This document summarizes the design of a wireless cortical neural recording system with bidirectional data transmission. It includes:
1) The development of a transcutaneous two-way wireless power and data link for neural recording, with wireless powering at 1.25Mbps and reverse telemetry from the implant at rates over 3Mbps to stream 16 channels of raw neural data.
2) The use of an integer-N PLL in the implant circuitry to generate the reverse telemetry carrier frequency as a multiple of the power carrier frequency, allowing simultaneous reverse telemetry from multiple implants.
3) Optimization of the dual inductive link design for power transmission and reverse telemetry using an analytic model to maximize coupling between the data coils within
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BACKPROPAGATION ALGORITHMS IN NEURAL NETWORK BASED IDENT...ijcsit
This paper explores the application of artificial neural networks for online identification of a multimachine power system. A recurrent neural network has been proposed as the identifier of the two area, four machine system which is a benchmark system for studying electromechanical oscillations in multimachine power systems. This neural identifier is trained using the static Backpropagation algorithm. The emphasis of the paper is on investigating the performance of the variants of the Backpropagation algorithm in training the neural identifier. The paper also compares the performances of the neural identifiers trained using variants of the Backpropagation algorithm over a wide range of operating conditions. The simulation results establish a satisfactory performance of the trained neural identifiers in identification of the test power system.
An Adaptive Energy Aware Clustering Based Reliable Routing for in-Network Agg...Editor IJCATR
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices that cooperatively sense physical or
environmental conditions. Due to the non-uniform node deployment, the energy consumption among nodes are more
imbalanced in cluster-based wireless sensor networks this factor will affect the network life time. Cluster-based routing and EADC
algorithm through an efficient energy aware clustering algorithm is employed to avoid imbalance network distribution. Our proposed
protocol EADC aims at minimizing the overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with the multi hop data retrieval
process while also ensuring balanced energy consumption among SNs and prolonged network life time .A optimal one-hop based
selective node in building cluster structures consisted of member nodes that route their measured data to their assigned cluster head is
identified to ensure efficient communication. The proposed routing algorithm increases forwarding tasks of the nodes in scarcely
covered areas by forcing cluster heads to choose nodes with higher energy and fewer member nodes and finally, achieves
imbalanced among cluster head and improve the network life time.
Genetic-fuzzy based load balanced protocol for WSNsIJECEIAES
Recent advancement in wireless sensor networks primarily depends upon energy constraint. Clustering is the most effective energy-efficient technique to provide robust, fault-tolerant and also enhance network lifetime and coverage. Selection of optimal number of cluster heads and balancing the load of cluster heads are most challenging issues. Evolutionary based approach and soft computing approach are best suitable for counter the above problems rather than mathematical approach. In this paper we propose hybrid technique where Genetic algorithm is used for the selection of optimal number of cluster heads and their fitness value of chromosome to give optimal number of cluster head and minimizing the energy consumption is provided with the help of fuzzy logic approach. Finally cluster heads uses multi-hop routing based on A*(A-star) algorithm to send aggregated data to base station which additionally balance the load. Comparative study among LEACH, CHEF, LEACH-ERE, GAEEP shows that our proposed algorithm outperform in the area of total energy consumption with various rounds and network lifetime, number of node alive versus rounds and packet delivery or packet drop ratio over the rounds, also able to balances the load at cluster head.
Advance in the WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WISENET) technology is energy efficient routing protocols that promises a wide range of potential applications in both civilian and military areas. In the WISNET the sensor node have a limited transmission range and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy sources are limited. So the Equalized Cluster Head Election Routing Protocol (ECHERP) and PEGASIS with Double Cluster Head (PDCH) pursues energy conservation through balanced clustering for Energy Efficiency. In WSN, energy efficient routing protocol is important to increase the network lifetime. ECHERP and PDCH both protocol claims to be energy efficient.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ENERGY EFFICIENT GRID AND TREE BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLijwmn
In Wireless Sensor Network, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed and they mainly consume energy
in transmitting data over long distances. Sensor nodes are battery powered and their energy is restricted.
Since the location of the sink is remote, considerable energy would be consumed if each node directly
transmits data to the base station. Aggregating data at the intermediate nodes and transmitting using multihops
aids in reducing energy consumption to a great extent. This paper proposes a hybrid protocol
“Energy efficient Grid and Tree based routing protocol” (EGT) in which the sensing area is divided into
grids. The nodes in the grid relay data to the cell leader which aggregates the data and transmits to the
sink using the constructed hop tree. Simulation results show that EGT performs better than LEACH.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BACKPROPAGATION ALGORITHMS IN NEURAL NETWORK BASED IDENT...ijcsit
This paper explores the application of artificial neural networks for online identification of a multimachine power system. A recurrent neural network has been proposed as the identifier of the two area, four machine system which is a benchmark system for studying electromechanical oscillations in multimachine power systems. This neural identifier is trained using the static Backpropagation algorithm. The emphasis of the paper is on investigating the performance of the variants of the Backpropagation algorithm in training the neural identifier. The paper also compares the performances of the neural identifiers trained using variants of the Backpropagation algorithm over a wide range of operating conditions. The simulation results establish a satisfactory performance of the trained neural identifiers in identification of the test power system.
