In India, 78% of the road pavements are flexible due to increased environmental awareness and more stringent regulations on industrial waste management.

1. TO IVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF ADDITION OF
BAKELITE AND EPOXY RESIN IN BITUMINOUS
MIX
CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY
Submitted by :-
HEMANT KUMAR
UID :- 21MCE1226
Guide :-
DR. AVANI CHOPRA
Assistant Professor
Master in Technology
(Construction Technology & Management)
A
Thesis on

2. Introduction
• India is a nation in development. It contains the second-largest road network in the world, with a total length of
almost 4.7 million kilometers. More than 60% of the nation's goods and 85% of all passenger traffic in India are
transported over this network of roads.
• With improved connectivity between cities and towns and throughout the nation's villages, road travel has
rapidly expanded over time. Due to growing environmental consciousness and increasingly severe regulations
on the management of industrial waste, 78% of the pavement on Indian roads is flexible.
• Bituminous concrete, a widely employed substance in road construction, provides a blend of flexibility,
durability, and economic viability. As demands on road networks escalate, the exploration of additives that can
augment the properties of bituminous concrete becomes imperative, ensuring its sustainability and resilience in
the face of contemporary challenges.
• The Indian Standards Agency defines bitumen as a black or dark brown amorphous soil with adhesive features
that is originated from petroleum crude oil through the natural refining processes.

3. Introduction
• In other words, bitumen is naturally tars, asphalt, mineral candles and so on. It is a binder and solid mixture of
any hydrocarbons used to prepare road surface and roofing materials.
• Mixing Bakelite powder with bituminous mixture also prolongs the life of the pavement. It provides strength,
toughness and durability.
• Belgian-American chemist Leo Bark eland founded Bakelite in 1907.In 1993, the American Chemical Society
recognized its importance as the world's first synthetic plastic.
• Epoxies are thermoset plastics made by the reaction of two or more industrial chemical compounds. Epoxy
resins are used in a wide array of consumer and industrial applications because of their toughness, strong
adhesion, chemical resistance and other specialized properties.
• After adding the epoxy content into the bitumen will enhance the properties of bitumen it will increase the
softening point of bitumen which means that bitumen should not be softened at higher temperature during
summers.
• Bakelite, a thermosetting phenolic resin, and epoxy resin, a versatile and robust polymer, both exhibit distinct
properties that could potentially synergize with bituminous concrete, yielding a hardier and more adaptable
construction material.

4. Literature Review
Sr
no
Authors &
years
Finding Sources
1 S. Luo et al. ,2017 Explored the fatigue behavior of epoxy-modified
asphalt mixes under cyclic loading. Their findings
revealed that epoxy incorporation led to a
substantial increase in the fatigue life of the
pavement, minimizing the occurrence of cracks and
subsequent distress
Construction and
Building Materials, 145(),
506–517.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildm
at.2017.04.049
2 Saha,2017 Marshall stability test was performed on the bituminous
mix as per Ministry Of Road Transport and Highways
(MORTH) specification. Optimum bitumen content is
5.475% obtained for 2% of Bakelite content. Marshall
stability value rose by almost 60%, whereas flow value
reduced slightly. The lowest value of penetration at 2% of
Bakelite may indicate better improvement in shear
resistance at high temperatures.
Innov. Infrastruct. Solut.
(2017) 2:3 DOI
10.1007/s41062-017-0052-
0

5. Literature Review
Sr
no
Authors &
years
Finding Sources
3 Zhang et. al.,
2017
When replacing 20-35% of bitumen with epoxy component,
a significant improvement in strength characteristics of
asphalt pavement is noted, especially at elevated
temperatures. Epoxy asphalt concrete is characterized by
high rutting and shear resistance. When applying
EPOXY 525, the rut depth on epoxy asphalt after 42 days of
curing was 3 times lower than that on the original asphalt
concrete
Materials Science and
Engineering 236 (2017)
012022
doi:10.1088/1757-
899X/236/1/012022
4 Usman and R.
Faizaan, 2017
Various percentages of HDPE (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% & 25%) with Epoxy
(1% & 2%) are used for the preparation of mixes with a selected
aggregate grading as given in IRC Code. It was found that epoxy
content up to 2% gives better results. This modified mix increases
marshal characteristics and also the bitumen properties. Viscosity of
the modified bitumen is increased when compare to the normal
bitumen and the penetration value is decreased by 37.5%. Also, the
softening point of modified bitumen is increased by 59%.
Innov. Infrastruct. Solut.
(2017) 2:3 DOI
10.1007/s41062-017-0052-
0

