Photography has evolved significantly since its invention in the early 19th century. Early methods like the daguerreotype required exposures of up to 8 hours, but advances like the use of film by George Eastman and 35mm cameras made photography faster and more accessible. The development of digital photography in the 1980s transformed the industry, allowing photos to be instantly captured, edited, and shared. While photography was once a complex chemical process, today's digital cameras make it possible to take high-quality photos with a smartphone in seconds.

1. TIMELINE OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Rachel Barlow

2. Evolution of photography
Photography is used widely and it forms a base for the World today. Photography
can range from a form of identification or a passport to Photo’s just purely for
memories. Many years ago camera’s were not as technology based as they are
now, you can now open a camera on your phone and take as many images as
you want in the space of a second.
An example of how photography has changed is:
Psychologists studied photographs of mentally patients in an attempt to visually
discern their disorders via their facial expressions etc. Photographers recorded the
features of criminals also, not only as a form of identification but also in an effort to
identify their physical characteristics which some criminologists would believe may
correspond with their criminal behaviour.

3. Mid 19-th century DR OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES
To 19-th-century some observers, photography
seemed able to capture the World as a whole
rather than describing and interpreting it as a
drawing did. This was called “mirror with a
memory”.
Dr Oliver Wendell Holmes was the one who created
this phrase “mirror with a memory”.
People then in the 20-th-century went onto argue
with Dr Oliver Wendell Holmes phrase as they
criticised whether photography is actually a direct
trace of experience or instead a reflection of the
main photographers particular point of view.

4. 1729-1774 GIPHANTIE
Within the time period of 1729-1774, De La Roche
predicted that it was possible to
capture images of the nature available to him which
he’d then further put onto a canvas which had been
coated with a sticky substance. This surface, in which
he believed, would not only provide a mirror image
onto the sticky canvas but it would further then
remain on it. He then believed after you left it in the
dark it would remain permanent. This is the tale in
which he believed, the author would have not
believed how prophetic the tale would become
over the decades after his death.

5. It is now further believed today that photography
created a catalyst for painters to renounce
straightforward description in favour of more
interpretive or abstract styles such as cubism and
impressionism.

6. 1839 SIR JOHN F.W HERSCHEL
φωτός
(photos) and γραφή (graphy) meaning lines or drawing.
This word was firstly used by the scientist Sir John F.W Herschel in
the time period of 1839. This method includes recording images
by the action of light or related radiation on a sensitive material.

7. Camera Obsurca
The Camera Obsucra was developed out of
a simple lens-less ‘pinhole camera’. This was
used maybe around 1,000 years ago. This
allowed people to project an image of the
sun and safely view any eclipses. The Latin
meaning for a ‘camera obsucra’ is
“darkened room”, this is due to it taking
place in either a dark room or a box. The
camera obsucra was used by adding a hole
in one side of a box or into a room, the light
from an external source would pass through
the hole and strike a surface inside in which
it would reproduce at a rotation of 180
degrees(upside down) but with colour and
perspective preserved. This image can then
further be projected onto paper and traced
to produce a highly representation.

8. Camera Obscura VERMEER
There has been a hypothesis that the
artist Vermeer used the camera
obscura for some of his painting.
Within the Victorian Era many
seaside resorts would have a
camera obscura which was
usually set up in a small
octagonal building near the
beach or on a pier. Within it you
could watch a moving picture of
the view outside.

9. 1820’s Nicephore Niepce
Photography in the 1820’s developed chemical
photography, this is where the image is
developed onto photographic film with the use of
chemicals. The first permanent photograph was
an image produced in 1826 by the French
inventor Nicéphore Niépce. Although they had to
spend 8 hours exposing the picture so he went on
to find a new less-time wasting process.
Nicéphore Niépce used a coating of bitumen of
Judea to make the first permanent camera
photograph, the bitumen was hardened which
was the part which had been exposed to the light
and then the unhardened area was then
removed with a solvent.
This is the first permeant photograph by
the French Inventor.

10. Daguerreotypes
Nicéphore Niépce work in a partnership with Louis
Daguerre experimenting with the silver compounds
based around Johann Heinrich Schultz discovering
in 1724. Johann’s theory was that when silver and
chalk are put into the same mixture it darkens when
exposed to the light. As this theory would take up
to 8 hours to expose they tried to think of an easy
way.
Nicéphore Niépce died in 1833 but his former
Partner Daguerre continued the work, he eventually
went onto discover the development of the
daguerreotype in 1839 which reduced the exposure
time down to half an hour.
Nicéphore Niépce & Louis
Daguerre
This was the first ever Daguerreotype.

