The document appears to be a complex and fragmented text involving various agricultural topics, potentially related to practices or guidelines in Nepal. It includes references to financial entities, photographic illustrations, agricultural equipment, and code-like symbols, suggesting a structured but unclear format. There is an emphasis on local practices and financial interactions, indicating a focus on strengthening agricultural livelihoods.

1. sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw
! kl/ro
sf“qmf]nfO{ sf“r} ;nfbsf] ¿kdf /
crf/ agfP/ vfOG5 . o;df
le6fldg aL sDKn]S;, le6fldg ;L
kfOG5 / krfpg ;lsg] /]zf / ()
k|ltzt eGbf a9L kfgLsf] dfqf x'G5 .
udL{ df};ddf o;sf] dfu a9L x'G5 .
@ xfjfkfgL
Gofgf] df};ddf v]tL ul/g] afnL xf] .
o;n] t'iff/f] ;x“b}g . cfb|tf a9L
ePdf la?jf /fd|/L km:6fp“b}g .
# pko'Qm hftx¿
pko'Qm hftx¿df kf]Og;]6, s';'n],
eQmk'/ nf]sn, cflb .
a0f{z°/ hftx¿df lgGhf, lk|of,
a]nL, dflngL, ;'k/ 8fog]i6L, d]lxsf]
n· lu|g, cflb .
ð
ð
sf“qmf] v]tL k|ljlw
Photo: Fintrac
Photo: Fintrac

2. sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw
$ /f]Kg] / afnL lng] ;do
dlxgf
If]q j} h] c ;f ef cf sf d+ k' df kmf r}
dWo kxf8
t/fO{÷
leqL dw];
-hft, :yfgLo xfjfkfgL / k|ljlw cg';f/ nufpg] / afnL lng] ;do km/s x'g ;S5 ._
% df6f]
pRr pj{/fzlQm / lk=Pr= dfg %=%
b]lv ^=* ;Dd ePsf] df6f] pko'Qm
x'G5 .
^ hUufsf] tof/L
@–# k6s ulx/f];“u vghf]t u/L
df6f] v's'nf] agfpg] .
!*) ;]=dL= rf}8fOsf] 8ofª / b'O{
8ofªsf] aLr @% ;]=dL= sf] s'n];f]
agfpg] .
ð
ð
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal.
!*) ;]=dL=
8ofª
s'n];f]
@% ;]=dL=
Photo: Fintrac

3. sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw
aLp b/
pGgt M k|lt /f]kgL %)–% u|fd -k|lt
s67f ##–%) u|fd_
a0f{z°/ M k|lt /f]kgL @) u|fd -k|lt
s67f !# u|fd_
a]gf{ M k|lt /f]kgL @%)–#)) j6f -k|lt
s67f !^%–@)) j6f_
ð
ð
ð
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal.
* g;{/L Joj:yfkg tyf a]gf{ pTkfbg
sf“qmf]sf] la?jf Knfli6ssf] y}nfdf
pTkfbg ug]{ . xfjf v]Ng / kfgL
lgsf;sf] nflu Knfli6ssf] y}nfdf
$ b]lv ^ j6f Kjfn kfg]{ .
Knfli6s y}nfdf :j:y la?jf pTkfbg
ug{ pj{/fzlQm ePsf] df6f] Ps
efu, /fd|/L s'lxPsf] uf]a/dn
@ efu / v/fgL tyf afn'jfsf] Ps
efusf] ld0f agfO{ Knfli6s y}nfdf
eg]{ .
tof/ ePsf] df6f]sf] ld0fnfO{
@ u|fd a]leli6g k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fP/ lehfpg'k5{ / 9';Laf6
hf]ufpg $* b]lv @ 306f ;]tf]
Knfli6sn] 5f]k]/ /fVg] .
ð
ð
ð

4. sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw
g;{/L Joj:yfkg tyf a]gf{ pTkfbg ===
Knfli6s y}nfdf $ b]lv % ;]=dL=
ulx/fOdf @ b]lv # bfgf aLp
/f]Kg] / t'?Gt} kfgL xfNg] . lxp“b
df};ddf lr;f]af6 arfpgsf] nflu
;]tf] Knfli6sn] 5f]kL u'df]h agfpg] .
u'df]h leq Aof8sf] tfkqmd a9b5
h;n] ubf{ la?jfsf] a[l4 rf“8f] eO{
pTkfbg klg rf“8} lng ;lsG5 .
( dnvfb
/f;folgs dnsf] kl/df0f df6f]sf]
pj{/fzlQm, cl3Nnf] afnL, sDkf]i6
dnsf] kl/df0f / afnLsf] hftdf e/
kb{5 .
ð
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal.
dnvfb k|lt /f]kgL k|lt s67f slxn]
sDkf]i6
!))) s]=hL= ^^) s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{
l8PkL %=) s]=hL= #=# s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{
kf]6f; %=) s]=hL= #=# s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{
ol/of
@=% s]=hL= !=^ s]=hL= la?jf ;f/]sf] @) lbgdf
@=% s]=hL= !=^ s]=hL= la?jf ;f/]sf] $) lbgdf
gf]6 M ;Dej ePdf lkgf !)) s]=hL= / af]gldn %)–!)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL ‑lkgf ^^ s]=hL= / af]gldn ##–^^ s]=hL= k|lt s67f_ sf
b/n] k|of]u ug]{ .

5. sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw
!) la?jfsf] pd]/ / ;fg]{ tl/sf
Ps 8ofªdf b'O{ xf/ /f]Kg] lx;fjn]
xf/sf] b'/L !%) ;]=dL= / af]6b]lv
af]6sf] b'/L ^) b]lv () ;]=dL= x'g]u/L
lrgf] nufP/ ;f] lrgf]df #)x#)
;]=dL=sf] vf8n agfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
dnvfb vf8ndf xfnL a]gf{ nufpg] .
y}nfdf tof/ ePsf] a]gf{ ;fbf{ h/f
gxlNng] u/L Knfli6s sf6]/ a]gf{
lems]/ tof/L vf8ndf ;fg{'k5{ .
olb aLp /f]Kg] eP $–% ;]=dL=sf]
ulx/f] 8f]adf @–# bfgf aLp /f]Kg] /
pd|]kl5 Pp6f :j:y lj?jf /fvL c¿
x6fpg] .
!! yfFqmf lbg]
sf“qmf] nx/] afnL ePsf] x'gfn]
clgjfo{ ?kdf yf“qmf lbg] . o;n]
sf“qmf]sf] la?jf x's{g ;xfotf k'¥ofp“5
/ kmnnfO{ df6f]sf] ;+;u{af6 arfp“5 .
yf“qmf] cefj ePsf] If]qdf 5fkf] lbg
;lsG5 .
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
Illustrations courtesy FAO Nepal.
!%) ;]=dL=
^)–() ;]=dL=
#) ;]=dL=
#) ;]=dL=

6. sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw
!@ uf]8d]n
Ps k6s xn'sf uf]8d]n u/L b'O{–
tLgk6s;Dd emf/kft pv]Ng] .
5fkf] lbg ;s]df emf/kftsf] k|sf]k sd
x'G5 .
!# l;+rfO{
cfjZostf cg';f/ * b]lv !) lbgsf]
km/sdf s'n];f]df kfgL k6fpg] .
!$ afnL ;+/If0f
d'VotofM kmn s'xfpg] cf}+;f sL/f,
/ftf] vk6] / yf]Kn] vk6] sL/f
nfU5 . cf}+;fn] kmndf c08f kfb{5 /
kmn s'lxG5 / em5{ . vk6] sL/fn]
kftsf] xl/of] efu sf]t/]/ vfG5 /
vk6]sf] nfef{n] h/fx¿nfO{ gf]S;fgL
k'¥ofO{ af]6 /fd|/L x's{g lb“b}g .
cf}+;f sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ k|lt /f]kgLdf
sDtLdf # j6f jf k|lt s67f @ j6f
km]/f]df]g 6«ofk ‑SolnP/_ k|of]u ug]{ .
o:t} k/fu;]rg eO{;s]kl5
l5of“÷lrlrnfnfO{ sfuh jf sk8fsf]
vf]n agfP/ 9fSg] .
ð
ð
ð
ð
Photo: Fintrac
Photo: USDA ARS
cf}+;f kfg]{ sL/f
Photo: NFRP/USAIDkm]/f]d]g 6«ofksf] k|of]u
Photo: Louis Tedders, USDA
yf]Kn] vk6]/ftf] vk6]

7. sfFqmf] v]tL k|ljlw
afnL ;+/If0f ===
vk6] sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ k|lt ln6/
kfgLdf Snf]/f]kfOl/km; @ ld=ln=
ld;fP/ kft / af]6sf] h/f If]qdf
df6f] /fd|/L leHg] u/L 5g]{ .
v]taf/L ;kmf /fVg] .
d'VotM v/fg] /f]u, skf;] 9';L /
efO/;hGo /f]u nfU5 .
oL /f]ux¿sf] lgoGq0f ug{ l;kmfl/;
ul/Psf pGgt tyf a0f{z°/ hft dfq
nufpg] .
aLpsf] pkrf/ ubf{ @ u|fd a]lel:6g
k|lt s]=hL= sf b/n] k|of]u ug]{ .
efO/; lgoGq0fsf] nflu le/sf]g Pr
@–# ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/
5g]{ .
!% afnL lng]
sf“qmf]sf] hft cg';f/ aLp /f]k]sf] %)
b]lv ) lbgdf slnnf] sf“qmf] l6Kg
;lsG5 . @–# lbgsf] km/sdf sf“qmf]
l6Kg] .
!^ pTkfbg
sf“qmf]sf] hft / Joj:yfkg cg';f/ k|lt
/f]kgL !%))–@))) s]=hL= -k|lt s67f
!)))–!#)) s]=hL=_ pTkfbg x'g;S5 .
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
ð
v/fg] /f]u
Photo: Charles Averre, North Carolina State University
efO/;hGo /f]u
Photo: Charles Averre, North Carolina State University
skf;] 9';L /f]u
Photo: Gerald Holmes, Valent USA Corporation
Photo: Fintrac