6. Literature Review
Sr
no
Authors
& years
Finding Sources
5 Shabir and
Kumar, 2020
Bakelite content has been added gradually in different
percentage (1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75% and 2%).
The percentage of Bakelite to be added in the bitumen in 1.75%.
According to this study, garbage can be utilized as an antiseptic,
can be used to build a flexible pedestrian system to increase
efficiency, and both will continue to have some conditional
change and violence against heavy traffic.
International Journal of
Progressive Research in
Science and Engineering ,
July-2020
6 Bahmani and
Khani,
2020
Among the asphalt mixtures studied, the highest moisture
resistance was observed in asphalt mixture containing 4% epoxy
resin, at which the Tensile Strength Ratio parameter showed an
increase of 11.3% and 21.5% for limestone and siliceous
mixtures, respectively, compared to the base asphalt mixture.
INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL OF PAVEMENT
ENGINEERING
https://doi.org/10.1080/1029
8436.2021.1904236

7. Literature Review
Sr
no
Authors
& years
Finding Sources
7 Hussain et
al., 2021
This study investigates the effects of Bakelite as an additive on
various mechanical properties. Bakelite is a high-density plastic,
cost-effective and locally available material. The modified Hot
Mix Asphalt (HMA) specimens were prepared with
(2%,4%,6%,8%,10%,12%) Bakelite by weight of optimum binder
content found using Marshall Mix design. The Marshall stability
and quotient values of the modified mix increased by almost
22% and 44% respectively.
Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33(4)
2021: 993-1005
https://doi.org/10.17576/jk
ukm-2021-33(4)-21
8 Garcia,
M.,2021
This literature review evaluates the economic feasibility of
integrating Bakelite into bituminous mixtures. Although initial
costs might raise concerns, the review presents evidence
suggesting that Bakelite-modified pavements could yield long-
term cost savings due to their extended service life and reduced
maintenance needs.
Feasibility of Plastic Coat
Road with respect to Cost
and their performance.
International Research
Journal of Engineering
and Technology, [online]
pp.1513–1518.

8. Literature Review
Sr
no
Authors
& years
Finding Sources
9 Noor and
Rehman,
2022
The improvement in aggregate properties of BM, and bitumen
by adding waste of plastic in it. The aggregate is coated by
shredded plastic waste and hot bitumen mixture to create
flexible pavement. The metric is increases rather than decreases
by plastic addition with air voids proportion. This issue can be
solved by adding the right amount of plastic to BM so that its
characteristics are enhanced .
Cleaner Materials, 4.
https://doi.org/10.1016
/J.CLEMA.2022.100059.
10 Chopra and
Singh, 2021
Marshall continuity, flow ability, void content, material aggregate
gaps, and voids filled with bitumen of 5% to around 7% were all
noted under 81 thermoplastics variations for each of the three
types of moulds. After evenly distributing Rubber Nitrile and
Thermosetting plastics (i.e., resin with furan and epoxy and
Bakelite as modified bituminous fillers, noticed as Indirect
Tensile) to improve unconditional and conditional hardness and
TSR.
Materials Today:
Proceedings, [online]
51(xxxx), pp.977–987.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j
.matpr.2021.07.021.

9. Research Gap
• Bakelite powder has been also used to replace the fine aggregates in the bituminous mix up to 15% to improve
the Cohesive characteristics and shear strength at high temperatures.
• But the addition of Bakelite also increases the stiffness of modified bitumen which effects the stability and flow
value. So other additives along with Bakelite can also be tested to enhance the performance of modified
bitumen.
• According to earlier investigations, up to 8% of epoxy resins has been used. With the addition of epoxy in
the range of 8 to 10% at an interval of 0.25%, the stiffness of modified bitumen increases which results
decrease in penetration value and increase in softening point.
• Both materials improve the bituminous mix's properties, and up until now, they have each been added
individually to the bituminous concrete mix.