An Adaptive Energy Aware Clustering Based Reliable Routing for in-Network Agg...Editor IJCATR
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous devices that cooperatively sense physical or
environmental conditions. Due to the non-uniform node deployment, the energy consumption among nodes are more
imbalanced in cluster-based wireless sensor networks this factor will affect the network life time. Cluster-based routing and EADC
algorithm through an efficient energy aware clustering algorithm is employed to avoid imbalance network distribution. Our proposed
protocol EADC aims at minimizing the overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with the multi hop data retrieval
process while also ensuring balanced energy consumption among SNs and prolonged network life time .A optimal one-hop based
selective node in building cluster structures consisted of member nodes that route their measured data to their assigned cluster head is
identified to ensure efficient communication. The proposed routing algorithm increases forwarding tasks of the nodes in scarcely
covered areas by forcing cluster heads to choose nodes with higher energy and fewer member nodes and finally, achieves
imbalanced among cluster head and improve the network life time.
Genetic-fuzzy based load balanced protocol for WSNsIJECEIAES
Recent advancement in wireless sensor networks primarily depends upon energy constraint. Clustering is the most effective energy-efficient technique to provide robust, fault-tolerant and also enhance network lifetime and coverage. Selection of optimal number of cluster heads and balancing the load of cluster heads are most challenging issues. Evolutionary based approach and soft computing approach are best suitable for counter the above problems rather than mathematical approach. In this paper we propose hybrid technique where Genetic algorithm is used for the selection of optimal number of cluster heads and their fitness value of chromosome to give optimal number of cluster head and minimizing the energy consumption is provided with the help of fuzzy logic approach. Finally cluster heads uses multi-hop routing based on A*(A-star) algorithm to send aggregated data to base station which additionally balance the load. Comparative study among LEACH, CHEF, LEACH-ERE, GAEEP shows that our proposed algorithm outperform in the area of total energy consumption with various rounds and network lifetime, number of node alive versus rounds and packet delivery or packet drop ratio over the rounds, also able to balances the load at cluster head.
Advance in the WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (WISENET) technology is energy efficient routing protocols that promises a wide range of potential applications in both civilian and military areas. In the WISNET the sensor node have a limited transmission range and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy sources are limited. So the Equalized Cluster Head Election Routing Protocol (ECHERP) and PEGASIS with Double Cluster Head (PDCH) pursues energy conservation through balanced clustering for Energy Efficiency. In WSN, energy efficient routing protocol is important to increase the network lifetime. ECHERP and PDCH both protocol claims to be energy efficient.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ENERGY EFFICIENT GRID AND TREE BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLijwmn
In Wireless Sensor Network, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed and they mainly consume energy
in transmitting data over long distances. Sensor nodes are battery powered and their energy is restricted.
Since the location of the sink is remote, considerable energy would be consumed if each node directly
transmits data to the base station. Aggregating data at the intermediate nodes and transmitting using multihops
aids in reducing energy consumption to a great extent. This paper proposes a hybrid protocol
“Energy efficient Grid and Tree based routing protocol” (EGT) in which the sensing area is divided into
grids. The nodes in the grid relay data to the cell leader which aggregates the data and transmits to the
sink using the constructed hop tree. Simulation results show that EGT performs better than LEACH.
Ad hoc networks are self-configuring networks and each node executes routing functionalities by itself;
they are powered by battery, which is prone to decrease with time. In this paper, a power aware routing
algorithm called Dynamic path switching is proposed which attempt to extend the lifetime of network in
MANET. It creates a new path based on the energy level of the nodes. Along with DPS the Transmission
power control technique is incorporated which varies the transmission power based on the distance. It
reduces power consumption further. The proposed techniques are incorporated in Zone Routing Protocol
(ZRP) and simulated by using NS-2 simulator to obtain the QOS parameters.
A Review Paper on Power Consumption Improvements in WSNIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a network of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small
size sensor nodes which are densely deployed inside a physical environment to collect, process and transmit the
information to sink node. As Sensor nodes are generally battery-powered, it is necessary to balance between
power consumption and energy storage capacity to sustain sensor node's operational life. Therefore one of the
important challenge in WSN is to improve power consumption efficiently to prolong network lifetime by
minimizing the amount of data transmissions throughout the network and maximizing node's low power
residence time. In this paper, two energy optimization techniques, Cluster-Based energy efficient routing
(CBER) scheme and extension to IEEE 802.15.4 standard by dynamic rate adaption and control for energy
reduction (DRACER) protocol for wireless sensor networks has been reviewed. CBER technique increases
network lifetime by reducing Hot Spot problem and end-to-end energy consumption using multi-hop wireless
routing whereas DRACER protocol reduces network latency and average power consumption by minimizing
network overhead using automatic data rate selection process. So, both of these techniques, if utilized in
combination, it is possible to achieve very high energy efficiency in WSN
Energy efficient clustering in heterogeneousIJCNCJournal
Cluster head election is a key technique used to reduce energy consumption and enhancing the throughput
of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new energy efficient clustering (E2C) protocol for
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. Cluster head is elected based on the predicted
residual energy of sensors, optimal probability of a sensor to become a cluster head, and its degree of
connectivity as the parameters. The probability threshold to compete for the role of cluster head is derived.
The probability threshold has been extended for multi-levels energy heterogeneity in the network. The
proposed E2C protocol is simulated in MATLAB. Results obtained in the simulationshowthat performance
of the proposed E2Cprotocol is betterthan stable election protocol (SEP), and distributed energy efficient
clustering (DEEC) protocol in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and network lifetime.
