1. The document discusses principles of learning put forth by Carl Rogers, including that learning is most effective when it is relevant to students' personal interests and when external threats are minimized. 2. It also discusses Gattegno's "Silent Way" method where the teacher remains silent and allows student-initiated learning through discovery and hypothesis formation. 3. Stephen Krashen's theory of language acquisition is covered, distinguishing between acquisition through meaningful interaction versus conscious learning, and emphasizing the role of comprehensible input and low anxiety environments.

1. To advance to the next screen, click the left mouse button. To pause or go forward or back or to a specific slide, click the right mouse button, then click Go , and then Slide Navigator . CURRICULUM TRAINING MODULE #3 Mark Feder Director Curriculum and Training

3. Student-centered teaching is epitomized by Gattegno’s phrase, “the subordination of teaching to learning,” and his dictum, “the student works on the language and the teacher works on the student.” ourworld.compuserve.com/ homepages/g_knott/ #3 Training Module #3 Roger’s principles are consistent with what we know about learning and teaching from the bicycle example and indicate a shift of focus from the teacher to the student. The expression student-centered is used to embody these ideas.

4. The Silent Way demands that students work inductively, discover patterns, and establish hypotheses. #4 Training Module #3 Gattegno’s Silent Way is so named because the teacher remains silent and allows the student to initiate learning and develop criteria of correctness. In antithesis to a deductive approach in which the teacher provides explanations and rules for students to memorize and apply, the Silent Way demands that students work inductively, discover patterns, and establish hypotheses.

5. Learning that is inductive , heuristic , individualized , and needs-based is affectively oriented and places the focus clearly on the learner (student-centered) rather than the teacher – and in Roger’s terms is relevant to the learner. #5 Training Module #3 In the Silent Way, the student’s mind is actively engaged in solving problems and making discoveries (learning heuristically). Because the student initiates and controls the learning, this approach caters to individual needs. The student gets what he or she needs rather than whatever the teacher happens to dish out.

6. The teacher, if he is indeed wise, does not bid you to enter the house of wisdom but leads you to the threshold of your own mind. Khalil Gibran #6 Training Module #3 I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think. Socrates Teaching is the art of assisting discovery. Mark van Doren www.fau.edu/wise/publish.html Heuristic learning or learning through discovery is learning that has real meaning and relevance.

7. Tiger by Bud Blake #7 Training Module #3 Rogers was a great proponent of experiential learning (which he labeled significant learning), that is, learning connected to real-life situations. In the field of language learning, experiential learning indicates learning by using language rather than by studying grammar, vocabulary or other elements of language.

8. “ Not many years ago I began to play the cello. Most people would say that what I am doing is ‘learning to play’ the cello. But these words carry into our minds the strange idea that there exists two very different processes: (1) learning to play the cello; and (2) playing the cello. They imply that I will do the first until I have completed it, at which point I will stop the first process and begin the second. In short, I will go on ‘learning to play’ until I have ‘learned to play’ and then I will begin to play. Of course, this is nonsense. There are not two processes, but one. We learn to do something by doing it. There is no other way.” (Instead of Education, 1976) www.bbc.co.uk/cymru/arolwg2001/ 14-cerddorfa.shtml #8 Training Module #3 Educator and author John Holt provides this insight into experiential learning – learning by doing:

9. #9 Training Module #3 Almond says that the increased popularity of the piano at the turn of the century spawned many “mass-produced teaching systems touted by large publishers” which required the reading of musical notation. The boredom and frustration engendered by a method (now the norm) which stifles creativity, discovery and enjoyment, is responsible for millions of people quitting piano after taking lessons as children. Continuing our musical interlude, consider the thesis of the piano method advocated by Mark Almond in his video lesson Piano for Quitters. Almond suggests that many quit the piano because of conventional teaching methods. Almond’s experiential method stimulates interest and fosters autonomy by enabling learners to make music and experiment after the first 5 minute lesson. The parallels between conventional piano instruction and language instruction that begins with learning about grammar and memorization of vocabulary are obvious. When the learner is deprived of meaningful language use and focuses on exercises, autonomy and engagement are inhibited.

10. I hear and I forget. I see and I believe. I do and I understand. Confucius #10 Training Module #3 You learn to speak by speaking, to study by studying, to run by running, to work by working; and just so, you learn to love by loving. All those who think to learn in any other way deceive themselves. Saint Francis de Sales One must learn by doing the thing. Sophocles Don’t learn to do, but learn in doing. Samuel Butler Skill to do comes of doing. Ralph Waldo Emerson Learning by doing applies not only to music but to all forms of learning.

11. The Acquisition-Learning Distinction acquisition learning similar to child first language acquisition formal knowledge of language “ picking up” a language “knowing about” a language subconscious conscious implicit knowledge explicit knowledge formal teaching does not help formal teaching helps From The Natural Approach , Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell, 1983 #11 Training Module #3 Stephen Krashen advocates an experiential approach and distinguishes between acquisition, which he views as a natural and powerful developer of language skills, and conscious learning, which he considers limited and far less significant.