10. Research Gap
• The test findings and the properties of the concrete mix may differ when both ingredients are used
simultaneously in bituminous concrete with various percentages of mix amount.
• This research gap seeks to determine the optimal combination and proportion of Bakelite and epoxy resins,
along with the potential inclusion of other additives, to further enhance the performance of modified bitumen
in terms of stability, flow value, penetration value, softening point, and other relevant characteristics.
Additionally, this research aims to assess the potential trade-offs between improved properties and increased
stiffness in modified bitumen when Bakelite and epoxy resins are combined in different ratios, providing
valuable insights for asphalt binder optimization.

11. Objectives
i. To calculate the optimum Bitumen content in the bituminous concrete mix.
ii. To analyse the effect of additives on performance of modified bituminous concrete (Marshall Stability and
flow value) as compared to Conventional bituminous concrete mix.
iii. To study the cost effectiveness of modified and conventional concrete mix.

12. Methodology
Search for
Literature
Review on
Bituminous
mix based on
the keywords
Reviewing
the articles
for their
relevance
Examined
published
literature to
figure out
various
additives used
with different
percentages in
Bituminous
mix to analyze
the best
performing
results
Collection of
Materials and
Modifiers i.e.,
Bitumen,
Bakelite,
Epoxy Resin,
Aggregates
Testing of
Bitumen and
aggregates
i.e., Softening
point,
Penetration
value, loss
angles value,
impact test,
aggregate
gradation
Design of
bituminous
mix i.e.,
preparation
of marshal
samples and
determination
of optimum
bitumen
content
Addition of
additives at
different
percentages
and
analyzation
of outcomes
Conclusion

13. Material Used
Aggregates:
Mix contains aggregate sizes 20mm, 10mm and
crushed rock (6.3mm) where all size of aggregates
are tested for impact value test, crushing value,
shape test, abrasion test.
Fine aggregate: Constituting smaller particles,
fine aggregates fill the interstitial spaces between
coarse aggregates and contribute to the workability
of the mix. Stone dust or cement serves as filler.

14. Contd...
Binder:
The binder denotes the bitumen or asphalt, a dense, adhesive, and
viscous material derived from crude oil. The binder functions as an
adhesive that binds the aggregates together, conferring flexibility,
resilience, and waterproofing characteristics to the mix. The
characteristics of the binder, encompassing viscosity, penetration, and
sensitivity to temperature, exert an influence on the overall mix
performance.

15. Contd...
Epoxy powder :
Epoxies are type of thermoset polymeric nature
created when two & more commercial chemical
compounds mix together. The characteristics of
bitumen will be improved by adding epoxy
content, and this will raise bitumen's softening
point, preventing bitumen from softening at
higher temperatures in the summer. Epoxy resin
is a thermosetting polymer that is mostly used in
coatings and adhesives.

16. Contd...
Bakelite Powder:
A specific kind of thermosetting plastic is Bakelite.
Leo Bark eland, a chemist who was Belgian-
American, established Bakelite in 1907. The
American Chemical Society acknowledged its
significance as the first synthetic plastic in the
world in 1993. Additionally, the pavement's
lifespan can be extended by combining Bakelite
powder with bituminous mixture. It offers
toughness, durability, and strength. Rubbers,
thermosetting plastics, block copolymers, and
thermo-plastic polymers are frequently employed
for the modification in bitumen with the goal of
enhancing the performance of binders.

