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Thumb reconstruction
This document discusses reconstruction of the thumb following various types of injuries or amputations. It begins by classifying different levels of thumb amputation and the general goals of reconstruction, which include regaining sensation, stability, strength, mobility and correct posture. Several reconstruction techniques are described for different amputation levels, such as secondary healing, flaps, phalangisation, osteoplastic reconstruction, pollicization, and toe transfers. Factors to consider for the choice of reconstruction include the level of amputation, remaining joints and digits, soft tissue coverage, and patient expectations and functional needs. The conclusion emphasizes that the best results are obtained with replantation when possible and tailoring the approach to the individual patient's post-tra
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Thumb reconstruction
- 1. RECONSTRUCTION OF THETHUMB DR.HARISH KUMAR KABILAN
- 2. Evolution of thethumb Chimpanzee hand Human hand. “1.Richard W. Young, Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and Clubbing, J. Anat. (2003) 202, pp165– 174”
- 3. In this presentation •Generalconsiderations •Classification of thumb defects •Choice of method •Critical points of reconstruction
- 4. General Considerations • Idealreconstruction – “Replace like with like” • Recreate sensation and opposition • Consider patient’s need • Non micro-vascular vs. Micro-vascular Anatomical considerations : • Uniquely positioned • Capacity of circumduction • Greater degree of mobility.
- 5. GOALS OF RECONSTRUCTION •Sensateand non-tender thumb tip •Stability •Adequate strength •Correct posture and positioning •Mobility 3.Heitmann C and Levin LS, Alternatives to thumb replantation, plastic recon surg 2002 Nov110(6)
- 6.
- 7. Crushed right handwith the thumb amputed at the CMC level Amputated thumb specimen After reimplant Result after 1 month
- 8. Amputated specimenThumb amputatedat PP level 28 days after reimplant - opposition 28 days after reimplant - length
- 9. S/P replantation after1 year
- 10.
- 11. Lister’s classification 1. Acceptablelength with poor soft tissue coverage 2. Subtotal amputation with questionable remaining length 3. Total amputation with preservation of the basal joint 4. Total amputation with loss of the basal joint
- 12. •Secondary healing •FTSG orSSG •Palmar advancement flap – Moberg flap •Cross finger flap •FDMA flaps. •Other neurovascular island based flaps Acceptable length with poor soft tissue coverage
- 13. Moberg flap Pre -op Intra-op Intra-op Post-op day 30
- 14. Exposed terminal phalanx ofleft thumb SRAP FLAP MARKEDFlexion contracture of lP joint 23 yrs old male with h/o electrical injury with exposed terminal phalanx of left thumb, flexion contracture of lP joint Superficial radial artery free flap
- 15. Donor site Post op-Contracture released and exposed bone covered Post Op findings Dissected flap with the pedicle
- 16. Subtotal amputation withquestionable remaining length •Phalangisation i. Small web space deepening – either skin grafting or Z plasties, Cross arm flap ii. Large web space deepening– Dorsal hand flap, RAFF,PIA.
- 17. Right thumb amputatedat MCP level Distraction frame and osteotomy Thumb amputated at MCP Level
- 18. Pinch grip After 45days of MC lengthening Reconstructed thumb Thumb opposition
- 20. Aesthesis Advantages by thismethod Easy and economical, No donor site morbidity Disadvantages Pin migration or loosening and pin-tract infections Static thumb Poor aesthetics Fine movements
- 21. Total amputation withpreservation of basal joint •Osteoplastic reconstruction •Composite Radial forearm flap •Pollicisation / On-top plasty •Toe transfer
- 22. Osteoplastic Thumb Reconstruction 6.Arshad R. Muzaffar, M.D., James J. Chao, M.D., and Jeffrey B. Freidrich, M.D.Post trauma thumb reconstruction, , plastic recon surg , october 2005 ,104(6)
- 23. Post op appearance Results OsteoplasticRecon with Groin flap and iliac crest bone graft
- 24.
- 25. RTA with amputationof right index and thumb Amputation of Thumb at pp level and index finger at MCP level Post Op result after 6 months post op – pollicised index finger
- 26. Primary pollicisation ofindex finger Post op after 4 months
- 27. Total amputation withloss of the basal joint •Pollicization •Toe to thumb transfer
- 28. Right thumb deformitys/p Recon of Amputated thumb with groin flap pre op findings Toe-to-Thumb Transfer
- 29. 2nd toe Specimen Postop after 1 monthpost op after 1month pre op marking for 2nd toe to thumb transfer
- 30. Functional improvement after3 months
- 31. Left thumb softtissue injury pre op Amputation at DIP level for the left thumb Trimmed toe to hand transfer Great toe v/s 2 nd toe transfer 1. Aesthetics 2. Functional improvement 3. Donor site morbidity
- 32. Post op photoPost op photo Pre op markings for the component transfer Post op photo
- 33.
- 34. •Challenging and rewardingsurgical endeavour. •The best results are obtained with replantation or revascularization whenever possible. •Patient’s post-traumatic function and specific reconstructive needs CONCLUSION
- 35. ▪ Improve patientreported outcomes and evidence based medicine ▪ 3 D printing and computer aided designing for complicated pre op designing ▪Robotic surgery could be a potential ▪ Durable osteo-integrated prosthetics ▪Perforator flap surgery advent – Princeps pollicis Future
- 36. References 1.Richard W. Young,Evolution of the human hand: the role of throwing and Clubbing, J. Anat. (2003) 202, pp165– 174 2. Napier, J. R. The prehensile movements of the human hand. J.Bone Joint Surg. (Br.) 38: 902, 1956. 3.Heitmann C and Levin LS, Alternatives to thumb replantation, plastic recon surg 2002 Nov110(6) 4.Lister G,The choice of procedure following thumb amputation, J Clinical orthop 195.85.1985 5.Greens operative hand surgery 5th edition, chap-thumb reconstruction 6. Arshad R. Muzaffar, M.D., James J. Chao, M.D., and Jeffrey B. Freidrich, M.D.Post trauma thumb reconstruction, , plastic recon surg , october 2005 ,104(6)
Editor's Notes
- #3 There is a an old saying – “ The thumb is half the hand” The evolution of the human thumb as we know it today is diferent from the primate’s thumb due to the 3 basic grips – pad to side grip. 3 jawed chuck, 5 jawed cradle chuck, all of which are dependent on a fully functional thumb.
