf/Lsf] lgoldt
cjnf]sg .
ldq hLjsf] ;+/If0f
ug]{ .
s[ifsnfO{ a9L bIf
agfpg] .
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
uf]ne]8fafnLdf PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg
Photo: Fintrac
Photo: Colorado State
University
Photo: Clemson University Photo: Jack Dykinga
uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

8. # k|d'v sL/f, /f]u tyf emf/kft / ltgsf] lgoGq0f ljlw
Photo: Clemson University
Photo: Fintrac
#=! d'Vo sL/fx¿
s_ kmnsf] ujf/f]
of] sL/fsf] nfef{n] uf]ne]8fsf]
kmnleq a;L kmn vfG5 / kmn
s'lxG5 . nfef{sf] z/L/sf] cfwf efu
kmn leq x'G5 eg] cfwf efu aflx/
b]lvG5 . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu M
afnL nufPsf] 7fp“sf] lgoldt
cjnf]sg ubf{ nfef{ / kmn
b]lvPdf gi6 ug]{ .
uf]ne]8f /f]Kg' eGbf !% lbg klxn]
kf;f] afnLsf] ¿kdf k|lt /f]kgL @%
j6f -k|lt s67f !_ ;o{d'vL kmnsf
af]6x¿ /f]k]df k'tnLn] uf]ne]8fsf]
;§f ;o{d'vLsf] af]6df kmn kfb{5 /
;o{d'vL af]6df ePsf kmn /
nfef{x¿ gi6 ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
Pg=kL=eL=÷x]nL;fO8 h:tf
ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{ jf lgddf
cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ .
! s]=hL= lgdsf] bfgf ! ln6/
kfgLdf # /ft lehfpg] / pQm
/;df # ln6/ kfgL yk]/ la?jf /
kmndf :k|] ug]{ .
x]nLn'/ kf;f]sf] k|of]u u/L efn]
k'tnLnfO{ gi6 ug]{ .





Photo: Fintrac
uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

9. d'Vo sL/fx¿ ===
v_ ;]tf] lem+uf
;–;fgf dl;gf ;]tf lem+ufn] la?jfsf]
ljleGg efuaf6 /; r';]/ vfG5g /
efO/;hGo /f]ux¿ klg ;fb{5g .
o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu M
n;'g, lh/] v';f{gL / lgdsf] kft jf
kmn a/fa/ ld;fO{ /; lgsfnL @
ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/
–!) lbgsf] km/sdf slDtdf
# k6s 5g]{ .
gfO6«f]hgo'St dn ;Gt'lnt dfqfdf
k|of]u ug]{ .
r/f, dfs'/f, :qL :jfefjsf] vk6]
sL/f, ldl/8 ju / af?nfx¿n] ;]tf]
lem+ufnfO{ vfg] x'“bf logsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
of] ls/fsf] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f ug{
!)) d];sf] gfOngsf] hfnLn]
g;{/Lsf la?jfnfO{ 9fSg] .
#=@ d'Vo /f]ux¿
s_ k5f}6] 89'jf
;'?df kftsf] 6'Kkf, 5]p, e]6g'sf] efu /
aLr efudf sfnf] wAafx¿ b]lvG5g .
kl5 xf“ufkft, 8f“7 / kmn ;a}lt/ /f]un]
cfqmd0f u5{ . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu M
/f]u ;xg] hftx¿ O08d (%)@,
;[hgf nufpg] .





Photo: Wikimedia
Photo: LIBIRD
Photo: Martin P. Hill, Bugwood.org
Photo: Fintrac
uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

