Improving Energy Efficiency in Optical NetworksIJEEE
This paper presents an energy saving technique for optical networks without loss of dignity of Quality of service. This paper emphasis on the energy minimization of technologies in optical network. One simple method toconsume energy is to switched off an unused element, so the power consumption cuts by around 20% and network resources saved by 29%.
Channel Overlapping Between IMT-Advanced Users and Fixed Satellite ServiceEECJOURNAL
The Novel technique to modulate the nulls in the radiation pattern of IMT-Advanced base station (BS) towards the fixed satellite service is (FSS) affirmed in this paper. Designing a new algorithm to extract the nulls in the forbidding area and other base on MUSIC algorithm to estimate the direction of mobile user and control the handover technique is our major concern. A scenario of two mobile users (MS) moving around one FSS had been exclusively studied and simulated. Calculating the shortest separation distance after identifying the critical point and compare the result with the recent recommendation had shown how magnificent coexistence and spectrum sharing we can get.
Development of patch stack antenna for CP-SAR sensorjournalBEEI
In this paper, we obtain the basic configuration of the left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) array two patches stack triangular truncated microstrip antenna. This construction use the basic corporate feed microstrip-line with modified lossless T-junction power divider on radiating patch for circularly polarized-synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) sensor embedded on airspace with compact, small, and simple configuration. The design of Circular Polarization (CP) is realized by truncating the whole three tips and adjusting the parameters of antenna at the resonant frequency, f=5.2 GHz. The results of characteristic performance and S-parameter for the LHCP array two patches stack antenna at the resonant frequency show successively about 7.24 dBic of gain, 1.99 dB of axial ratio (Ar), and -11.43 dB of S-parameter. Moreover, the impedance bandwidth and the 3 dB-Ar bandwidth of this antenna are around 560 MHz (10.77%) and 50 MHz (0.96%), respectively.
Digital Beamforming for Simultaneous Power and Information Transmission in Wi...idescitation
This paper proposes a Beamforming algorithm for
simultaneous transmission of information and power in multi-
antenna linear array system. Here we considered three node
system in which transmitter and receiver are largely separated
from each other whereas energy harvesting circuit is co-
located with the information receiver i.e. encounters the same
channel from the transmitter. Our primary motto is to
maximize the energy harvested by the harvester circuit, at
the same time maintaining the information rate above a
certain threshold level. Firstly, we used an algorithm to steer
the antenna beam in a desired direction. Secondly, we
combined this algorithm with another algorithm that
maximizes the harvested energy. The hybrid algorithm
produces an improvement in the result in terms of received
signal level and side-lobe level. Finally, simulation results
are presented to justify the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm.
Real Time Implementation of Adaptive Beam former for Phased Array Radar over ...CSCJournals
Mechanical positioners, rotating antennas and large size of early generation radars limited the capability of the radar system to track laterally accelerating targets. Electronic Scanning Array (ESA) such as used in Phased Array Radar (PAR) overcomed these limitations by providing beam agility, good response time, variable scan rates and efficient use of energy. Early PAR systems used analog phase shifting schemes that caused variations and component failures resulting in overall degradation of radar performance. With the advent of new technology and high performance embedded systems, digital beamforming has become powerful enough to perform massive operations required for real time digital beamforming. MATLAB simulation of adaptive beamformer is presented in this paper. Real time implementation of adaptive beamformer over DSP kit (TMS320C6713) was also carried out and results were compared with MATLAB simulations. GUI was also made in MATLAB for viewing results of real time implementation via real time data exchange. Developed system can be used in digital beamforming PAR provided array signals is routed to DSP kit through FPGA interfaced to high speed ADC’s.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improving Energy Efficiency in Optical NetworksIJEEE
This paper presents an energy saving technique for optical networks without loss of dignity of Quality of service. This paper emphasis on the energy minimization of technologies in optical network. One simple method toconsume energy is to switched off an unused element, so the power consumption cuts by around 20% and network resources saved by 29%.
Channel Overlapping Between IMT-Advanced Users and Fixed Satellite ServiceEECJOURNAL
The Novel technique to modulate the nulls in the radiation pattern of IMT-Advanced base station (BS) towards the fixed satellite service is (FSS) affirmed in this paper. Designing a new algorithm to extract the nulls in the forbidding area and other base on MUSIC algorithm to estimate the direction of mobile user and control the handover technique is our major concern. A scenario of two mobile users (MS) moving around one FSS had been exclusively studied and simulated. Calculating the shortest separation distance after identifying the critical point and compare the result with the recent recommendation had shown how magnificent coexistence and spectrum sharing we can get.
Development of patch stack antenna for CP-SAR sensorjournalBEEI
In this paper, we obtain the basic configuration of the left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) array two patches stack triangular truncated microstrip antenna. This construction use the basic corporate feed microstrip-line with modified lossless T-junction power divider on radiating patch for circularly polarized-synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) sensor embedded on airspace with compact, small, and simple configuration. The design of Circular Polarization (CP) is realized by truncating the whole three tips and adjusting the parameters of antenna at the resonant frequency, f=5.2 GHz. The results of characteristic performance and S-parameter for the LHCP array two patches stack antenna at the resonant frequency show successively about 7.24 dBic of gain, 1.99 dB of axial ratio (Ar), and -11.43 dB of S-parameter. Moreover, the impedance bandwidth and the 3 dB-Ar bandwidth of this antenna are around 560 MHz (10.77%) and 50 MHz (0.96%), respectively.
