2. A physician who specializes in the treatment of women is
called a
Gynecologist
Pronunciation (gī′nĕ-kol′ŏ-jist)
Gynecological examination is quite
from the Greek word, gynaika intimate, more so than a routine
(γυναίκα) meaning woman physical exam.
It requires a unique instrument such
as the speculum. The speculum
medical practice dealing with the consists of two hinged blades of
health of the female reproductive metal or plastic which are inserted
system (uterus, vagina, and into the vagina to retract the tissues
ovaries). Literally, outside of the vagina to permit examination
medicine, it means "the science of of the cervix, the lower part of the
women". uterus located within the upper
portion of the vagina.
the main tools of diagnosis are Gynecologists typically do a
clinical history and examination bimanual examination (one hand on
the abdomen and one or two fingers
in the vagina) to palpate the
Male gynecologists may have a cervix, uterus, ovaries and bony
female chaperone for their pelvis. It is not uncommon to do a
examination. rectovaginal examination for
complete evaluation of the
pelvis, particularly if any suspicious
masses are appreciated. An
abdominal and/or vaginal ultrasound
can be used to confirm any
abnormalities appreciated with the
bimanual examination or when
indicated by the patient's history.
3. CONT. GYNECOLOGIST
operations that gynecologists perform include:
Dilation and curettage (removal of the uterine contents for various reasons, including
completing a partial miscarriage and diagnostic sampling for dysfunctional uterine
bleeding refractive to medical therapy)
Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
Oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries)
Tubal ligation
Hysteroscopy Diagnostic laparoscopy – used to diagnose and treat sources of pelvic and
abdominal pain; perhaps most famously used to provide definitive diagnosis of
endometriosis.
Exploratory laparotomy – may be used to investigate the level of progression of benign or
malignant disease, or to assess and repair damage to the pelvic organs.
Various surgical treatments for urinary incontinence, including cystoscopy and sub-
urethral slings.
Surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapsed, including correction of cystocele and
rectocele.
Appendectomy – often performed to remove site of painful endometriosis implantation
and/or prophylactic ally (against future acute appendicitis) at the time of hysterectomy or
Caesarean section. May also be performed as part of a staging operation for ovarian
cancer.
4. The organ in which the developing fetus resided is called
the
Uterus
Pronunciation (yū'tər-əs)
The uterus (womb) is a hollow,
pear-shaped organ located in a
woman's lower abdomen between
the bladder and the rectum. The
narrow, lower portion of the uterus
is the cervix; the broader, upper
part is the corpus. The corpus is
made up of two layers of tissue.
In some teens and women, the
inner layer of the uterus
(endometrium) goes through a
series of monthly changes known
as the menstrual cycle. Each
month, endometrial tissue grows
and thickens in preparation to
receive a fertilized egg.
Menstruation occurs when this
tissue is not used, disintegrates,
and passes out through the
vagina.
The outer layer of the corpus
(myometrium) is muscular tissue
that expands during pregnancy to
hold the growing fetus and
contracts during labor to deliver
5. CONT. UTERUS
•There are several factors
that can have an impact on
the health of the uterus
such as previous surgery,
body weight, hormone
therapy, oral
contraceptives and family
history.
•Some of the health
problems that can involve
the uterus include cancer,
endometriosis, uterine
fibroids, adenomyosis and
uterine polyps
6. The tubes that extend from the outer edges of the uterus
and assist in the transporting the ova and sperm are called
the
Fallopian Tubes
Pronunciation (fal·lo·pi·an tube) The mucous membrane lining the
fallopian tube gives off secretions
also called oviduct or uterine tube that help to transport the sperm
and the egg and to keep them
a pair of long narrow ducts located alive. The major constituents of the
in the human female abdominal fluid are
cavity (either)that transport the calcium, sodium, chloride, glucose
sperm cells to the egg (a
sugar), proteins, bicarbonates, and
provide a suitable environment for lactic acid. The bicarbonates and
fertilization, and transport the egg lactic acid are vital to the sperm’s
from the ovary, where it is use of oxygen, and they also help
the egg to develop once it is
produced, to the central channel fertilized. Glucose is a nutrient for
(lumen) of the uterus. the egg and sperm, whereas the
rest of the chemicals provide an
appropriate environment for
Each fallopian tube is 10–13 cm fertilization to occur.
(4–5 inches) long and 0.5–1.2 cm
(0.2–0.6 inch) in diameter. Besides the cells that secrete
fluids, the mucous membrane
The channel of the tube is lined contains cells that have fine hair
with a layer of mucous membrane like structures called cilia; the cilia
that has many folds and papillae— help to move the egg and sperm
small cone-shaped projections of through the fallopian tubes
tissue.
7. Over the mucous membrane are Leading from the infundibulum is
three layers of muscle tissue; the long central portion of the
the innermost layer has spirally fallopian tube called the ampulla.
arranged fibers, the middle layer The isthmus is a small region,
has circular fibers, and the only about 2 cm (0.8 inch) long,
outermost sheath has that connects the ampulla and
longitudinal fibers that end in infundibulum to the uterus.
many fingerlike branches The final region of the fallopian
(fimbriae) near the tube, known as the intramural, or
ovaries, forming a funnel-shaped uterine, part, is located in the top
depository called the portion (fundus) of the uterus; it is
infundibulum. a narrow tube continuous with the
The infundibulum catches and isthmus, and it leads through the
channels the released eggs; it is thick uterine wall to the uterine
the wide distal (outermost) cavity, where fertilized eggs
portion of each fallopian tube. normally attach and develop. The
The endings of the fimbriae channel of the intramural duct is
extend over the ovary; they the narrowest part of the fallopian
contract close to the ovary’s tube.
surface during ovulation in order
to guide the free egg.