Design and Analysis of Sequential Circuit for Leakage Power Reduction using S...ijsrd.com
The rapid growth in semiconductor device industry has led to the development of high Performance potable systems with improve reliability. In such applications, it is extremely important to minimize current consumption due to the limited availability of battery Power. Consequently, power dissipation is becoming recognized as a top priority issue for VLSI circuit design. Leakage power makes up to 50% of the total power consumption in today's high performance microprocessors. Therefore leakage power reduction becomes the key to a low power design. Leakage power dissipation is the power dissipated by the circuit when it is in Sleep mode or standby mode. A significant portion of the total power consumption in high performance digital circuits in deep submicron regime is mainly due to leakage power. Leakage is the only Source. of power consumption in an idle circuit. Therefore it is important to reduce leakage power in portable system.
Energy efficient data communication approach in wireless sensor networksijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based
configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor
node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed
description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop
data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use
of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the
proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the
total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for
longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable
region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
Improving Energy Efficiency in Optical NetworksIJEEE
This paper presents an energy saving technique for optical networks without loss of dignity of Quality of service. This paper emphasis on the energy minimization of technologies in optical network. One simple method toconsume energy is to switched off an unused element, so the power consumption cuts by around 20% and network resources saved by 29%.
AN OPTIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION HYBRID ALGORITHM FOR XLN STRATEGIC DESIGN IN WSN’SIJCNCJournal
In this paper, X-Layer protocol is originated which executes mobility error prediction (MEP) algorithm to calculate the remaining energy level of each node. This X-Layer protocol structure employs the mobility aware protocol that senses the mobility concerned to each node with the utilization of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), which shares the information or data specific to the distance among individual nodes. With the help of this theory, the neighbour list will be updated only to those nodes which are mobile resulting in less energy consumption when compared to all (static/mobile) other nodes in the network. Apart from the MEP algorithm, clustering head (CH) election algorithm has also been specified to identify the relevant clusters whether they exists within the network region or not. Also clustering multi-hop routing (CMHR) algorithm was implemented in which the node can identify the cluster to which it belongs depending upon the distance from each cluster surrounding the node. Finally comprising the AODV routing protocol with the Two-Ray Ground method, we implement X-Layer protocol structure by considering MAC protocol in accordance to IEEE 802.15.4 to obtain the best results in energy consumption and also by reducing the energy wastage with respect to each node. The effective results had been illustrated through Network Simulator-II platform.
A LOW-ENERGY DATA AGGREGATION PROTOCOL USING AN EMERGENCY EFFICIENT HYBRID ME...IJCNCJournal
Recent wireless sensor network focused on developing communication networks with minimal power and cost. To achieve this, several techniques have been developed to monitor a completely wireless sensor network. Generally, in the WSN network, communication is established between the source nodes and the destination node with an abundant number of hops, an activity which consumes much energy. The node existing between source and destination nodes consumes energy for transmission of data and maximize network lifetime. To overcome this issue, a new Emergency Efficient Hybrid Medium Access Control (EEHMAC) protocol is presented to reduce consumption of energy among a specific group of WSNs which will increase the network lifetime. The proposed model makes a residual battery is utilized for effective transmission of data with minimal power consumption. Compared with other models, the experimental results strongly showed that our model is not only able to reduce network lifetime but also to increase the overall network performance.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
Intelligent Fault Identification System for Transmission Lines Using Artifici...IOSR Journals
Transmission and distribution lines are vital links between generating units and consumers. They are
exposed to atmosphere, hence chances of occurrence of fault in transmission line is very high, which has to be
immediately taken care of in order to minimize damage caused by it. This paper focuses on detecting the faults
on electric power transmission lines using artificial neural networks. A feed forward neural network is
employed, which is trained with back propagation algorithm. Analysis on neural networks with varying number
of hidden layers and neurons per hidden layer has been provided to validate the choice of the neural networks
in each step. The developed neural network is capable of detecting single line to ground and double line to
ground for all the three phases. Simulation is done using MATLAB Simulink to demonstrate that artificial
neural network based method are efficient in detecting faults on transmission lines and achieve satisfactory
performances. A 300km, 25kv transmission line is used to validate the proposed fault detection system.
Hardware implementation of neural network is done on TMS320C6713.
DESIGNING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical
issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is
very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an
important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn
enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC)
works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the
rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the
network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on
the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all
the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of
the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum
flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to
provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End
delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the
cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system
such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing
system.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK BASED POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER ON A SINGLE MACHINE ...EEIJ journal
In this paper the use of artificial neural network in power system stability is studied. A predictive
controller based on two neural networks is designed and tested on a single machine infinite bus system
which is used to replace conventional power system stabilizers. They have been used for decades in
power system to dampen small amplitude low frequency oscillation in power systems. The increases in
size and complexity of power systems have cast a shadow on efficiency of conventional method. New
control strategies have been proposed in many researches. Artificial Neural Networks have been studied
in many publications but lack of assurance of their functionality has hindered the practical usage of them
in utilities. The proposed control structure is modelled using a novel data exchange established between
MATLAB and DIgSILENT power factory. The result of simulation proves the efficiency of the proposed
structure.