Digital Beamforming for Simultaneous Power and Information Transmission in Wi...idescitation
This paper proposes a Beamforming algorithm for
simultaneous transmission of information and power in multi-
antenna linear array system. Here we considered three node
system in which transmitter and receiver are largely separated
from each other whereas energy harvesting circuit is co-
located with the information receiver i.e. encounters the same
channel from the transmitter. Our primary motto is to
maximize the energy harvested by the harvester circuit, at
the same time maintaining the information rate above a
certain threshold level. Firstly, we used an algorithm to steer
the antenna beam in a desired direction. Secondly, we
combined this algorithm with another algorithm that
maximizes the harvested energy. The hybrid algorithm
produces an improvement in the result in terms of received
signal level and side-lobe level. Finally, simulation results
are presented to justify the effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm.
Real Time Implementation of Adaptive Beam former for Phased Array Radar over ...CSCJournals
Mechanical positioners, rotating antennas and large size of early generation radars limited the capability of the radar system to track laterally accelerating targets. Electronic Scanning Array (ESA) such as used in Phased Array Radar (PAR) overcomed these limitations by providing beam agility, good response time, variable scan rates and efficient use of energy. Early PAR systems used analog phase shifting schemes that caused variations and component failures resulting in overall degradation of radar performance. With the advent of new technology and high performance embedded systems, digital beamforming has become powerful enough to perform massive operations required for real time digital beamforming. MATLAB simulation of adaptive beamformer is presented in this paper. Real time implementation of adaptive beamformer over DSP kit (TMS320C6713) was also carried out and results were compared with MATLAB simulations. GUI was also made in MATLAB for viewing results of real time implementation via real time data exchange. Developed system can be used in digital beamforming PAR provided array signals is routed to DSP kit through FPGA interfaced to high speed ADC’s.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Incorporate ACO routing algorithm and mobile sink in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
Today, science and technology is developing, particularly the internet of things (IoT), there is an increasing demand in the sensor field to serve the requirements of individuals within modern life. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) was created to assist us to modernize our lives, saving labor, avoid dangers, and that bring high efficiency at work. There are many various routing protocols accustomed to increase the ability efficiency and network lifetime. However, network systems with one settled sink frequently endure from a hot spots issue since hubs close sinks take a lot of vitality to forward information amid the transmission method. In this paper, the authors proposed combining the colony optimization algorithm ant colony optimization (ACO) routing algorithm and mobile sink to deal with that drawback and extend the network life. The simulation results on MATLAB show that the proposed protocol has far better performance than studies within the same field.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY EFFICIENT COOPERATIVE MIMO AND COOPERATIVE RELAY IN...jantjournal
Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for
prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO
scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different
cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
Introduction to Location-based Applications
GSM- and GPS-based Positioning Control
Ericsson Mobile Positioning System (MPS)
Network-based Positioning Estimation Control
Signal Strength
Angle of Arrival (AOA)
Timing Advance (TA), CGI+TA
Uplink Time of Arrival (UL-TOA)
Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (U-TDOA)
MS-based Positioning Estimation Control
Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)
Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
Architecture of MPS
E911
Non-radiative wireless energy transfer with single layer dual-band printed sp...journalBEEI
Accomplishing equilibrium in terms of transfer efficiency for dual-band wireless energy transfer (WET) system remains as one of key concerns particularly in the implementation of a single transmitter device which supports simultaneous energy and data transfer functionality. Three stages of design method are discussed in addressing the aforementioned concern. A single layer dual-band printed spiral resonator for non-radiative wireless energy transfer operating at 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz is presented. By employing multi-coil approach, measured power transfer efficiency for a symmetrical link separated at axial distance of 30 mm are 72.34% and 74.02% at the respective frequency bands. When operating distance is varied between 30 mm to 38 mm, consistency of simulated peak transfer efficiency above 50% is achievable.
Robust Evolutionary Approach to Mitigate Low Frequency Oscillation in a Multi...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a new optimization algorithm
known as Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (MSFLA)
for optimal designing of PSSs controller. The design problem
of the proposed controller is formulated as an optimization
problem and MSFLA is employed to search for optimal
controller parameters. An eigenvalue based objective function
reflecting the combination of damping factor and damping
ratio is optimized for different operating conditions. The
proposed approach is applied to optimal design of multimachine
power system stabilizers. Three different power
systems, A Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB), four-machine
of Kundur and ten-machine New England systems are
considered. The obtained results are evaluated and compared
with other results obtained by Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear system simulations assure
the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller in
providing good damping characteristic to system oscillations
and enhancing the system dynamic stability under different
operating conditions and disturbances.