17. Preparation of Sample & Testing work

18. Preparation of Sample & Testing work

19. Results & Discussions
AGGREGATE TEST RESULTS
• Aggregate was tested for crushing value, impact value, abrasion value, flakiness & elongation index and water
absorption in accordance with IRC: SP 98 – 2013 specifications.
Property Results Test Methods MORTH Specifications
(IS: 2386)
Aggregate Crushing
Value (%)
22.30% IS 2386 (part IV)
Impact Value of
Aggregate (%)
14.76% IS 2386 (part IV) Max 24%
Aggregate Abrasion
Value (%)
22.7% IS 2386 (part IV) Max 30%
Flakiness Index (%) 18.56% IS 2386 (part IV) Max 35%
Elongation Index (%) 21.52% IS 2386 (part IV) Max 35%
Water Absorption
Test
1.02% Max 2%

20. Contd..
BITUMEN TEST RESULTS
Bitumen of VG30 grade was tested for penetration test, Softening point test, ductility and specific gravity test in
accordance with IRC: SP 98- 2013 specifications and following results were obtained.
Property Result Test Methods IS Specifications
Penetration Test
at 250C (mm)
64.5 IS 1203 - 1978 50 - 70
Softening Point Test
(0C)
48.2 IS 1203 - 1978 Min 47
Ductility Test
(mm)
85 IS 1203 - 1978 Min 40
Specific Gravity Test
(mm)
1.02 IS 1203 - 1978 Min 0.99

21. Contd..
Bitumen content for normal mixes was varied in percentages from 5.4 to 6%. The bitumen parentage was increased with
0.15% at each content for getting more precise results. Following are the results of stability value and flow value and
unit weight and percentage voids in total mix and percentage voids filled with aggregates with varying bitumen content
for optimum bitumen content calculations:
Marshal Values without modifiers
Bitumen
Content
Marshal Stability Value
(KN)
Marshal
Flow Value
(mm) Density
% Voids
In Total
Mixture VFB
5.4% 16.72 3.2 2.33 5.84 67.68
5.55% 16.81 3.45 2.34 4.72 73.52
5.7% 16.93 3.6 2.35 4.09 76.78
5.85% 17.02 3.64 2.37 3.05 82.11
6% 16.99 3.61 2.37 2.83 83.53

22. Contd..
Stability Value of Bitumen without modifiers

23. Contd..
Flow Value of Bitumen without modifiers
3.2
3.45
3.6
3.64
3.61
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
5.40% 5.55% 5.70% 5.85% 6%
Flow
value
(mm)
Bitumen Content %
Flow Value
Flow Value

24. Contd..
Density
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.37 2.37
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
5.40% 5.55% 5.70% 5.85% 6%
Density
Bitumen Content %
Density
Density

25. Contd..
Percentage Voids in total mix
5.84
4.72
4.09
3.05
2.83
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
5.40% 5.55% 5.70% 5.85% 6%
%
voids
in
total
mix
Bitumen Content %
% Voids in Total Mix
% Voids in total mix

26. Contd..
Voids Filled with Bitumen
67.68
73.52
76.78
82.11 83.53
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
5.40% 5.55% 5.70% 5.85% 6%
VFB
Bitumen Content %
VFB
VFB

27. Contd..
Marshal Values with different content of Epoxy & Bakelite
Epoxy and Bakelite content for
epoxy and Bakelite modified
bituminous mix was varied in
different percentages. Here we
have used Epoxy up to 6% at an
interval of 2% and Bakelite from
2.5% to 10% at an interval of
2.5%. The modifiers were
increased as per mix at each
content percentage to get more
precise results. Following are the
results of stability value, flow
value, Unit weight, percentage
voids in total mix and percentage
voids filled with aggregates with
varying bitumen content for
optimum modifiers calculations:

28. Contd..
Stability Values of Modified Bitumen
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Stability Value 17 17.06 17.21 17.28 17.14 17.03 17.1 17.08 17.23 17.16 17.05 17.08 17.03 17.3 17.28 17.21
Bakelite Content % 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 10 5 7.5 5 5 7.5 10 10 7.5 2.5 7.5 10
Epoxy Resin Content % 6 0 2 4 2 2 0 0 6 6 0 6 2 4 4 4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Stability Vaue for all binder contents

29. Contd..
Flow value for Different content of Epoxy & Bakelite
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Flow Value 2.2 2.25 2.31 2.51 2.68 2.48 2.25 2.57 2.8 2.8 2.68 2.9 2.57 2.68 3.01 3.12
Bakelite Content % 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 10 5 7.5 5 5 7.5 10 10 7.5 2.5 7.5 10
Epoxy Resin Content % 6 0 2 4 2 2 0 0 6 6 0 6 2 4 4 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Flow Vaue for all binder contents