10. d'Vo /f]ux¿ ===
3'DtL afnL ckgfpg], plrt b'/Ldf la?jf nufpg]
/ ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ .
/f]u b]vf k/]df Dofgsf]h]a @=% u|fd k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf ld;fP/ kftsf] tNnf] efudf ;d]t kg]{ u/L
lbgsf] km/sdf @ b]lv # k6s 5g]{ .
v_ kft a6fl/g] /f]u
/f]u nfu]sf af]6sf kftx¿ 3'ld|P/
dflylt/ kms{G5g . kftx¿ lkmsf
kx]+nf] / ;–;fgf x'G5g . /f]uLaf]6 sd
kmNg] jf kmn g} gnfUg] klg x'G5g .
o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu M
/f]u cj/f]ws hft O08d (%)@,
nIdL nufpg] .
of] /f]u ;]tf] lem+ufaf6 ;g]{ x'“bf ;]tf]
lem+uf lgoGq0f ug]{ .
/f]u nfu]sf af]6x? x6fpg] / /f]syfdsf nflu
!) ldlnln6/ ufO{ e}+;Lsf] tfhf b'wdf ! ln6/ kfgL
ld;fP/ $ lbgsf] km/sdf @ b]lv # k6s 5g]{ .
le/sf]g Pr @–# ld=nL= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fP/ z'?df #–$ lbgsf] km/sdf :k|] ug]{ .
u_ cf]Onfpg] /f]u
af]6x¿ ;n{Ss cf]Onfp“5g To:tf]
af]6sf] 8f“7nfO{ sf6]/ ;kmf kfgLdf
8'jfof] eg] ;]tf] v}/f] kbfy{ lg:s]/
kfgLdf 3f]lnG5 .






Photo: Don Ferrin, Bugwood.org
Photo: Fintrac
10uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

11. Photo: Bugwood.org Photo: Jeffrey W. Lotz
d'Vo /f]ux¿ ===
cf]Onfpg] /f]u lgoGq0fsf nflu M
wfg;“u 3'DtL afnL ckgfpg] .
/f]u cj/f]ws hftx¿ h:t}M ;[hgf nufpg] .
3_ h/fdf nfUg] h'sf
h'sfsf sf/0f h/fdf uf“7f b]lvG5 .
o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu M
wfg;“u 3'DtL afnL ckgfpg] .
g]dfl6;fO8 h:t} g]dfug #–$ ld=ln=
k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ k|of]u ug]{ .
h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
#=# emf/kft
uf]ne]8f af/Ldf b]lvg] emf/x¿
lgoGq0f ug{ /fd|f];“u uf]8d]n u/L
x6fpg] .





$ uf]ne]8f afnLsf] cj:yf cg';f/sf ;d:ofx¿
$=! /f]Kg'eGbf klxn]
of] cj:yfdf df6f]df x'g] 9';L,
h/fsf] h'sf -g]df6f]]8_ / sL/fsf
ljleGg :j¿k x'g ;S5g .
o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ulx/f];“u vghf]t
ug]{, kfgL hdfpg], ;]tf] Knfli6sn]
slDtdf @! lbg g;{/L Aof8nfO{ 9fsL
;f}o{ lgd{nLs/0f (Soilsolarization) ug]{ .
ð
ð
11uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

12. $=@ g;{/L cj:yfdf
g;{/Ldf ;fgf la?jfsf] km]b s'lxg]
/f]u, cuf}6] 89'jf h:tf /f]u nfU5g .
logsf] lgoGq0f ug{ h}ljs ljiffbL
-6«fOsf]8df{_ jf @ u|fd a]lel:6gn]
! s]=hL= aLp pkrf/ ug]{, kfgL hDg
glbg], p7]sf] g;{/L agfpg] . ;]tf]
lem+ufaf6 arfpg !)) d];sf]
gfOngsf] hfnLn] g;{/L Aof8 9fSg] .
$=# jfg:klts cj:yf
of] cj:yfdf cuf}6] / k5f}6] 89'jf
/f]u nfU5g . o;}u/L efO/;af6 x'g]
kft a6fl/g] /f]u nfU5 . lgoGq0f ug{
dfly atfO{Psf pkfox¿ cjnDag
ug]{ .
$=% kmn nfUg] cj:yf
of] cj:yfdf kmndf nfUg] ujf/f] k|d'v
;d:of x'G5 . o;}u/L k5f}6] 89'jf,
kft a6fl/g] /f]u, df]Hofs efO/;sf]
;d:of x'g ;S5 . logsf]
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu dfly pNn]v
ul/Psf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ .
uf]ne]8f afnLsf] cj:yf cg';f/sf ;d:ofx¿ ===
Photo: William M. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org
Photo: Fintrac
12uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