This paper presents the design and development of an integrated wireless power transfer and data communication system. The power and data transfer share a common inductive link that consists of two identical Helical coils placed on both sides of a carbon composite barrier. Power and data are transferred simultaneously through a 5-mm thick carbon composite barrier without any physical penetration or contact. Power transfer measurements show that the system can deliver 9.7 AC power to the receiving coil with a power transfer efficiency of 36% through the carbon composite barrier. The system achieves a bidirectional half-duplex data communication with the data rate of unit 1.2kbit/s.
Design of 2MHz OOK transmitter/receiver for inductive power and data transmis...IJECEIAES
In this work a 2 MHz on-off keying (OOK) transmitter/receiver for inductive power and data transmission for biomedical implant system is presented. Inductive link, driven by a Class E power amplifier (PA) is the most PA used to transfer data and power to the internal part of biomedical implant system. Proposed transmitter consists of a digital control oscillator (DCO) and a class E PA which uses OOK modulation to transfer both data and power to a biomedical implant. In proposing OOK transmitter when the transmitter sends binary value “0” the DCO and PA are turned off. With this architecture and 2 MHz carrier wave we have implemented a wireless data and power transfer link which can transmit data with data rate 1Mbps and bit error rate (BER) of 10-5. The efficiency of power transfer is 42% with a 12.7 uH transmitter coil and a 2.4 uH receiver coil and the power delivered to the load is about 104.7 mW. Proposed transmitter is designed for output power 4.1V. OOK receiver consists of an OOK demodulator, powered by rectified and regulated 5V p-p RF signal across the receiver coil. The supply voltage of proposed voltage regulator is 5 V with 9mV/V line regulation of. All circuits proposed in this paper were designed and simulated using Cadence in 0.18 um CMOS process.
Throughput analysis of non-orthogonal multiple access and orthogonal multipl...IJECEIAES
This study introduces the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique into the wireless energy harvesting K-hop relay network to increase throughput. The relays have no dedicated energy source and thus depend on energy harvested by wireless from a power beacon (PB). Recently, NOMA has been promoted as a technology with the potential to enhance connectivity, reduce latency, increase fairness amongst users, and raise spectral effectiveness compared to orthogonal multiple access (OMA) technology. For performance considerations, we derive exact throughput expressions for NOMA and OMA-assisted multi-hop relaying and compare the performance between the two. The obtained results are validated via Monte Carlo simulations.
Ad hoc networks are self-configuring networks and each node executes routing functionalities by itself;
they are powered by battery, which is prone to decrease with time. In this paper, a power aware routing
algorithm called Dynamic path switching is proposed which attempt to extend the lifetime of network in
MANET. It creates a new path based on the energy level of the nodes. Along with DPS the Transmission
power control technique is incorporated which varies the transmission power based on the distance. It
reduces power consumption further. The proposed techniques are incorporated in Zone Routing Protocol
(ZRP) and simulated by using NS-2 simulator to obtain the QOS parameters.
A Review Paper on Power Consumption Improvements in WSNIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a network of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small
size sensor nodes which are densely deployed inside a physical environment to collect, process and transmit the
information to sink node. As Sensor nodes are generally battery-powered, it is necessary to balance between
power consumption and energy storage capacity to sustain sensor node's operational life. Therefore one of the
important challenge in WSN is to improve power consumption efficiently to prolong network lifetime by
minimizing the amount of data transmissions throughout the network and maximizing node's low power
residence time. In this paper, two energy optimization techniques, Cluster-Based energy efficient routing
(CBER) scheme and extension to IEEE 802.15.4 standard by dynamic rate adaption and control for energy
reduction (DRACER) protocol for wireless sensor networks has been reviewed. CBER technique increases
network lifetime by reducing Hot Spot problem and end-to-end energy consumption using multi-hop wireless
routing whereas DRACER protocol reduces network latency and average power consumption by minimizing
network overhead using automatic data rate selection process. So, both of these techniques, if utilized in
combination, it is possible to achieve very high energy efficiency in WSN
Energy efficient clustering in heterogeneousIJCNCJournal
Cluster head election is a key technique used to reduce energy consumption and enhancing the throughput
of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new energy efficient clustering (E2C) protocol for
heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. Cluster head is elected based on the predicted
residual energy of sensors, optimal probability of a sensor to become a cluster head, and its degree of
connectivity as the parameters. The probability threshold to compete for the role of cluster head is derived.
The probability threshold has been extended for multi-levels energy heterogeneity in the network. The
proposed E2C protocol is simulated in MATLAB. Results obtained in the simulationshowthat performance
of the proposed E2Cprotocol is betterthan stable election protocol (SEP), and distributed energy efficient
clustering (DEEC) protocol in terms of energy consumption, throughput, and network lifetime.
Design and Analysis of Sequential Circuit for Leakage Power Reduction using S...ijsrd.com
The rapid growth in semiconductor device industry has led to the development of high Performance potable systems with improve reliability. In such applications, it is extremely important to minimize current consumption due to the limited availability of battery Power. Consequently, power dissipation is becoming recognized as a top priority issue for VLSI circuit design. Leakage power makes up to 50% of the total power consumption in today's high performance microprocessors. Therefore leakage power reduction becomes the key to a low power design. Leakage power dissipation is the power dissipated by the circuit when it is in Sleep mode or standby mode. A significant portion of the total power consumption in high performance digital circuits in deep submicron regime is mainly due to leakage power. Leakage is the only Source. of power consumption in an idle circuit. Therefore it is important to reduce leakage power in portable system.