- #5 Replantation is the best option wherever possible. Opposition necessitates length strength stability and mobility Uniquely positioned at approximately 60 to 80 degrees to the plane of the metacarpal arch. Capacity of circumduction The carpo metacarpal joint provides a greater degree of mobility.
- #6 As outlined by Heitmann and Levin, consist of the following[3] : Sensate and non-tender thumb tip Stability at IP and MCP joints Adequate strength Correct posture and positioning of the thumb with a wide web space Mobility of the CMC joint with intrinsic muscles to aid prehension
- #7 Thumb replatation is the best method to achieve maximum function and sensations after traumatic amputation
- #11 The levels of amputation are as follows This clinical usefuless is better with ……
- #13 In this case, the Chief priority is soft tissue coverage and – a pain free sensory thumb tip would be the main goal. Compensation amputation zone – because it rarely results in ay significant defects. Following the reconstructive ladder, the first rung would be to allow it to heal secondarily....... Moberg – palmar thumb defects > 1 cm but less than 2 cm Last 2 usualy for dorsal defects
- #14 This patient had sustained a crush injury to the right thumb, and necrosis of the distal one third. Right handed individual. The only earning member of his family working as a medical scribe and required reconstruction of the tip. Hence the Moberg flap was done. For volar thumb pad defects greater than 1 but less than 2 cm
- #16 Advantages – Sensate and good mobility Disadvantages – Donor site morbidity. Cost and expertise.
- #17 (deepening of the first web space) Phalangisation increases the relative length of the thumb.
- #18 A 23 yrs old female Thumb amputated at the MCP level for which primary wound closure done. Right handed individul from a Lower socio- economic class Meta Carpal distraction was planned do decrease cost and down time Initial osteotomy and distraction frame placement done on day care basis. Quarter turn every 6 hours per day. And 1 mm increase per day Desired length was obtained after around 45 days of distraction. Splinted for 2 months. Physiotherapy. 2 stage procedure Distractrtion frame and then 4 flap z pasty for phalangisation and K wire fixation for immobilisation
- #19 OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES Linear incision over the dorsum of the first metacarpal. Retract the extensor tendons to expose the bone. Mark the planned osteotomy site. Place the fixation hardware Transverse osteotomy with an oscillating saw. Apply the distraction apparatus. POSTOPERATIVE CARE Distract the metacarpal at 1 to 1.5 mm/day for 25 to 35 days* Post distraction immobilisation splint in the 1:2 ratio*.
- #21 2 stage procedure Distractrtion frame and then 4 flap z pasty and K wiring for imobilisation
- #22 All theses techniques aim at increasing the absolute length of the thumb.
- #23 Reconstruction using a bone graft which is covered with a pedicled flap
- #24 Variations Gillies “cocked-hat” flap Biemer and Stock composite flaps based on the pedicled radial forearm flap Moberg and Littler neurovascular island pedicle transfer for improving sensation Draw backs Inability to provide adequate sensory perception Significant resorption of the bone graft inside the pedicle Cosmetically less appealing Multiple operative procedure Donor site morbidity Less mobility after surgery
- #25 OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES Incise around the palmar base of the index finger near the MCP joint. Extend incision dorsally. Raise the dorsal flaps till MCP level. Identify the radial digital nerve/artery and flexor tendons . Radial digital artery to the long finger, ligate away from the bifurcation of the CDA. Tease apart the digital nerves to the ulnar index and radial long finger into the palm Separate the second intermetacarpal space Expose the 2nd metacarpal subperiosteally and Obliquely osteotomize at its base.Resect if needed Transfer and fix the index stump to the residual thumb metacarpal Transfer the lateral flap into the new web defect. POSTOPERATIVE CARE Cast/ thumb spica until bony union occurs Web spacer splint Active and passive range-of-motion exercises
- #26 Indications of pollicisation is where there is – Loss of thumb at or near MP joint level with concomitatnt partial amputation of the index finger. As a result of which the number of cases are infrequent. Nevertheless, the pollicised digit makes for an excellent functional and sensate thumb
- #28 Loss in proximal third of the thumb are not adaptable and are challenging. Entire thumb ray requires restoration Microsurgical methods are now the standard for losses at this level. Pollicization of the index finger remains in cases with concomitant damaged index fingers. Free toe transfers remain the gold standard at this level.
- #29 Deformity right thumb s/p groin flap reconstruction for amputated thumb. he was a Right handed, was concerned about the functional improvement. Clerical job. Right hand had only middle and ring fingers left. Patient didn't want to sacrifice great toe (which happens often) and hence 2nd toe was transferred.
- #33 Advtgs – cosmetically good. Good function and sensation. Disadvantages – Donor site morbidity
- #34 Before reconstruction, the following questions must be asked. What is The level of amputation? What is the status of the first web space? Are there any remaining viable digits? Is the basal joint intact? And finally, what are the patient’s needs and expectations from the surgery?
- #36 Physiological tremor suppresion and user friendly ergonomics ad ultra-precise control of instruments. Perforator flap surgery (microsurgery without the microscope) advent – Princeps pollicis