13. ! kl/ro
kf]i6 xfe]{i6 lqmofsnfk eGgfn] afnL
pTkfbg kZrft pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ laqmL
:yn;Dd k'¥ofp“bf yk gf]S;fgL x'gaf6
arfO{ /fVg] tyf ahf/of]Uo u'0f:t/Lo
pkhsf nflu ul/g] sfo{x¿ -;kmfO{
ug]{, s]nfpg], u|]l8·, Kofls·,
lr:ofpg], 9'jfgL_ nfO{ hgfp“5 .
kf]i6 xfe]{i6 gf]S;fgLn] ;du|df
pkef]Qmfsf] nflu pkef]Uo ;fdfu|Lsf]
sdL x'G5 eg] pTkfbs / Jofkf/LnfO{
7nf] cfly{s gf]S;fgL x'G5 . o;n] ubf{
pTkfbgdf nfu]sf] nufgL, ;do /
k};fsf] Iflt x'G5 .
afnL l6k] nuQ} gf]S;fgL z'? x'G5 .
t;y{ o; cGtu{t ul/g] lqmofsnfkn]
j:t'sf] tfhfkg tyf u'0f:t/sf]
lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
g]kfndf t/sf/L afnLdf ;/b/
@% b]lv #) k|ltzt kf]i6 xfe]{i6 Iflt
ePsf] kfOG5 .
kf]i6 xfe]{i6 k|ljlwsf] d'Vo p2]Zo Iflt
sd ug]{ / u'0f:t/ sfod /fVb}
pkef]Qmfsf] dfu k'/f ug{' /
pTkfbsnfO{ /fd|f] dNo lbnfpg' xf] .
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
uf]ne]8fafnLdf kf]i6 xfe]{i6 k|ljlw
13uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

14. @ kf]i6 xfe]{i6 gf]S;fgLsf d'Vo sf/0fx¿
t/sf/L afnLx¿sf] kf]i6 xfe]{i6
gf]S;fgL ljleGg sf/0fx¿ h:t}M
s'lxg], kx]+lng] / cf]Onfpg], sd;n
9'jfgL tyf e08f/0f, k|ltsn df};d
tyf ahf/sf] cefj, cflbn] x'G5 .
@=! cfGtl/s sf/0f ‑lkmlhof]nf]lhsn_
;xh} yfxf gkfpg] cGo sf/0fx¿
h;n] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/df -jf;gf jf
uGw, ;txsf] s8fkg÷v;|f]kg÷
g/dkg_ gf]S;fgL u/fPsf] x'G5 .
uf]ne]8fsf] 6'Kkf] s'lxg], kmnleq aLp
pd|g], kmn km'6g], cflb .
@=@ oflGqs sf/0f ‑d]sflgsn_
gf]S;fgL x'g'sf cGo sf/0fdf
nfk/jfxLkj{s l6Kg', l7s;“u Kofs
gug{', ;fdfg r9fp“bf / cf]/fNbf
sfl6g', 6'lqmg', Kjfn kg{', km'6g',
lrl/g', cfsf/k|sf/ lau|g' tyf afXo
;txdf sf]l/g' cflb x'g .
Photo: Binaya Shrestha
Photo: Binaya Shrestha
14uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

15. # kf]i6 xfe]{i6 gf]S;fgL sd ug]{ pkfox¿
pko'Qm hftx¿ 5gf}6 u/L ;xL
jftfj/0fdf kmnfpg] .
ef}lts gf]S;fgL -3fp tyf rf]6k6s_
af6 arfpg] .
k|ltsn df};dL cj:yfaf6 arfpg] .
tfkqmd Joj:yfkg
lr:ofg Joj:yfkg
/f]usL/f Joj:yfkg
pko'Qm ;dodf / tl/sfn] kmn
l6Kg] .
pko'Qm tl/sfn] Kofls· ug]{ .
9'jfgLdf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] .
kfSg] / l6Kg] cj:yfsf] Vofn ug]{ .
e08f/0fsf] pko'Qm Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
ð
ð
ð



ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
$ kf]i6 xfe]{i6;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of / /f]ux¿
clws lr;f]kgfaf6 x'g] c;/ M kfs]sf]
uf]ne]8fn] a9L lr;f]kg ;xg ;S5 t/
sf“rf] uf]ne]8f a9L lr;f] tfkqmddf
e08f/0f u/]df l5§} lau|G5 . a9L
lr;f] ePdf kmndf /ª r9b}g,
lr;f]sf] 3fp cfp“5 / s'lxG5 .
ð
Photo: Fintrac
15uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