11. Daguerreotype
The daguerreotype plate consisted of
brazing or coating a copper plate which
was covered in silver- silver being the main
photographic emulsion.
The image was then able to capture very
fine, rich detail. This main technique is still
being reproduced by people today.

12. Daguerreotype
The very low-cost daguerreotype became so popular over the
years that by the end of 1839 some newspapers such as one in
Paris were referring to a new disease called
Daguerreotypomania.
Photographic portraits were much less expensive than painted
ones due to it taking less time for the sitter and it described
individual faces with uncanny accuracy. There was a great
sense of presence in these pictures that the Photographers
were often called upon to take portraits of the recently
deceased. This was known as post-mortem portraits.

13. Daguerreotype
The process of the daguerreotype
was very good but it was also very
expensive. To many people they
would have not regarded this as a
disadvantage; it meant the owner
of their portrait could be very
certain that he had the one piece
of art and there was no way it
could be duplicated. However, if
two copies were needed, the only
way of doing so would be to use
two cameras side by side.

14. Calotype WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT
In a sense of rivalry to the Daguerreotype was
the invention of the Calotype by William
Henrey Fox Talobot. The Calotype negative
provided the first ever practical method of
producing prints onto paper from a camera
exposure.
The earliest known paper negative was
produced in August 1835. The negative is very
small at 1” square and poor quality compared
with the images produced with the
Daguerreotype process. The one advantage of
Talbot’s method was that more than one
positive prints could be produced. By 1840
Talbot had made significant improvements and
by 1844 he was then able to bring out a
photographically illustrated book called “The
Pencil Of Nature.

15. Collodion FREDERICK SCOTT ARCHER
A wide range of interest in daguerreotypes
developed in Europe after 1851 when the English
Photographer Frederick Scott Archer invented the
collodion, also known as the wet-plate process. This
process was a negative-to-positive process, due to
the negatives being made of smooth glass rather
than paper, the collodion process would produce
much sharper images.
Photographers using the collodion process would
haul their large cameras, tripods and portable
darkrooms to the Europe’s Imperial Quest within
1850-1870.

16. 1854 Adolphe Disderi
Using the collodion method, the
French painter and photographer
Adolphe Disderi invented the carte-de-viste.
This was a form of photographic
calling card which son became the
new rage.
It was usually made of an albumen
print which was a thin paper
photograph mounted on a thicker
paper card. He also had the method
of taking eight separate negatives on
one single plate to reduce production
costs.

17. Civil War First War to be recorded
The Civil War in the United States 1861-1865 was the first war to
be thoroughly recorded by photography.
Some industries within the 19th century employed photography to
portray its success and strengths. Such as in 1857 British
Photographer Robert Howlett took pictures of the British
Steamship Great Eastern which was the largest vessel of its day.
With this in mind, photography then went onto prove useful for
medicine and the social sciences due to Doctors wanting before
and after pictures of wounded Soldiers from the Civil War in
which they would study the effects of amputation and invasive
surgery.
thoroughly by photography.

18. 1878 Muybridge
When faster cameras became more developed
in the 1870’s, scientists and others use
photography in the study of human and animal
movement. An example of this is Muybridge as
he used a series of photographs of a galloping
horse in order to demonstrate to the World that
the animal lifts all four feet of the ground at
once.

19. Etienne-Jules Marey
French physiologist Etienne-Jules Marey
followed Muybridge’s example and
created a special camera which
would record a sequence of
photographs on a single plate.
The final photographs showed an
echoing trail of images which
recorded the subject’s movement in
both time and space. He used this
method to develop insights into the
flight of birds and then human
movement and the working eyes of a
human.

20. 1868 Thomas Annan
Within the last quarter of the 19th century,
the camera helped record the
displaced and the overlooked. One of
the earliest attempts to document urban
poverty was created by Thomas Annan
who aimed his camera down an empty
alleyway in Glasgow 1868.