Survey paper on adaptive beamforming lms,nlms and rls algorithms for smart an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Smart antenna system is used to maximize the output power of signal in desired direction and minimize the power in unwanted direction. Smart antenna system consists of multiple numbers of elements. Basic concept in smart antenna technology is beam forming, it is mainly used to improve signal to noise ratio. Beam forming signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission and reception. And it possible by combining the elements in phased array in such a way that signals at particular angles experiences constructive interference and others are destructive interferences. In smart antenna system we are using various algorithms to calculate the weights of smart antenna arrays to increase the output in desired direction and reduce the power in unwanted direction We are using different types of arrays i.e. linear array, circular array, planar array . Different algorithms are used to adjust the weights of the smart antenna system Basically Weights are nothing but Amplitude and phase of the signal. Adaptive algorithms update the weights of the array elements. LMS algorithm provides less convergence speed, and that is depends on the step size. LMS algorithm is widely used in adaptive filter due to its relative low computational complexity, good stability and relatively good robustness against the implementation errors. To improve the convergence rate NLMS algorithm is used. LMS algorithm having constant step size but in NLMS algorithm step size is depends on data at each iteration. Whereas RLS algorithm having minimum bit error rate but it required more computations than the LSM algorithm.
Keywords: Beamforming, smart antenna, complex weight, array geometry, Array factor
NETWORK ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN WIRELESS ACCESS NETWORKSMadhav Thekkedath
Now a day smart phone users are increased and the energy consumption problem in mobile industry has become crucial. For the growth of mobile industry energy efficiency of the system must be improved. In order to improve the methods of network energy usage usually reduction of the Base Stations are to be employed.
The mobile industry faces a critical energy consumption challenge. By 2014 smart phones will exceed 1.82 billion units and surpass PCs as the most common web access devices. That’s why it is one of the important things. As all know that a smart is mainly for easy access to the network at anytime and anywhere. So it employs powering up all the Radio Base Stations (RBS’s) at maximum power. Since there are more number of service providers competition exist at the field of telecommunication. So it yields in more energy consumption to get monopoly among them. In the field of engineering, a system is usually designed to transform energy to useful work. Energy Efficiency can therefore be defined as the ratio of useful work to the total supplied energy. The useful work in a communication system refers to the effort to deliver modulated signals for information exchange. The definition of Energy Efficiency varies according to measured objects. There are two basic methods to measure Energy Efficiency. One way is to define Energy Efficiency as the ratio of efficient output power/energy to total input power/energy. This definition is widely used by systems and components such as power supply, Power Amplifiers, and antennas. The other way defines Energy Efficiency as the performance per unit of energy consumption.
The seminar gives a brief description about the methods to manage the network energy even when the on time access to network by mobile phones. Also gives a summary about existing and latest methodologies about the management in RBS’s.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
AN EFFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR WRAPPER AND TAM CO-OPTIMIZATION TO REDUCE TEST APP...IAEME Publication
System-on-Chip (SOC) designs composed of many embedded cores are ubiquitous in today’s integrated circuits. Each of these cores requires to be tested separately after manufacturing of the SoC. That’s why, modular testing is adopted for core-based SoCs, as it promotes test reuse and permits the cores to be tested without comprehensive knowledge about their internal structural details. Such modular testing triggers the need of a special test access mechanism (TAM) to build communication between core I/Os and TAM and promises to minimize overall test time. In this paper, various issues are analyzed to optimize the Wrapper and TAM, which comprises the optimal partitioning of TAM width, assignment of cores to partitioned TAM width etc.
Incorporate ACO routing algorithm and mobile sink in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
Today, science and technology is developing, particularly the internet of things (IoT), there is an increasing demand in the sensor field to serve the requirements of individuals within modern life. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) was created to assist us to modernize our lives, saving labor, avoid dangers, and that bring high efficiency at work. There are many various routing protocols accustomed to increase the ability efficiency and network lifetime. However, network systems with one settled sink frequently endure from a hot spots issue since hubs close sinks take a lot of vitality to forward information amid the transmission method. In this paper, the authors proposed combining the colony optimization algorithm ant colony optimization (ACO) routing algorithm and mobile sink to deal with that drawback and extend the network life. The simulation results on MATLAB show that the proposed protocol has far better performance than studies within the same field.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ENERGY EFFICIENT COOPERATIVE MIMO AND COOPERATIVE RELAY IN...jantjournal
Wireless sensor network consists of thousand number of sensor nodes employed in a wide range of data gathering application such as environmental gathering, military applications etc. Each sensor node in WS N are powered by battery having limited energy so it is very difficult to replace there batteries for
prolonged the network life time. Maximizing the network lifetime have been most important design goal for the network. In WSN channel fading and radio interference constitute a big dispute in design of energy efficient communication protocol. To reduce fading and energy consumption in WSN, MIMO MISO SISO
scheme is employed but implement multiple antenna technology to sensor network is improbable because of the sensor node generally support a single antenna. Cooperative scheme are utilized in WSN by applying the collective nature of the sensor nodes to provide reliable communication links in order to lower the total energy consumption. In this paper, the cooperative technique are inspected and by comparing different
cooperative techniques we can elect the best cooperative scheme for energy constrained WS N application.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
Introduction to Location-based Applications
GSM- and GPS-based Positioning Control
Ericsson Mobile Positioning System (MPS)
Network-based Positioning Estimation Control
Signal Strength
Angle of Arrival (AOA)
Timing Advance (TA), CGI+TA
Uplink Time of Arrival (UL-TOA)
Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (U-TDOA)
MS-based Positioning Estimation Control
Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)
Assisted GPS (A-GPS)
Architecture of MPS
E911
Non-radiative wireless energy transfer with single layer dual-band printed sp...journalBEEI
Accomplishing equilibrium in terms of transfer efficiency for dual-band wireless energy transfer (WET) system remains as one of key concerns particularly in the implementation of a single transmitter device which supports simultaneous energy and data transfer functionality. Three stages of design method are discussed in addressing the aforementioned concern. A single layer dual-band printed spiral resonator for non-radiative wireless energy transfer operating at 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz is presented. By employing multi-coil approach, measured power transfer efficiency for a symmetrical link separated at axial distance of 30 mm are 72.34% and 74.02% at the respective frequency bands. When operating distance is varied between 30 mm to 38 mm, consistency of simulated peak transfer efficiency above 50% is achievable.