16. kf]i6 xfe]{i6;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of / /f]ux¿ ===
clws tftf]kgsf] c;/ M #@ l8u|L
;]lG6u|]8 eGbf a9Lsf] tfkqmddf
kmnx¿df /ª r9b}g / l5§} lau|G5 .
kmn ;8g] -AofS6]l/on ;6 /6_ M
rf]6 nfu]sf] 7fp“df hLjf0f' k|j]z
u/L kmn ;8g] ;d:of x'G5 .
% kmn l6kfO{
olb ahf/ glhs} 5 eg] kmnx¿ Uf'nfaL jf xNsf
/ftf] cj:yfdf l6Kg] .
olb k|;f]wgsf nflu xf] eg] k'/f kfls;s]sf]
cj:yfdf -/ftf]_ l6Kg] .
6f9fsf] ahf/df nUgsf nflu xf] eg] kl/kSj xl/of]
jf a|]s/ jf 6lg{ª cj:yfdf l6Kg] .
9Lnf] u/L ksfpgsf nflu kmn l6Kbf e]6gf;“u} /
rf“8f] ksfpgsf nflu e]6g' x6fP/ l6Kg] .
uf]ne]8f l6Kbf zLt cf]efPkl5 jf a]n'sf lt/ l6Kg] .
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
Photo: Fintrac
!= xl/of] @= a|]s/ #= 6lg{ª
$= u'nfaL %= xNsf /ftf] ^= /ftf]
Photo: Fintrac
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal. 16uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

17. ^ ;kmfO{
uf]ne]8f l6lk;s]kl5 s'lxPsf,
g/fd|f, sL/f nfu]sf kmnx¿ x6fpg] .
kmndf 6f“l;Psf] kmf]xf]/ tyf df6f]
kfgLn] wf]O{ ;kmf ug]{ / 5xf/Ldf /fvL
kfgL ;'Sg lbg] .
u|]l8Ë
kmnx¿sf] cfsf/ cg';f/ 7nf,
demf}nf / ;fgf u/L tLg ;dxdf
kmnx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f ug]{ . /ªsf]
cfwf/df klg u|]l8· ug{ ;lsG5 .
* KoflsË
cnu u|]8sf kmnx¿nfO{ cnu cnu
Kofs ug]{ .
Kofls·sf] nflu Knfli6s j|m]6,
sf7sf] afs;, 6f]s/L jf sfuhsf]
sf6{'g k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
8f]sf]x¿ k|of]u ubf{ ;f]nL cfsf/sf]
eGbf nueu tndfly a/fa/ Jof;
ePsf] /fd|f] x'G5 .
sfuhsf] sf6{'g afx]s cGodf Kofls·
ubf{ lk+w / jl/kl/ sfuh÷klqsf
/fVg] .
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
Photo: Fintrac
Photo: Fintrac
Photo: Fintrac
Photo: Fintrac
17uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw

18. KoflsË ===
j|]m6df Kofs ubf{ s/La $ OGr sd
el/g] u/L /fVg] .
aflx/L ahf/sf] nflu !% s]=hL= tf}n
x'g]u/L sf8{af]8 jf sf7sf] afs;df
Kofls° ug{] .
( 9'jfgL
Kofls· u/]sf] kmnnfO{ ;dodf g}
9'jfgL u/L ahf/ k7fpg] .
;fdfg ;'/lIft tl/sfn] 9'jfgL
ug{'k5{ cGoyf ;fdfg ahf/;Dd k'Ubf
lau|g jf gf]S;fg x'g;S5 .
!) ahf/ Joj:yfkg
pTkflbt j:t' ;°ng s]Gb| jf
ahf/df k'¥ofP/ cfkm}+n] jf
yf]s jf v'b|f Jofkf/L dfkm{t
laqmL ug{ ;lsG5 .
pTkflbt j:t' ;dxdf ldn]/
jf :yfgLo¿kdf ;°ng u/]/
ahf/;Dd k'¥ofp“bf /fd|f] dNo
kfpg ;lsG5 eg] 9'jfgL vr{
/ gf]S;fgL 36fpg ;lsG5 .
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
Photo: Edwin de Korte
18uf]ne]+8f v]tL k|ljlw