Energy efficient data communication approach in wireless sensor networksijassn
Wireless sensor network has a vast variety of applications. The adoption of energy efficient cluster-based
configuration has many untapped desirable benefits for the WSNs. The limitation of energy in a sensor
node creates challenges for routing in WSNs. The research work presents the organized and detailed
description of energy conservation method for WSNs. In the proposed method reclustering and multihop
data transmission processes are utilized for data reporting to base station by sensor node. The accurate use
of energy in WSNs is the main challenge for exploiting the network to the full extent. The main aim of the
proposed method is that by evenly distributing the energy all over the sensor nodes and by reducing the
total energy dissipation, the lifetime of the network is enhanced, so that the node will remain alive for
longer times inside the cluster. The result shows that the proposed clustering approach has higher stable
region and network life time than Topology-Controlled Adaptive Clustering (TCAC) and Low-Energy
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) for WSNs.
Improving Energy Efficiency in Optical NetworksIJEEE
This paper presents an energy saving technique for optical networks without loss of dignity of Quality of service. This paper emphasis on the energy minimization of technologies in optical network. One simple method toconsume energy is to switched off an unused element, so the power consumption cuts by around 20% and network resources saved by 29%.
AN OPTIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION HYBRID ALGORITHM FOR XLN STRATEGIC DESIGN IN WSN’SIJCNCJournal
In this paper, X-Layer protocol is originated which executes mobility error prediction (MEP) algorithm to calculate the remaining energy level of each node. This X-Layer protocol structure employs the mobility aware protocol that senses the mobility concerned to each node with the utilization of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), which shares the information or data specific to the distance among individual nodes. With the help of this theory, the neighbour list will be updated only to those nodes which are mobile resulting in less energy consumption when compared to all (static/mobile) other nodes in the network. Apart from the MEP algorithm, clustering head (CH) election algorithm has also been specified to identify the relevant clusters whether they exists within the network region or not. Also clustering multi-hop routing (CMHR) algorithm was implemented in which the node can identify the cluster to which it belongs depending upon the distance from each cluster surrounding the node. Finally comprising the AODV routing protocol with the Two-Ray Ground method, we implement X-Layer protocol structure by considering MAC protocol in accordance to IEEE 802.15.4 to obtain the best results in energy consumption and also by reducing the energy wastage with respect to each node. The effective results had been illustrated through Network Simulator-II platform.
A LOW-ENERGY DATA AGGREGATION PROTOCOL USING AN EMERGENCY EFFICIENT HYBRID ME...IJCNCJournal
Recent wireless sensor network focused on developing communication networks with minimal power and cost. To achieve this, several techniques have been developed to monitor a completely wireless sensor network. Generally, in the WSN network, communication is established between the source nodes and the destination node with an abundant number of hops, an activity which consumes much energy. The node existing between source and destination nodes consumes energy for transmission of data and maximize network lifetime. To overcome this issue, a new Emergency Efficient Hybrid Medium Access Control (EEHMAC) protocol is presented to reduce consumption of energy among a specific group of WSNs which will increase the network lifetime. The proposed model makes a residual battery is utilized for effective transmission of data with minimal power consumption. Compared with other models, the experimental results strongly showed that our model is not only able to reduce network lifetime but also to increase the overall network performance.
Review of Various Enhancements of Modified LEACH for Wireless Sensor Networkijsrd.com
Wireless sensor network depends on the nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend of the life time of the given wireless sensor network deployment. In wireless sensor network, data is measured by node and same is send to base station at regular interval. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique in wireless sensor network. Different protocols are used for energy consumption in which Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is the first hierarchal cluster based routing protocol successfully used in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, various enhancements used in the original leach protocol are studied.
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
Intelligent Fault Identification System for Transmission Lines Using Artifici...IOSR Journals
Transmission and distribution lines are vital links between generating units and consumers. They are
exposed to atmosphere, hence chances of occurrence of fault in transmission line is very high, which has to be
immediately taken care of in order to minimize damage caused by it. This paper focuses on detecting the faults
on electric power transmission lines using artificial neural networks. A feed forward neural network is
employed, which is trained with back propagation algorithm. Analysis on neural networks with varying number
of hidden layers and neurons per hidden layer has been provided to validate the choice of the neural networks
in each step. The developed neural network is capable of detecting single line to ground and double line to
ground for all the three phases. Simulation is done using MATLAB Simulink to demonstrate that artificial
neural network based method are efficient in detecting faults on transmission lines and achieve satisfactory
performances. A 300km, 25kv transmission line is used to validate the proposed fault detection system.
Hardware implementation of neural network is done on TMS320C6713.
DESIGNING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical
issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is
very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an
important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn
enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC)
works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the
rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the
network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on
the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all
the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of
the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum
flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to
provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End
delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the
cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system
such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing
system.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK BASED POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER ON A SINGLE MACHINE ...EEIJ journal
In this paper the use of artificial neural network in power system stability is studied. A predictive
controller based on two neural networks is designed and tested on a single machine infinite bus system
which is used to replace conventional power system stabilizers. They have been used for decades in
power system to dampen small amplitude low frequency oscillation in power systems. The increases in
size and complexity of power systems have cast a shadow on efficiency of conventional method. New
control strategies have been proposed in many researches. Artificial Neural Networks have been studied
in many publications but lack of assurance of their functionality has hindered the practical usage of them
in utilities. The proposed control structure is modelled using a novel data exchange established between
MATLAB and DIgSILENT power factory. The result of simulation proves the efficiency of the proposed
structure.