12. According to Krashen, "Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language -- natural communication -- in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding." www.perkowitz.net/ photo/all.html #12 Training Module #3 In other words, learning experientially, learning by doing, is the only practical way to master a foreign language.

14. Language Acquisition Device The affective filter acts to prevent input from being used for language acquisition. Acquirers with optimal attitudes are hypothesized to have a low affective filter. Classrooms that encourage low filters are those that promote low anxiety among students, that keep students off the defensive. From The Natural Approach , Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell, 1983 input filter acquired competence #14 Training Module #3 Another component of Krashen’s acquisition theory is what he terms the affective filter.

15. “ I happened to get [a job] teaching ESL. I had never heard of ESL before…my approach was very casual and low pressure. My method usually consisted of thinking up a topic to talk about, introducing it, and encouraging each student to express her feelings.” The teacher goes on to say that his students’ skills improved and he decided to take up a career in ESL. Feeling guilty about the casual approach of his first class, and attempting to become a truly professional ESL teacher, he adopted a “traditional authoritarian style with the textbook dominant.” He concludes: “ I can look back on these four years and see a gradual decline in the performance of my students…My present style of teaching bypasses the students’ feelings and basic needs, and concentrates on method. I never see successes like those first [students].” From Teaching Languages: A Way and Ways , 1980 #15 Training Module #3 For Krashen, the role of the teacher is to provide students with extensive comprehensible input and to supply affective support. Earl Stevick relates a story supporting this position and affirming his own insistence that in order to learn, students must have a feeling of “primacy in a world of meaningful action.”

16. “ Students learn what they care about . . .," Stanford Ericksen has said, but Goethe knew something else: "In all things we learn only from those we love." Add to that Emerson's declaration: "the secret of education lies in respecting the pupil." and we have a formula something like this: "Students learn what they care about, from people they care about and who, they know, care about them . . . Barbara Harrell Carson, 1996, Thirty Years of Stories No man can be a good teacher unless he has feelings of warm affection toward his pupils and a genuine desire to impart to them what he himself believes to be of value. Bertrand Russell Theories and goals of education don’t matter a whit if you don’t consider your students to be human beings. Lou Ann Walker #16 Training Module #3 Of all the qualities necessary for effective teaching, none is as important as empathy and sincere caring for the student. If methodology gets in the way of such caring, the result is invariably disastrous.

17. #17 Training Module #3 The teacher cannot impart knowledge but can provide a key to how to learn. www.cksc.com / While it appears that the teacher does not teach the actual subject matter but makes it possible for the student to learn it, there is something that the teacher can legitimately be said to teach -- how to be a learner. A good teacher is one who does not feed information but provides the student with the tools to learn, not only for the matter at hand, but for the future.

18. We now accept the fact that learning is a lifelong process … and the most pressing task is to teach people how to learn. Peter F. Drucker #18 Training Module #3 The object of teaching a child is to enable him to get along without a teacher. Elbert Hubbard The greatest sign of success for a teacher ... is to be able to say, “The children are now working as if I did not exist.” Maria Montessori A teacher is one who makes himself progressively unnecessary. Thomas Carruthers A master can tell you what he expects of you. A teacher, though, awakens your own expectations. Patricia Neal The teacher is, in effect, teaching the student to be an independent, autonomous learner capable of enhancing skills outside of the classroom. Being an autonomous learner is especially important in a task as colossal as learning a language, because learning must continue after the language course ends.

19. home.talkcity.com/librettoln/ kayrol/Books.htm Student-centered Experiential Needs-based Inductive Heuristic Individualized Autonomy-focused #19 Training Module #3 We now have some ideas about the nature of learning and teaching to serve as a foundation for our curriculum. We have established that while language learning utilizes cognitive, psycho-motor, and affective elements, teaching deals mainly with affective matters impacting readiness to learn. To open the door to student learning, the curriculum should aim for instruction that is student-centered, experiential, needs-based, inductive, heuristic, individualized, and autonomy-oriented. In the next presentation we will see how these elements come into play in the INTERLINK curriculum.

20. References/Links You must be connected to the Internet for the following links to work. Just click an item and your browser will display the site. Stephen Krashen summary of Krashen’s theories Caleb Gattegno /Silent Way summary of information about Silent Way Humanism in Language Learning full text online of book by Earl Stevick Dissertation online thesis section on affect in language learning Autonomy in Language Learning plenary by David Nunan Second Language Teaching Methodologies ERIC database with many useful links Learning Theories links to articles on virtually all learning theories Theory Into Practice Database explorations in learning and instruction #20 Training Module #3 For additional information on subjects treated in this presentation, visit the web sites below.

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