Robust Evolutionary Approach to Mitigate Low Frequency Oscillation in a Multi...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a new optimization algorithm
known as Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (MSFLA)
for optimal designing of PSSs controller. The design problem
of the proposed controller is formulated as an optimization
problem and MSFLA is employed to search for optimal
controller parameters. An eigenvalue based objective function
reflecting the combination of damping factor and damping
ratio is optimized for different operating conditions. The
proposed approach is applied to optimal design of multimachine
power system stabilizers. Three different power
systems, A Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB), four-machine
of Kundur and ten-machine New England systems are
considered. The obtained results are evaluated and compared
with other results obtained by Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear system simulations assure
the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller in
providing good damping characteristic to system oscillations
and enhancing the system dynamic stability under different
operating conditions and disturbances.
Survey paper on adaptive beamforming lms,nlms and rls algorithms for smart an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Smart antenna system is used to maximize the output power of signal in desired direction and minimize the power in unwanted direction. Smart antenna system consists of multiple numbers of elements. Basic concept in smart antenna technology is beam forming, it is mainly used to improve signal to noise ratio. Beam forming signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission and reception. And it possible by combining the elements in phased array in such a way that signals at particular angles experiences constructive interference and others are destructive interferences. In smart antenna system we are using various algorithms to calculate the weights of smart antenna arrays to increase the output in desired direction and reduce the power in unwanted direction We are using different types of arrays i.e. linear array, circular array, planar array . Different algorithms are used to adjust the weights of the smart antenna system Basically Weights are nothing but Amplitude and phase of the signal. Adaptive algorithms update the weights of the array elements. LMS algorithm provides less convergence speed, and that is depends on the step size. LMS algorithm is widely used in adaptive filter due to its relative low computational complexity, good stability and relatively good robustness against the implementation errors. To improve the convergence rate NLMS algorithm is used. LMS algorithm having constant step size but in NLMS algorithm step size is depends on data at each iteration. Whereas RLS algorithm having minimum bit error rate but it required more computations than the LSM algorithm.
Keywords: Beamforming, smart antenna, complex weight, array geometry, Array factor
NETWORK ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN WIRELESS ACCESS NETWORKSMadhav Thekkedath
Now a day smart phone users are increased and the energy consumption problem in mobile industry has become crucial. For the growth of mobile industry energy efficiency of the system must be improved. In order to improve the methods of network energy usage usually reduction of the Base Stations are to be employed.
The mobile industry faces a critical energy consumption challenge. By 2014 smart phones will exceed 1.82 billion units and surpass PCs as the most common web access devices. That’s why it is one of the important things. As all know that a smart is mainly for easy access to the network at anytime and anywhere. So it employs powering up all the Radio Base Stations (RBS’s) at maximum power. Since there are more number of service providers competition exist at the field of telecommunication. So it yields in more energy consumption to get monopoly among them. In the field of engineering, a system is usually designed to transform energy to useful work. Energy Efficiency can therefore be defined as the ratio of useful work to the total supplied energy. The useful work in a communication system refers to the effort to deliver modulated signals for information exchange. The definition of Energy Efficiency varies according to measured objects. There are two basic methods to measure Energy Efficiency. One way is to define Energy Efficiency as the ratio of efficient output power/energy to total input power/energy. This definition is widely used by systems and components such as power supply, Power Amplifiers, and antennas. The other way defines Energy Efficiency as the performance per unit of energy consumption.
The seminar gives a brief description about the methods to manage the network energy even when the on time access to network by mobile phones. Also gives a summary about existing and latest methodologies about the management in RBS’s.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
AN EFFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR WRAPPER AND TAM CO-OPTIMIZATION TO REDUCE TEST APP...IAEME Publication
System-on-Chip (SOC) designs composed of many embedded cores are ubiquitous in today’s integrated circuits. Each of these cores requires to be tested separately after manufacturing of the SoC. That’s why, modular testing is adopted for core-based SoCs, as it promotes test reuse and permits the cores to be tested without comprehensive knowledge about their internal structural details. Such modular testing triggers the need of a special test access mechanism (TAM) to build communication between core I/Os and TAM and promises to minimize overall test time. In this paper, various issues are analyzed to optimize the Wrapper and TAM, which comprises the optimal partitioning of TAM width, assignment of cores to partitioned TAM width etc.
Workly is a perfect time and attendance solution for small and medium businesses. Here are 6 reasons that prove this statement. Learn more at: www.workly.io
منذ أول إصدار للمواصفة الدولية لنظم السلامة والصحة المهنية OHSAS 18001، أصبحت هى المواصفة الدولية والمرجعية المعتمدة لتقييم وإعتماد نظم إدارة السلامة والصحة المهنية. اليوم، وبعد مرور 16 عاما، يجري وضع مواصفة ISO جديدة لتحل محل OHSAS 18001؛ وتم تسميتها ISO 45001.