This paper presents the design and development of an integrated wireless power transfer and data communication system. The power and data transfer share a common inductive link that consists of two identical Helical coils placed on both sides of a carbon composite barrier. Power and data are transferred simultaneously through a 5-mm thick carbon composite barrier without any physical penetration or contact. Power transfer measurements show that the system can deliver 9.7 AC power to the receiving coil with a power transfer efficiency of 36% through the carbon composite barrier. The system achieves a bidirectional half-duplex data communication with the data rate of unit 1.2kbit/s.
Design of 2MHz OOK transmitter/receiver for inductive power and data transmis...IJECEIAES
In this work a 2 MHz on-off keying (OOK) transmitter/receiver for inductive power and data transmission for biomedical implant system is presented. Inductive link, driven by a Class E power amplifier (PA) is the most PA used to transfer data and power to the internal part of biomedical implant system. Proposed transmitter consists of a digital control oscillator (DCO) and a class E PA which uses OOK modulation to transfer both data and power to a biomedical implant. In proposing OOK transmitter when the transmitter sends binary value “0” the DCO and PA are turned off. With this architecture and 2 MHz carrier wave we have implemented a wireless data and power transfer link which can transmit data with data rate 1Mbps and bit error rate (BER) of 10-5. The efficiency of power transfer is 42% with a 12.7 uH transmitter coil and a 2.4 uH receiver coil and the power delivered to the load is about 104.7 mW. Proposed transmitter is designed for output power 4.1V. OOK receiver consists of an OOK demodulator, powered by rectified and regulated 5V p-p RF signal across the receiver coil. The supply voltage of proposed voltage regulator is 5 V with 9mV/V line regulation of. All circuits proposed in this paper were designed and simulated using Cadence in 0.18 um CMOS process.
Throughput analysis of non-orthogonal multiple access and orthogonal multipl...IJECEIAES
This study introduces the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique into the wireless energy harvesting K-hop relay network to increase throughput. The relays have no dedicated energy source and thus depend on energy harvested by wireless from a power beacon (PB). Recently, NOMA has been promoted as a technology with the potential to enhance connectivity, reduce latency, increase fairness amongst users, and raise spectral effectiveness compared to orthogonal multiple access (OMA) technology. For performance considerations, we derive exact throughput expressions for NOMA and OMA-assisted multi-hop relaying and compare the performance between the two. The obtained results are validated via Monte Carlo simulations.
Energy Splitting for SWIPT in QoS-constraint MTC Network: A Non-Cooperative G...IJCNCJournal
This paper studies the emerging wireless energy harvesting algorithm dedicated for machine type communication (MTC) in a typical cellular network where one transmitter (e.g. the base station, a hybrid access point) with constant power supply communicates with a set of users (e.g. wearable devices, sensors). In the downlink direction, the information transmission and power transfer are conducted simultaneously by the base station. Since MTC only transmits several bits control signal in the downlink direction, the received signal power can be split into two parts at the receiver side. One is used for information decoding and the other part is used for energy harvesting. Since we assume that the users are without power supply or battery, the uplink transmission power is totally from the energy harvesting. Then, the users are able to transmit their measured or collected data to the base station in the uplink direction. Game theory is used in this paper to exploit the optimal ratio for energy harvesting of each user since power splitting scheme is adopted. The results show that this proposed algorithm is capable of modifying dynamically to achieve the prescribed target downlink decoding signal-to-noise plus interference ratio (SINR) which ensures the high reliability of MTC while maximizing the uplink throughput.
Due to increasing complexity, space and cost of communication network, the Electric Power Network has been considered a great option for the solution of all problems. Power line communications (PLC) term stands for the technologies for the data communication over the electrical power supply network. Existing power system is not designed for having data transfer. In this paper we have developed a simulation model of power-line for low voltage distribution network in home. Impulse response of the channel is generated in order to characterize the behavior of power line channel for high speed data communication purpose. To represent Multi-branch network mathematically, ABCD matrix parameters are used. Load mismatching is experimented on three parameters multiple loading, multi branch and different cable length and analysis is presented of its effect on impulse response. All the simulation work has been done using MATLAB.
A low power cmos analog circuit design for acquiring multichannel eeg signalsVLSICS Design
EEG signals are the signatures of neural activities and are captured by multiple-electrodes and the signals are recorded from pairs of electrodes. To acquire these multichannel signals a low power CMOS circuit was designed and implemented. The design operates in weak inversion region employing sub threshold
source coupled logic. A 16 channel differential multiplexer is designed by utilizing a transmission gate with
dynamic threshold logic and a 4 to 16 decoder is used to select the individual channels. The ON and OFF
resistance of the transmission gate obtained is 27 ohms and 10 M ohms respectively. The power dissipation
achieved is around 337nW for a dynamic range of 1μV to 0.4 V.
