ppt based on highway engineering

1. To investigate the effect of Bakelite and Epoxy Resin in
Bituminous Concrete
Presented by: Hemant Kumar
Ph.D.
(CIVIL ENGINEERING)
Hemant Kumar
Roll No. 232310 Supervisor: Dr. Ran Bir Singh
Civil Engineering

2. Introduction
Hemant Kumar
Civil Engineering 2
• In India, 78% of the road pavements are flexible due to increased
environmental awareness and more stringent regulations on industrial waste
management.
• The main advantage of flexible pavements is resistance to heavy loads, and
there is no coincidental nature appropriate for all temperatures.
• The Indian Standards Agency defines bitumen as a black or dark brown
amorphous soil with adhesive features that is originated from petroleum
crude oil through the natural refining processes.
• In other words, bitumen is naturally tars, asphalt, mineral candles and so
on. It is a binder and solid mixture of any hydrocarbons used to prepare
road surface and roofing materials.

3. • Mixing Bakelite powder with bituminous mixture also prolongs the life of
the pavement. It provides strength, toughness and durability.
• Belgian-American chemist Leo Bark eland founded Bakelite in 1907.In
1993, the American Chemical Society recognized its importance as the
world's first synthetic plastic.
• Epoxies are thermoset plastics made by the reaction of two or more
industrial chemical compounds. Epoxy resins are used in a wide array of
consumer and industrial applications because of their toughness, strong
adhesion, chemical resistance and other specialized properties.
• After adding the epoxy content into the bitumen will enhance the properties
of bitumen it will increase the softening point of bitumen which means that
bitumen should not be softened at higher temperature during summers.
Department Name Scholar Name 3

4. Literature Review
BAKELITE
Authors &
years
Findings Source
(Journal/Conferenc
e Paper, Book etc.)
• Saha, 2017
• Shabir and
Kumar,
2020
Marshall stability test was performed on the bituminous mix as per
Ministry Of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) specification.
Optimum bitumen content is 5.475% obtained for 2% of Bakelite
content. Marshall stability value rose by almost 60%, whereas flow
value reduced slightly. The lowest value of penetration at 2% of
Bakelite may indicate better improvement in shear resistance at high
temperatures.
Bakelite content has been added gradually in different percentage
(1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75% and 2%).
The percentage of Bakelite to be added in the bitumen in 1.75%.
Innov. Infrastruct.
Solut. (2017) 2:3
DOI
10.1007/s41062-
017-0052-0
International Journal
of Progressive
Research in Science
and Engineering ,
July-2020
Civil Engineering Hemant Kumar 4

5. Authors &
years
Findings Source
(Journal/Conferenc
e Paper, Book etc.)
• Zhang et.
al., 2017
• Usman and
R. Faizaan,
2017
When replacing 20-35% of bitumen with epoxy component, a
significant improvement in strength characteristics of asphalt
pavement is noted, especially at elevated temperatures. Epoxy
asphalt concrete is characterized by high rutting and shear
resistance. When applying
EPOXY 525, the rut depth on epoxy asphalt after 42 days of curing
was 3 times lower than that on the original asphalt concrete
Various percentages of HDPE (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% & 25%) with
Epoxy (1% & 2%) are used for the preparation of mixes with a
selected aggregate grading as given in IRC Code. It was found that
epoxy content up to 2% gives better results. This modified mix
increases marshal characteristics and also the bitumen properties.
Viscosity of the modified bitumen is increased when compare to the
normal bitumen and the penetration value is decreased by 37.5%.
Also, the softening point of modified bitumen is increased by 59%.
Materials Science
and Engineering 236
(2017) 012022
doi:10.1088/1757-
899X/236/1/012022
International
Research Journal of
Engineering and
Technology(IRJET),
04| Apr-2017
Civil engineering Hemant Kumar 5
Literature Review
EPOXY RESIN