Strategizing Big Data in Telco
Big data feels to be a very hot topic nowadays. Some industries depend on it completely, some have opportunities to roll out their strategies and execute, some just considering when it is a right time to hop in.
To my mind, Big Data is not about technology. Big data is about people generating data and data used for the benefit of people.
Big data is a pool of activities intended at processing the data a company owns (internal and external) so that to open new revenue opportunities, minimize costs and enhance UX.
I had some ideas and thoughts on what telecommunication companies may start from in formulating the Big Data Strategy and so packed some of the most important pieces of thoughts into a small presentation.
What is the difference between Small Data and Big Data?
What kind of data is used currently and which is to be relied on a new paradigm?
What kind of products are expected from telcos?
My personal ranking of operators in terms of their Big Data execution
What are the stages telcos should pass through to become a Big Data operator?
Prerequisites for Big Data transformation
Please take a look at the presentation to find answers to these questions and feel free to share your opinion.
Thanks!
"Marshroute: удобный и расширяемый роутинг в iOS-приложении" Тимур Юсипов (Av...AvitoTech
В своём докладе я расскажу о подходе к построению навигации в больших приложениях на примере демо-проекта, приближенного по архитектуре к приложению Avito. Данная архитектура позволяет поддерживать DeepLink’и и iPad в существующем приложении, показывать плашки Push-уведомлений в верхнем видимом модуле, совершать переходы из верхнего видимого модуля, вызванные корневым модулем приложения, а также централизовано управлять анимацией переходов. Разработанная нами навигация оборачивает UIKit для совершения переходов в засахаренном и декларативном стиле. Использование этой системы позволило снизить связанность кода для повышения его переиспользуемости и тестируемости, а также выработать общие стандарты к построению стека навигации.
Встреча iOS-разработчиков @ Avito #2 - 24 сентября 2016
3 d single gaas co axial nanowire solar cell for nanopillar-array photovoltai...ijcsa
Nanopillar array photovoltaics give unique advantages over today’s planar thin films in the areas of
optical properties and carrier collection, arising from their 3D geometry. The choice of the material
system, however, is essential in order to gain the advantage of the large surface/interface area associated
with nanopillars. Therefore, a well known Si and GaAs material are used in the design and studied in this
nanowire application. This work calculates and analyses the performance of the coaxial GaAs nanowire
and compared with that of Si nanowire using a semi-classical method. The current-voltage characteristics
are investigated for both under dark and AM1.5G illumination. It is found that GaAs nanowire gives almost
double efficiency with its counterpart Si nanowire. Their TCAD simulations can be validated reasonably
with that of published experimental result.
Computational Investigation of Asymmetric Coplanar Waveguides Using Neural Ne...Konstantinos Karamichalis
In order to compute the characteristic impedance and the relative effective dielectric constant of an
asymmetric coplanar waveguide with infinite or finite dielectric thickness, the use of artificial neural networks
is valuable. The method of neural computing presented in this paper uses only one neural model for both
parameters, for this specific waveguide type. The BFGS quasi-Newton back-propagation algorithm was used to
train the developed neural network. Numerical results are given for several configurations along with
comparisons with previously published data.
This paper provides an insight of a new, leaky-wave antenna (LWA) array. It holds the ability to digitally steer its beam at a fixed frequency by utilizing only two state of bias voltage. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a fixed frequency via PIN diodes switches. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip LWA (HWMLWA) array. The antenna is made up of the following basic structures: two elements and reconfigurable control cell with each being comprised of two diodes and two triangle patches. A double gap capacitor in each unit cell is independently disconnected or connected via PIN diode switch to achieve fixed-frequency control radiation pattern. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 61o and 19o at 4.2 GHz. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 15 dBi at 4.2 GHz beam scanning range.
Radiation beam scanning for leaky wave antenna by using slotsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper provides an insight of a new, microstrip leaky wave antenna. It holds the ability to continue steer its beam at a swapping frequency. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a band frequency via vertical and horizontal slots. The enhancement is realized by etching horizontal and vertical slots on the radiation element. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip leaky wave antenna (LWA). The antenna is made up of the following basic structures group’s vertical and horizontal slots. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The radiation pattern direction changes by sweeping the operating frequency between 4 GHz to 6 GHz.The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 15o and 55o. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 10 dBi at 4.3 GHz beam scanning range.
This paper presents application and control of the gate-controlled series capacitor (GCSC) for series compensation and subsynchronous resonance (SSR) damping in doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms. The GCSC is a new series FACTS device composed of a fixed capacitor in parallel with a pair of antiparallel gate-commuted switches. The study considers a DFIG-based wind farm, which is connected to a series-compensated transmission line whose parameters are derived from the IEEE first benchmark model for computer simulation of the SSR. The small-signal stability analysis of the system is presented, and the eigenvalues of the system are obtained. Using both modal analysis and time-domain simulation, it is shown that the system is potentially unstable due to the SSR mode. Therefore, the wind farm is equipped with a GCSC to solve the instability of the wind farm resulting from the SSR mode, and an SSR damping controller (SSRDC) is designed for this device using residue-based analysis and root locus diagrams. Using residue-based analysis, the optimal input control signal to the SSRDC is identified, which can damp the SSR mode without destabilizing other modes, and using root-locus analysis, the required gain for the SSRDC is determined. MATLAB/Simulink is used as a tool for modeling, design, and time-domain simulations.