21. George Eastman
Photographic film was pioneered by George
Eastman who started to manufacture paper
film in 1885 before moving over to celluloid in
1889. The first camera of his was called the
“Kodak” which was first offered for sale in 1888.
It consisted of a very simple box camera with a
fixed-focus lens and a single shutter speed,
along with its low price it appealed to the
average customer.
The Kodak camera came pre-loaded with
enough film for 100 exposes which would then
be needed to be sent back to the factory for
processing and reloading when the roll was
completely finished.
In 1990, Eastman went one step
further with the “Brownie” and
created a simple and very
inexpensive box camera which had
the concept of snapshot.

22. The snapshot
The snapshot expanded photography’s
areas to include family scenes, images that
stopped motion in mid-air and candid views
of everyday life.
Photograph’s of Frenchman Jacques Henri
Lartigue who began taking snapshots at only
the age of six was able to conquer this.
Within one of his snapshots which he taken
when he was 10, it showed his teenage
cousin appearing suspended over a flight of
stairs posing for the camera.

23. Oscar Barnack
Within the early 1905, Oscar Barnack had
an idea which would reduce the format of
negatives and then enlarging the
photographs after they had been exposed.
Due to him being develop manager at
Lecia, he was then able to put this theory
into practice by taking an instrument able
to expose samples for the cinema film and
turned it into the World’s first ever 35mm
camera called the “Ur-Lecia”.
35mm

24. Lumiere Brothers
The Lumiere brothers of France introduced motion
pictures into the World in 1895, they invented their
own device which consisted of combining a camera
with a printer and a projector in which they called it
the “Cinematographe”. Photograph’s began to
reproduce which would led to the new concepts of
culture, advertising and entertainment.
One example of the new visual culture was the use of
picture of magazines due to their contents being
defined as much as the text was.
Magazines such as National Geographical magazines
became widely popular all over due to the wide
range of photo’s being from all over the World. This
was one of the first publications to use colour when
using photo’s.

25. Photographic uses
As time went on fashion photography developed
running aside with the new picture magazines. It was
firstly studio portraits of society women in their finery
which it then turned to professional models and
professional photographers to liven up the images to
intrigue the reader more.
This then led onto photographs being used
sophistically in advertisements.

26. 1920 John Heartfield
Photography played a large part in surrealism and
dada, art movements that encouraged literature
and theatre as well as painting and sculpture.
John Heartfield a Dada artist in Germany,
developed a form of nonsensical photo collage
around 1920. He used this to express
dissatisfaction with the social conventions. This
image he created is an example of a
photomontage, he has created this to make
strong political points against the government
and social issues.

27. Digital Photography
Digital Photography uses an array of electronic photo
detectors which captures the image focused by the lens
as opposed to an exposure on photographic film. The
image which has then been captured is digitized and
stored on a computer ready for digital processing, viewing
and digital publishing and printing.
In 1986 Kodak scientists invented the World’s first
megapixel sensor which was capable of recording 1.4
million pixels that could produce a 5x7-inch digital photo-quality
print.
Today, camera’s are much more simple to use. They take
a matter of second to capture and expose. There is also
camera’s used within mobile phones which have a high
amount of pixels.
APPLE QUICK TAKE 100
.1994. The first mass-market
color digital camera. 640 x
480 pixel CCD. Up to eight
640 x 480 resolution images
could be stored in internal
memory

28. Doctoring Photographs
Doctoring photographs has ben around for
almost as long as the photograph itself. Due to
digital hardware and software developing over
the years and becoming more advanced, the
whole digital image manipulation has become
much more common and faked photo’s are
becoming harder to detect due to the quality
they are manipulated to. This can also be
referred to as ‘photoshopping’, many consider
this fakery to be a new form of art.

29. Doctoring Photographs
Doctoring or photoshopping images
has also been used within real life
ethics for photojournalism. This is an
example of when it has gone wrong
and been caught out.

30. Photography in this day in age
Today, photography remains a vital part of life and
contemporary art. Without photography the World
wouldn’t work the same, photography is used as a form
of Identification and this is a vital piece of photography.
Also for police matters, documenting their information by
the use of photographs helps them have hard visible
evidence. Camera’s are now developed to do pretty
much everything photo wise, changing the lens to make
it zoom in or out. They are also much clearer and take a
matter of seconds to expose whereas ones from years
ago could take up to 8 hours and they were just in simple
black and white.