This document summarizes information about groundnut (peanut), including its origin in Brazil and major production areas like India, China, Nigeria, and Sudan. It describes the plant's lifecycle and chromosome number, and classifies species within the Arachis genus. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield improvement, and exploiting wild species. Common breeding methods are also summarized, including selection, hybridization techniques like bulk selection and pedigree method, and approaches like mutation breeding. The document provides an overview of groundnut's taxonomy, genetics, breeding goals, and approaches.

1. An Assignment On
Groundnut

2. COURSE NO.-
PBG-324Prepared by-
Padmavati
Hansdah
Adm.no. 12C/14
Group-A
Guided by-
Dr. Kaushik Kumar
Panigrahi
Asst. Prof.(Plant
Breeding &
Genetics)

3. ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION
ORIGIN-BRAZILL
AREA & DISTRIBUTION-
GROWN IN LARGE SCALE IN TROPICAL & SUBTROPICS
IMPORTANT COUNTRIES ARE-INDIA,CHINA NIGERIA,SUDAN ,USA
OVER AN AREA OF 24.7MHA WITH TOTAL PRODUCTION OF 33MT
INDIA OCCUPIES 1ST PLACE IN ACREAGE AND 2ND IN
PRODUCTION(AREA-6.9MHA , TOTAL PRODUCTION -5.3MT)
INDIAN STATES VIZ.GUJARAT,AP,KARNATAKA,TN,MAHARASHTRA.

4. SECTION MAJORIDENTIFIERS LIFECYCLE CHROMOSOMENUMBER CHARACTERISTIC
SPECIESANDNUMBEROF SPECIES
Arachis Leaves
tetrafoliolate ,
plants erect or
decumbent
,pegs near 45
degree angle of
soil penetration
Annual/perenni
al
2n=20,
2n=4x=40
Arachis hypogaea L.(32)
Caulorrhizae Leaves
tetrafoliolate ,
stems with
roots/root
primordial at the
nodes
Perennial 2n=20 Arachis repens Handro (2)
Erectoides Leaves
tetrafoliolate ,
plants
erect/decumbent
with flowers &
pods grouped
generally at the
plant base ,
roots with
enlarged laterals
in most species ,
some pegs up to
Perennial 2n=20 Arachis benthami Handro (14)

5. SECTION MAJORIDENTIFIERS LIFECYCLE CHROMOSOMENUMBER CHARACTERISTIC
SPECIESANDNUMBEROF
SPECIES
Heteranthae Leaves
tetrafoliolate ,
root system
with tap root
but fibrous ,
without
enlargements ,
standard petals
with red lines
on front only/
on both sides ,
flowers
dimorphic ,
normal & open/
very small with
corolla not
exceeding the
calyx
Annual/perenni
al
2n=20 Arachis dardani
Krapov & W.C.
Greg (6)

6. Procumbentes Leaves
tetrafoliolate ,
stems with
roots occurring
in internodes ,
pegs thickened
, horizontal
Perennial 2n=20 Arachis rigonii Krapov & W.C greg
(9)
Rhizomatosae Leaves
tetrafoliolate ,
plants with
rhizomes
Perennial 2n=4x=40 Arachis glabrata benth (4)
Trierectoides Leaves
trifoliolate ,
hypocotyl
tuberiform ,
plants erect,
flowers pods
primarily at
base of main
stem,pegs very
long,growing
Perennial 2n=20 Arachis guaranitica chodat &
hassl.(2)

7. Triseminatae Leaves
tetrafoliolate,p
od with 2-4
segments ,
lateral
branches
decumbent
with flowers,
pods alond its
length , stand
petal with red
lines on both
sides ,
cotyledons
with ribs on
the upper
Perennial 2n=20 Arachis triseminata Krapov. &
W.C. Greg.(1)

8. BREEDING
OBJECTIVES :
A.Breeding for resistant to major diseases
& pests
B.Breeding for earliness , high yield & for
the farming systems
C.Increasing biological nitrogen fixation
D.Exploiting the wild species of arachis
E.Exploiting physiological characters for
groundnut improvement

9. A)BREEDING FOR RESISTANT
TO MAJOR DISEASES &
PESTS
DIEASES like leaf spots(Cercospora arachidicola &
Cercosporidium personatum) & rust(Puccinia
arachidis)causes severe losses on a worldwide basis.
Estimated Losses in kernel yields of around
10% in USA
Virus diseases like bud necrosis(Tomato
spotted wilt virus[TSWV] , Peanut mottle
virus[PMS]
The germplasm collection is being screened

10. Cercospora leafspot in
groundnut
Rust in groudnut

11. B)BREEDING FOR
EARLINESS,HIGH YIELD AND FOR
THE FARMING SYSTEMS
Earliness is an important objective, as groundnuts fit
into relay/sequential cropping systems where residual
moisture is available from preceding crop.
Groundnuts are also intercropped ,particularly in India
& Africa
In the Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria , only 16% of
total area is planted as sole crop groundnuts