LHCP four patches stack triangular truncated antenna using corporate feed mic...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we acquire the configuration of the left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) array four patches stack triangular truncated microstrip antenna. This construction use the basic corporate feed microstrip-line with modified lossless T-junction power divider on radiating patch for circularly polarized-synthetic aperture radar (CP-SAR) sensor embedded on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with compact, small, and simple configuration. The design of circular polarization (CP) is realized by truncating the whole three tips and adjusting the parameters of antenna at the target frequency, f=5.2 GHz. The results of characteristic performance and S-parameter for the LHCP array four patches stack antenna at the target frequency show successively about 9.74 dBic of gain, 2.89 dB of axial ratio (Ar), and −10.91 dB of S-parameter. Moreover, the impedance bandwidth and the 3 dB-Ar bandwidth of this antenna are around 410 MHz (7.89%) and 100 MHz (1.92%), respectively.
Coverage and Connectivity Aware Neural Network Based Energy Efficient Routing...graphhoc
There are many challenges when designing and deploying wireless sensor networks (WSNs). One of the key challenges is how to make full use of the limited energy to prolong the lifetime of the network, because energy is a valuable resource in WSNs. The status of energy consumption should be continuously monitored after network deployment. In this paper, we propose coverage and connectivity aware neural network based energy efficient routing in WSN with the objective of maximizing the network lifetime. In the proposed scheme, the problem is formulated as linear programming (LP) with coverage and connectivity aware constraints. Cluster head selection is proposed using adaptive learning in neural networks followed by coverage and connectivity aware routing with data transmission. The proposed scheme is compared with existing schemes with respect to the parameters such as number of alive nodes, packet delivery fraction, and node residual energy. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can be used in wide area of applications in WSNs.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF MIMO COOPERATIVE NETWORKS WITH ENERGY HARVESTING SENSOR ...ijasuc
This paper addresses the maximizing network lifetime problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) taking
into account the total Symbol Error rate (SER) at destination. Therefore, efficient power management is
needed for extend network lifetime. Our approach consists to provide the optimal transmission power
using the orthogonal multiple access channels between each sensor. In order to deeply study the
properties of our approach, firstly, the simple case is considered; the information sensed by the source
node passes by a single relay before reaching the destination node. Secondly, global case is studied; the
information passes by several relays. We consider, in the previous both cases, that the batteries are nonrechargeable. Thirdly, we spread our work the case where the batteries are rechargeable with unlimited
storage capacity. In all three cases, we suppose that Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is used as a
detector, and Amplify and Forward (AF) as a relaying strategy. Simulation results show the viability of
our approach which the network lifetime is extended of more than 70.72%when the batteries are non
rechargeable and 100.51% when the batteries are rechargeable in comparison with other traditional
method.
Resonance frequency analysis of laser optical fiber based on microcantileverIJECEIAES
The normal frequency of smart beams was originated utilizing FEM [Ansys and Comsol] code for first five modes by varying the position of actuator from the fixed end of the structure, and it has a suitable arrangement with analytically found the standard frequency. This paper includes learning a resonance frequency analysis of laser optical fiber based on microcantilever of designing magnetic actuator using Ansys and Comsol simulation. The design of optical fiber includes Nickel cantilever, two magnets and one coil that apply to force on the cantilever. After the current flows in the coil domain, the shape of microcantilever will be deformed. It will move to z- direction that depends on the force direction. Two methods including, Comsol Multiphysics, Ansys and analytical equations have been utilized to calculate the resonance frequency, current and force values. The simulation results include calculating the current (magnetic current density) and effects of the magnetic field of the coil on the cantilever (force calculation). Utilizing this method is to limit faults(errors) of optical fiber laser between transmitter and receiver system (detection system) for any time of cutting coil when the signal of a laser passes through the coil. In conculsions, resonant frequency (f_n) tuning using cantilivier presented in the resrach have larger variable range by using simulations. However,the adjusting of the system and changing the deminsions.Resolutions to this problematic contain tuning the modes of resonant frequency to produce by cantilivier with 2-magnets and coil when the signal pass from laser source. Based on these simulations and characterization results, the proposed assembly can be a good applicant for evolving a low price, high material platform for many biological, laser optical fiber, communication, machine learning, biosensors and biomedical applications.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transient
THPSM16
1. DESIGN OF A COMPACT X-BAND LINAC STRUCTURE
FOR KAERI-RTX-ISU MEDICAL CYBERKNIFE PROJECT
C. Eckman1∗
, P. Buaphad1
, Y. Kim1,2
, T. Downer1
, A. Andrews1
, B. N. Lee3
, B. C. Lee3
, S. Y. Ryoo4
1
Department of Physics, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
2
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
3
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 305-353, Korea
4
Radiation Technology eXcellence, Daejeon 305-353, Korea
Abstract
Recently, the Advanced Accelerator and Ultrafast beam
Lab (AAUL) at Idaho State University (ISU), has been
developing an X-band linac for the medical CyberKnife
project by collaborating with Korean Atomic Energy Re-
search Institute (KAERI) and Radiation Technology eX-
cellence (RTX) [1–3]. The medical CyberKnife is essen-
tially an X-band linac, which is attached to a robotic arm
for precise cancer treatment. The X-band linac has con-
siderable advantages in cancer treatment over C-band or
other RF linacs, partly due to its compact size and light
weight. These qualities make the X-band linac easier to
attach to a robotic arm, thus making it more maneuver-
able. Other advantages include a higher accelerating gra-
dient and a higher shunt impedance. Since high mobil-
ity is necessary for precise cancer treatment, the compact
X-band RF linac was selected for the CyberKnife project.