On the performance of energy harvesting AF partial relay selection with TAS a...IJECEIAES
Energy scarcity has been known to be one of the most noticeable challenges in wireless communication system. In this paper, the performance of an energy harvesting based partial relay selection (PRS) cooperative system with transmit antenna selection (TAS) and outdated channel state information (CSI) is investigated. The system dual-hops links are assumed to follow Rayleigh distribution and the relay selection is based on outdated CSI of the first link. To realize the benefit of multiple antenna, the amplified-andforward (AF) relay nodes then employs the TAS technique for signal transmission and signal reception is achieved at the destination through maximum ratio combining (MRC) scheme. Thus, the closed-form expression for the system equivalent end-to-end cumulative distribution function (CDF) is derived. Based on this, the analytical closed-form expressions for the outage probability, average bit error rate, and throughput for the delaylimited transmission mode are then obtained. The results illustrated that the energy harvesting time, relay distance, channel correlation coefficient, the number of relay transmit antennas and destination received antenna have significant effect on the system performance. Monte-carol simulation is employed to validate the accuracy of the derived expressions.
A review of Wireless Information and Power Transfer in Multiuser OFDM SystemsIJERA Editor
We study the resource allocation algorithm design for multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) downlink systems with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. The algorithm design is
formulated as a non-convex optimization problem for maximizing the energy efficiency of data transmission
(bit/Joule delivered to the users). In particular, the problem formulation takes into account the minimum
required system data rate, heterogeneous minimum required power transfers to the users, and the circuit power
consumption. Subsequently, by exploiting the method of timesharing and the properties of nonlinear fractional
programming, the considered non-convex optimization problem is solved using an efficient iterative resource
allocation algorithm. Recently, simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) becomes
appealing by essentially providing a perpetual energy source for the wireless networks. For the TDMA-based
information transmission, we employ TS at the receivers; for the OFDMA-based information transmission, we
employ PS at the receivers. Under the above two scenarios, we address the problem of maximizing the weighted
sum-rate over all users by varying the time/frequency power allocation and either TS or PS ratio, subject to a
minimum harvested energy constraint on each user as well as a peak and/or total transmission power constraint.
In this paper, we consider one-way relay with energy harvesting system based on power beacon
(PB), in which the relay node harvests transmitted power from the PB station to forward signals to destination.
We also analyse the relay network model with amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol for information cooperation
and Power Splitting-based Relaying (PSR) protocol for power transfer. In particular, the outage probability
and optimal energy harvesting (EH) power splitting fraction of novel scheme in are presented. We obtain
analytical closed-form expression of optimal energy harvesting (EH) power splitting fraction to minimize the
outage probability of system. Using numerical and analytical simulations, the performances of different cases
are presented and discussed.
In this paper, we consider one-way relay with energy harvesting system based on power beacon
(PB), in which the relay node harvests transmitted power from the PB station to forward signals to destination.
We also analyse the relay network model with amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol for information cooperation
and Power Splitting-based Relaying (PSR) protocol for power transfer. In particular, the outage probability
and optimal energy harvesting (EH) power splitting fraction of novel scheme in are presented. We obtain
analytical closed-form expression of optimal energy harvesting (EH) power splitting fraction to minimize the
outage probability of system. Using numerical and analytical simulations, the performances of different cases
are presented and discussed.
Development of Wireless Power Transfer using Capacitive Method for Mouse Char...IJPEDS-IAES
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a non-contact power transfer within a
distance. With the advantage of not-contact concept, WPT enhances the
flexibility movement of the devices. Basically, there are three types of the
WPT which are inductive power transfer (IPT), capacitive power transfer
(CPT) and acoustic power transfer (APT). Among these, capacitive power
transfer (CPT) has the advantages of confining electric field between coupled
plates, metal penetration ability and also the simplicity in circuit topologies.
Therefore, we focus on the capacitive method in this paper. To be specific,
this paper aims to develop a wireless mouse charging system using capacitive
based method. This method enables wireless power transmission from mouse
pad to a wireless mouse. Hence, no battery requires to power up the mouse.
In this paper, a high efficiency Class-E converter is described in details to
convert the DC source to AC and the compensation circuit of resonant tank is
also proposed at the transmitter side in order to improve the efficiency. In the
end, a prototype is developed to prove the developed method. The
performances analysis of the developed prototype is discussed and the future
recommendation of this technique is also presented.
Performance Analysis of Distributed Spatial Multiplexing with Multi-hop Ampli...IJCSEA Journal
This paper describes a frame work investigating the performance of distributed spatial multiplexing (DSM) in cooperative multi-hop cellular networks. The cooperative communication in cellular networks gives us leverage to get the inherent advantages of its random relay locations and the direction of the data flow. However, traditional centralized relay selection needs considerable overhead and signaling. In our proposed work, threshold based relay selection is adopted based on the received signal strength (RSS) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The best relay chosen will transmit jointly with source using Amplify and forward (AF) protocol. The evaluation is performed with bit error rate (BER) and energy per bit for distributed spatial multiplexing scheme with multi-hop networking.
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8th Sem Subject Ofc 8th chapter notes by Lohith kumar 11GUEE6018
Power_and_Data_08-16-12_Final_Color
1.