30. Contd..
Calculation for Vv. And VFB

31. Contd..
Plot for VMA
6
0
2
4
2 2
0 0
6 6
0
6
2
4 4 4
2.5 2.5 2.5
5
10
5
7.5
5 5
7.5
10 10
7.5
2.5
7.5
10
11.11
14.02
12.86
12.09
11.81
12.31 12.24
13.3
10.76
9.36
12.06
10.07
12.64 12.86
11.61
10.74
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
VMA
Epoxy content % Bakelite Content % VMA

32. Contd..
Plot for change in %age Voids for different content of Modifiers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
%age voids 2.83 5.11 3.41 3.23 2.72 3.01 2.69 2.82 2.84 2.06 2.38 2.26 2.7 3.42 2.7 2.1
Bakelite content % 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 10 5 7.5 5 5 7.5 10 10 7.5 2.5 7.5 10
Epoxy content % 6 0 2 4 2 2 0 0 6 6 0 6 2 4 4 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
%age Voids

33. Contd..
Plot for %age VFB at different content of Modifiers
6
0 2 4 2 2 0 0
6 6
0
6
2 4 4 4
2.5
2.5 2.5
5 10
5 7.5 5
5 7.5
10
10
7.5 2.5
7.5 10
77.52
70.8
74.75
75.3
84.01
83.34
89.71
85.24
85.7
87.53 91.32 86.5 90.42
74.71
86.32
88.12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
VFB
Epoxy content % Bakelite content % VFB

34. Contd..
The most practical choice in terms of economics and finances is a road using polymer-modified bitumen (Bagui and Ghosh, 2012).
The use of recycled waste plastic to create a useable road surface, and their performance and cost are carefully examined. Plastic is
used as seal material of road, to evaluate the performance and costs of bitumen and plastic-coated roads. Plastics bottles, waste bag
of plastics, plastics jars and municipal waste all are collected from streets and disposal yards, respectively. Every fundamental step
has been completed, including cleaning, shredding, collection, and seal coating. The research comes to the conclusion that
recycling waste plastics for use in roadways improves their toughness and lustre by acting as a bitumen modifier and as a sealant
(Sutar, Patil and Waghmare, 2016). The idea of combining waste material with bitumen may enable recycling and reduce the
dumping of plastic materials. It is a non-biodegradable product that motivates engineers to use these substances in the construction
industry in order to improve the nation's infrastructure and economy. Several of the waste that has been remitted contains fuel and
may harm the environment. According to this study, trash can be used as a bacterial agent, waste plastic can be used to build a
concrete mix that performs better, and both waste and plastic will continue to have varying degrees of conditioned change and
hostility toward higher traffic. Several studies on the combined bitumen and Bakelite have been conducted to ascertain the efficacy
of the suggested work (Shabir, 2020).
The cost effectiveness of modified and conventional concrete mix.

35. Conclusion
 The optimum binder content comes out to be 5.85%.
After that the stability value decreases and flow values increases.
 The optimum modifier content comes out to be Epoxy Resin 4% and Bakelite Powder 7.5%.
 The Marshal stability value is maximum at 4% of epoxy and 7.5% of Bakelite content mixed with Bitumen.
 The air voids decreased with the addition of Epoxy Resin and Bakelite Powder in Bituminous mix.
 After addition of these modifiers the flow value decreased it indicates that modifiers are bearing heavy load.
 These modifiers will be favorable in adverse climate regions to avoid the rutting and cracking problems.
 Using Epoxy and Bakelite powder will help in reducing environmental pollution caused by burning these plastic
or sewerage blockage and much more.
 Addition of these modifiers will also reduce the consumption of bitumen thus construction can be much budget
friendly.
 Addition of these modifiers may lead to more durable roads.
 Lesser maintain ace cost will be required after using Epoxy and Bakelite as modifiers.

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40. ThankYou