This paper describes detailed design processes of the X-
band linac structure, which was done with 2D SUPERFISH
and 3D CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS) electro-
magnetic simulation programs.
INTRODUCTION
Recently, ISU AAUL, KAERI, and RTX have been de-
veloping an X-band Standing Wave (SW) RF linac for the
CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery system. CyberKnife is
a non-invasive cancer treatment technique, which can be
used for a multitude of cancers or tumors in the human
body [4]. By adjusting a robotic arm housing the X-band
linac precisely, CyberKnife can target with pinpoint accu-
racy. The X-band linac is used to deliver high doses of radi-
ation directly to the cancer or tumorous areas. This process
is a major improvement over older and harsher cancer treat-
ment techniques and has the potential to save thousands of
lives. The expected parameters of the X-band linac for the
CyberKnife project is summarized in Table 1. The X-band
linac consists of a π-mode SW linac structure with 15 cells
and a coupler as shown in Fig. 1. By using the π-mode, a
higher shunt impedance and a higher gradient can be ob-
tained [5]. For the RF power source of the linac, an X-band
coaxial pulsed magnetron manufactured by L-3 Commu-
nications was selected [6]. Therefore, the linac was opti-
mized to make an RF resonance at 9.3 GHz.
∗ cryptoscientia@gmail.com
Table 1: Parameters of an optimized X-band linac.
Parameter Value Unit
length of the linac 0.25 m
initial beam energy from gun 20 keV
maximum beam energy at linac exit 6 MeV
RF frequency 9.3 GHz
maximum RF input power 2.36 MW
shunt impedance 78 MΩ/m
maximum energy gain per cell 400 keV
unloaded quality factor 8306 ·
external quality factor 7099 ·
By knowing the RF resonant frequency, the cell lengths
and cell radii of the linac structure can be calculated in ad-
vance. The cell length l of the π-mode SW linac structure
is given by
l = β
λRF
2
, (1)
where β is the relativistic velocity of electrons, and λRF is
the RF wavelength of the linac structure [1]. In our linac
design, the bunching cells in the linac structure correspond
to the cells where β is smaller than 0.95. All these ini-
tial conditions were used in 2D SUPERFISH simulation
to find a basic geometry of the linac structure. A MAT-
LAB program was developed to work in conjunction with
the 2D SUPERFISH program to design basic geometries
of each bunching cell and nominal accelerating cell. These
individual cells are then combined in series to form a full
linac structure with good electric field symmetry. There-
fore, we can save our working time to find full geome-
try of the X-band linac structure with good electric field
symmetry by using the homemade MATLAB and SUPER-
FISH combined program. Then, 3D CST MWS was used
to optimize the linac structure and coupler by starting with
the full geometry generated by the MATLAB and SUPER-
FISH combined program. Once the design is completed
with CST MWS, it will serve as a blueprint for an actual
working model.
2D SUPERFISH SIMULATION
SUPERFISH is a 2D electromagnetic field solver cre-
ated and distributed by the Los Alamos National Labo-
ratory to evaluate cylindrically symmetric RF accelerator
cavities [7]. The cells in the X-band SW RF linac structure
2. Figure 1: 3D CST MWS simulation result for an X-band linac structure with 15 cells summarized in Table 2
were individually modeled using the SUPERFISH ellipti-
cal cavity tuning program ELLFISH. ELLFISH tunes an
elliptical cell for explicit beam parameters and geometric
constraints by making slight adjustments in the geometry
of the cell. The geometric constraints are determined by the
parameters of the electron beam. In this case, unbunched
electron beam enters the linac structure with kinetic energy
of 20 keV from the electron gun. Then, the bunching will
be developed at bunching cells in the linac structure. The
linac accelerates the electron beam through each cell in the
structure and exits with a total energy of 6 MeV.
Figure 2: 2D SUPERFISH simulation result for a linac
structure with four bunching cells.
The field symmetry along the linac cells is dependent
upon the radius of the linac cells as summarized in Table 2.
The semi-major and semi-minor ellipses of the elliptical
cells can be calculated from the cell length, cell radius, and
the desired septum thickness and iris radius. ISU AAUL
has developed a MATLAB program to expedite the model-
ing of the linac structure with several bunching and nomi-
nal accelerating cells. The boundary constraints for the SW
π-mode in the linac are hard coded into the program. The
program allows for the user to input a desired frequency,
the β values for the bunching cells and nominal cells with
β = 1, and the desired iris radius. The program also offers
an option to specify the mesh size and to add an extended
beamline to the structure. The MATLAB program writes
the geometrical parameters, calculated from the data input
by the user, to several ELLFISH control files. ELLFISH
executes each control file, optimizes the geometry for each
cell, and writes the optimized geometries to a set of out-
put files. The MATLAB program splices the individually
optimized cell geometries, writes the multi-cell geometry
to a single control file, and executes the control file in Aut-
ofish. Autofish performs an electromagnetic analysis of the
multi-cell linac structure as shown in Fig. 2. WSFplot dis-
plays the longitudinal electric field. The shunt impedance,
power dissipation, and transit-time factor are located in the
PMI output files for the multi-cell linac structure.