6. Research Gap
• Bakelite is frequently used to alter the bitumen properties in order to enhance the functionality
of binders. Bakelite powder has been also used to replace the fine aggregates in the
bituminous mix up to to 15% to improve the Cohesive characteristics and shear strength at
high temperatures. But the addition of bakelite also increases the stiffness of modified
bitumen which effects the stability and flow value. So other additives along with Bakelite can
also be tested to enhance the performance of modified bitumen.
• Epoxies are thermoset polymers created when two or more commercial chemical compounds
mix together. According to earlier investigations, up to 8% of epoxy resins has been used.
With the addition of epoxy in the range of 8 to 10% at an interval of 0.25%, the stiffness of
modified bitumen increases which results decrease in penetration value and increase in
softening point. But, performance of modified bitumen can be further enhanced by the
addition of other materials.
• Both materials improve the bituminous mix's properties, and up until now, they have each
been added individually to the bituminous concrete mix. The test findings and the properties
of the concrete mix may differ when both ingredients are used simultaneously in bituminous
concrete with various percentages of mix amount.
Civil Engineering Hemant Kumar 6

7. Objectives
i. To calculate the optimum Bitumen content in the bituminous concrete
mix.
ii. To analyse the effect of additives on performance of modified bituminous
concrete (Marshall Stability and flow value) as compared to Conventional
bituminous concrete mix.
iii. To compare the cost effectiveness of modified and conventional concrete
mix.
Civil Engineering Hemant Kumar 7

8. Methodology
Collection of Materials and Modifiers i.e., Bitumen, Bakelite, Epoxy Resin, Aggregates
Design on Bituminous mix i.e., Preparation of Marshall Sample and Flow values
Determination of optimum Bitumen, Epoxy and Bakelite content
Blend Characterization by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy)
Conclusion
Testing of Bitumen and aggregates i.e., Softening point, Penetration value, flakiness index,
water absorption and los Angeles value

9. Time chart
S.No. Activity Month of Completion
1. Selection of Material and Characterization oct.,2023(Completed)
2. Collection of Journals Oct. 2023(Completed)
3. Literature Review Oct. 2023(Completed)
4. Finding Research Gap Nov. 2023(Completed)
5. Calculation of number of test samples &
amount of materials required
Nov. 2023(Completed)
6. Collection of Materials Jan. 2024(In progress)
7. Test on the Samples March 2024
8. Compilation of Results June 2024
9. Analyzation of Results and Report Submission Oct. 2024

10. References
• Saha, Suman Kumari, and S. K. Suman. "Characterization of bakelite-modified bitumen." Innovative Infrastructure
Solutions 2, no. 1 (2017): 1-6
• Alia, Yousaf, Muhammad Hussaina, Kashif Riazb, Adnan Yousafa, Rana Faisal Tufailc, Yogeshwar V. Navandard, Ashraf
Mahmud Rayede, and Syed Mustafa Ali Shaha. "Investigation of Effect of Bakelite on Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix
Asphalt Mixes-A Full Factorial Design Experiment." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, no. 4 (2021): 993-1005.
• Gupta, Akshay, and Er Chopra. "Comparative study of conventional and bakelite modified bituminious mix." International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10, no. 3 (2019).
• Dharani, P., and Dr RN Uma. "Use of waste Bakelite’s in Flexible Pavement Construction." International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) 6, no. 05 (2019).
• Vinay, A. "Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Bakelite powder as a fine Aggregate in Bituminous
Mix." Journal homepage: www. ijrpr. com ISSN 2582: 7421.
• Yousaf, Adnan, Arshad Hussain, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Babar Khan, and Anwaar Ahmed. "Performance evaluation
of asphaltic mixtures using bakelite." Life Science Journal 11, no. 7s (2014).
• Sharma, Sumesh, and Er Chopra. "Comparative Study of Conventional and Epoxy Modified Bituminous Mix." International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10, no. 3 (2019).
• Husainy, Syed Usman, H. Syed Saleem, MR Faizan Ahmed, N. Syed Kahmruddin Fazeel, C. Neeladharan, and K. Mohan.
"Enhancement of Stabilization in Bituminous roads using Polyethylene and Epoxy resin." International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology 4, no. 4 (2017): 2401-2404.
• Cong, Peiliang, Shanfa Chen, Jianying Yu, and Huaxin Chen. "Compatibility and mechanical properties of epoxy resin
modified asphalt binders." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 4, no. 2 (2011): 118.
• Cubuk, Meltem, Metin Gürü, and M. Kürşat Çubuk. "Improvement of bitumen performance with epoxy resin." Fuel 88, no. 7
(2009): 1324-1328.
• Shabir, Saqib, and Er Deepak Kumar. "Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Baklite Modified Bituminious
Mix." International Journal of Progressive Research in Science and Engineering 1, no. 4 (2020): 35-47.
Civil Engineering Hemant Kumar 10