12. C)INCREASING BIOLOGICAL
NITOGEN FIXATION
•Groundnut is an efficient n2 fixer
•Attempts are being made to manipulate both
the rhizobium & the host plant component of
symbiosis to increase n2 fixation , hence yield

13. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXING
PROPERTY OF GROUNDNUT

14. D)EXPLOITING THE WILD
SPECIES OF Arachis
Utilization of genes from the wild Arachis sp. To
improve the commercial groundnut crop
Resistance to fungal diseases , pests , viruses &
drought occur in these species through genetic
manipulation

15. E)EXPLOITING PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERS FOR GROUNDNUT
IMPROVEMENT
•Many research programs are being formulated & a
major part is to study & exploit characters associated
with drought resistance

16. BREEDING METHODS
EMPLOYED FOR
GROUNDNUT
Methods without artificial hybridization: involves selection in existing(land
races)/introducedvariability/variability created without sexual process(
mutation breeding & genetic transformation)
Introduction: useful in bringing in additional genetic diversity in a breeding
programindian cultivars TMV2 & JL 24 introduced & released in Southeast
Asia & Africa
Pure line/mass selection in introduced material:selection & subsequent seed
increase for release as cultivars of single plants(pure line)/mass selected
from introduced material & landraces.eg:Africa(makulu red,Apollo,Egypt),
india(JL 24) & USA(NEW MEXICO VALENCIA C)
mutation breeding:X-rays,gamma rays& various chemicals used to break
specific linkages ,create variation for specific characters/use in conjunction
with other breeding methods.BARC released 15 varieties like TG 19,TAG
24,TGB 38B,TGB 39

17. Methods after artificial hybridization:-hybridization provides opportunity to
combine genes from different parents.choice of parents is very critical for
success of breeding program.parents can be crossed in different manners-
single cross, three way cross ,four way cross , convergent cross , diallele
mating , diallele selective mating.usually it takes 12-15yrs after hybridization
to develop a cultivar
Bulk selection:F1 plants space planted to produce as much F2 seed as
possible,F3 seed harvested in bulk & a sample planted the next generation
with process being repeated until F6 generation.should be performed for few
generations
Pedigree method: very commonly used method .individual plants are selected
in space planted F2 generations,then F3,selection process repeated till F6/F7
generation.moat of the cultivars developed are F5 derived lines
Bulk pedigree:This method is a combination of pedigree and bulk
method.Method allows retention of enough subtle variation in the resultant
uniform looking bulk population for recipient breeders to exploit it while
evaluating under local conditions.
Single seed decent(SST): Modification of bulk method that can be used to
inbreed popuations in a shorter length of time.Act NC state university peanut
breeding program, they could raise 3 generations in 14 months in a glass
house and breaking seed dormancy before planting
Backcross method: Mostly used for transferring desired traits from a doner
source to existing cultivar.First used in Malawi(SA) to incorporate groundnut
rosette virus disease resuistence governed by 2 recessive genes into high

18. Recurrent selection : It allows incorperations of diversity inbreeding
programmes while providing opportunities for recombinations. It enhances
the probability of incorporation of several desirable traits from different
sources in a single genotype.
Diallele selective mating(DSM): A form of recurrent selection which allows
use of a selected group of parents and provide opportunity for multi
parental gene combination. Offspring of two way crosses can be crossed to
each other or can be grown out and examined for important characterstics
and only selected plants are intercrossed.
Reciprocal cross differences: Direction of cross has a bearing on the type of
segregants obtained. Reciprocal differnces obsevered due to cytoplasmic
effects and maternal effects. Reciprocal differences often occur in inter-
subspecific crosses(Spanish/Valencia types* Virginia types).
Index selection: It allows concurrent improvement of several traits in early
generations which go into making of selection index .It may contain traits
with higher heritability, which are related with other economically important
desirable traits that have low heritability.

19. Natural hybridization: Depending upon the level of bee activity ,variety and weather
conditions, the outcrossing rate may Vary from less than one percent to10%. It causes
genetic instability in the mother genotype as the resultant hybrids and their progenies
genetically contaminate the mother genotype. At ICRISAT. Cultivars ICGS-11,44,37
orginated from natural hybrid population of Robut 33-1.
Genotype*environment interaction(G*E): Desirable quantitative traits usually have both
genetic and environment components, separation of these components necessary to
achieve maximum efficiency in breeding .
Multiline variety: Bulking of phenotypically similar but genotypically dissimilar sister lines
to form a cultivar. This method allows the breeder to improve the cultivar after release .
Main advantage cultivar with wide genotypic variability and stability, phenotype satisfies
growers requirement. Main disadvantage is less uniform, seed stock difficult to maintain.
Successfully used in Florida breeding program in USA to develop Florunner and Florigiant
multiline cultivars.
Variety release procedures: The procedure followed in India is given below; New varieties
in India can be released either at the central level by the central sub-committee on crop
standards, notification and release of varieties(CVRC) or at the state level by the respective
state variety release committees(SVRC)

20. THANKING YOU…