Table 2: Detailed geometry of the X-band linac cells.
Cavity Radius (mm) Length (mm)
1st
bunching cell 13.680 5.382
2nd
bunching cell 13.850 13.906
3rd
bunching cell 13.906 15.142
4th
cell 13.949 16.118
5th
cell 13.950 16.118
6th
cell 13.950 16.118
7th
cell 13.951 16.118
8th
coupling cell 13.790 16.118
9th
cell 13.950 16.118
10th
cell 13.951 16.118
11th
cell 13.950 16.118
12th
cell 13.950 16.118
13th
cell 13.949 16.118
14th
cell 13.949 16.118
15th
cell 13.929 16.118
DESIGN OF RF COUPLER
The RF input is channeled through a WR-112 waveguide
with an inside dimension of 28.4988 mm × 12.6238 mm
with an allowable frequency range of 7.05 GHz to
10.0 GHz. Using these waveguide dimensions, the coupler
design could be developed for the structure. Placing the
coupler in the central location in the accelerating structure
provides greater separation of modes [8]. The waveguide
dimensions needed to be reduced to an appropriate size to
couple with the X-band structure. This was accomplished
by tapering the X-band waveguide to the RF power input
window of the 8th coupling cell as shown in Fig. 1. The
RF power input window to the coupling cell has the di-
3. Figure 3: Electric field along the axis of the X-band linac structure summarized in Tables 1 and 2
mensions of 10.7 mm × 5.0 mm and comes straight up out
of the cell 1.0 mm. The waveguide, tapered area, coupler
window and the coupling cell were tuned as a single cell,
apart from the full structure. This single cell was given
the proper boundary conditions in CST MWS as shown in
Fig. 1. The dimensions of cell radius and coupler window
have been tuned to obtain a coupler coefficient β = 15,
which is the same as the total number of cells at the reso-
nance frequency of 9.3 GHz. This coupling coefficient of
β = 15 provides the maximum RF power coupling to each
of the 15 cells in the full structure [8]. After this coupler
is tuned individually, it is then placed into the full structure
and tested once more. Experience shows that this coupler
still will need an adjustment before it will work properly in
the full linac structure.
3D CST MWS SIMULATION
CST MWS provides 3D manipulation and a more in-
depth testing ground for the X-band structure [9]. To get a
higher shunt impedance, generally, we may choose cell ge-
ometries with the nosecones. However, as shown in Figs. 1
and 2, all cells of the X-band linac structure have the bell
shapes instead of the nosecone ones for easy fabrication.
To obtain the symmetric electric field for the whole linac
structure, the radius of each cell was individually modified
by small increments [5]. These small increments were de-
termined by the physical machining tolerances, which are
±2 µm. Even small changes in the cell radius generate big
impacts on the symmetry of the electric field. The cav-
ity radius and the iris radius of each cell are inversely pro-
portionally to the global frequency and the local electric
field strength. Since the iris radius is directly related to the
frequency separation between electromagnetic modes, we
chose 4 mm for the iris radius of the linac structure to keep
the mode separation larger than 5 MHz. Any shape made in
CST MWS is carved from a default background of uniform
conducting solid material and the carved shape is assumed
to be vacuum. Once the cells, irises, and a coupler are con-
nected into one solid structure, the electric fields can be
optimized. The electric field was optimized for π-mode in
CST MWS using the Eigenmode Solver Parameters tool to
produce the desired field as shown in Fig. 3. This tool uses
one of two solvers: the Advanced Krylov Subspace method
(AKS) and the Jacobi-Davidson method (JDM). AKS mea-
sures modes with the lowest resonant frequencies, whereas
the JDM measures modes at arbitrary positions specified by
user input; this X-band structure used JDM [9]. The speci-
fications of Eigenmode Solver Parameters tool were shown
to be the first five modes above the frequency of 9.295 GHz.
To help alleviate the calculation time, the Boundary Condi-
tions toolbox has an option under the Symmetry Planes tab
to cut the structure into symmetrical sections for calcula-
tion purposes. This process of optimizing the electric fields
was the most time consuming part of the X-band linac de-
sign.
SUMMARY
An X-band SW linac structure was successfully de-
signed with SUPERFISH and CST MWS. The linac will
be operated in π-mode to generate 6 MeV electron beam
for the CyberKnife. The central RF coupler was designed
and optimized to produce a symmetric electric field for the
X-band structure as shown in Fig. 3. The final optimized
geometry of the X-band linac structure is shown in Fig. 1
and its parameters are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. The
next steps in the process are to simulate the X-band linac
with a copper shell and design the heat dissipation method
for the structure. Then it will be built and tested as an elec-
tron beam source for the medical CyberKnife project. Inde-
pendently, we also have been optimizing a longer X-band
linac structure with 25 cells.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.isu.edu/∼yjkim
[2] http://www.kaeri.re.kr
[3] http://www.irtx.co.kr
[4] www.cyberknife.com
[5] Yasser Nour et al., in Proc. IPAC2013, Shanghai, China.
[6] http://www2.l-3com.com/edd/pdfs/EDDPM1110Xdatasheet.pdf
[7] http://laacg1.lanl.gov/laacg/services/download sf.phtml
[8] D. Alesini et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 554 (2005) 1.
[9] http://www.cst.com/