Abstract—A wireless cortical neural recording system with
a miniature implanted package is needed in a variety of
neuroscience and biomedical applications. Toward that end we
have developed a transcutaneous two-way communication and
power system for wireless neural recording. Wireless powering
and forward data transmission (into the body) at 1.25Mbps is
achieved using an FSK modulated Class E converter. The
reverse telemetry (out of the body) carrier frequency is
generated using an Integer-N PLL providing the necessary
wide-band data link to support simultaneous reverse telemetry
from multiple implanted devices on separate channels. Each
channel is designed to support reverse telemetry with a data
rate in excess of 3Mbps, which is sufficient for our goal of
streaming 16 channels of raw neural data. We plan to
incorporate this implantable power and telemetry system in a
1cm diameter single-site cortical neural recording implant.
I. INTRODUCTION
any neuroscience researchers as well as emerging
prosthesis designs remain limited by the unavailability
of wideband transcutaneous wireless neural recording.
In the case of neuroscience research on animal subjects, an
advantage of wireless neural recording is to remove the
effect of tethering on the animal’s behavior. For neural
prosthesis design, wireless recording has the advantage of
reducing the risk of infection as well as device breakage.
A wireless neural recording system requires power and
forward data to be transferred to the implant, and neural
recording data to be transmitted from the implant. Both
power and forward data can be implemented on a single
inductive link, with forward data encoded as modulation of
the power carrier. Reverse telemetry can be achieved on the
same link by a method called load shift keying (LSK), but
the data rate is generally limited to a fraction of the power
carrier frequency, which is typically in the low MHz range.
Furthermore, if multiple implants are powered by the
external power coil, an external controller must time-
division multiplex (TDM) the reverse telemetry from the
implants.
Manuscript received February 15, 2012. This work was supported by
private donations to the Illinois Institute of Technology.
A. Rush is with the Illinois institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616
USA (e-mail: rushale@iit.edu).
P. R. Troyk, is with Illinois institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616
USA (e-mail: troyk@iit.edu).
Sending raw neural data from the implant allows one to
flexibly change the spike sorting/spike detection algorithms
in extracorporeal-based software, but comes at the expense
of high data rate requirements. To send raw neural data from
16 channels, assuming an ADC resolution of 8bits/sample
and a sampling rate of 20kSamples/s, a reverse telemetry
data rate of at least 2.56Mbps would be required.
To avoid the bandwidth limitations of an LSK system, it
is necessary to have another link for reverse telemetry. This
second link can use radiated emissions, optical coupling, or
inductive coupling to send data out of the body. For our
design, we chose to use an inductive link for reverse
telemetry.
Figure 1. (a) Schematic of bidirectional data transfer system (b) Physical
diagram of dual inductive link coils modified from [1]
Ideally the implant would have a single-site, or “button”
geometry [2], which would simplify implantation, and
prevent potential complications resulting from tethering
between multiple sections of the implant. For all wireless
neural recording implants with multiple sections of which
the authors are aware, one section resides on the skull or in a
bone-seat and is tethered to the microelectrode array inserted
in the cortex. An increased foreign body response has been
observed in brain tissue to implants tethered to the skull
[3,4]. Another possible complication is that the tethering
A Power and Data Link for a Wireless
Implanted Neural Recording System
Alexander Rush, Student Member, IEEE, EMBS, Philip R. Troyk, Senior Member, IEEE, EMBS
M
2. connection between multiple sections of the implant can fail
due to wire breakage or deinsulation [5,6].
To achieve a single-site geometry for a dual inductive
link, the power and data link must operate in the same
volume-space. This necessitates the consideration of
magnetic interactions between the power and data coils,
because destructive paths of the reverse telemetry signal (out
of phase with the constructive paths) can greatly reduce the
amplitude of the signal received by the external data coil.
This approach was reported by [7] for the design of a dual
inductive link for power and forward data transmission for a
retinal prosthesis.
Design of both the power and data inductive links can be
facilitated with the help of an analytic model of the inductive
link electrical and performance parameters in terms of the
link physical parameters [8-10]. This allows the physical
parameters to be iterated on a computer rather than on the
bench to find the optimal design within the physical
restriction imposed. An analytic model of the link was used
here to find the data coil radius which maximizes the
effective coupling coefficient between the data coils, taking
into account the contributions of the constructive and
destructive reverse telemetry coupling paths between the
data coils.
It is highly beneficial to lock the reverse telemetry carrier
to a multiple of the power carrier frequency using a phase-
locked loop (PLL). This provides a convenient method for
supporting simultaneous reverse telemetry from multiple
implants powered by the same magnetic field. One can
simply assign a different frequency division ratio to each
implant. This method can also simplify demodulation of the
reverse telemetry, because one can derive the reverse
telemetry carrier from the power carrier frequency.
Therefore, we have incorporated an Integer-N PLL into our
integrated circuit design, which can generate outputs of 50,
60, 70, 80, 90, and 100MHz, from the 5MHz power carrier.
The PLL cell design consumes less than 1.3mW below
100MHz, uses self-biasing techniques for supply rejection,
and has dimensions of 350um x 680um.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic of our power and bidirectional
data transfer system. In this paper we present, our dual
inductive link design methodology, implant and external
circuitry design, as well as simulation and measurement
results. Portions of this work have been previously
presented in conference form [1,11,12].
II. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
The physical arrangement of the coils is illustrated in Fig.
1(b). For a typical implanted device, Coil 1 (L1) would be
the external power coil, Coil 2 (L2) would be the implanted
power coil, Coil 3 (L3) would be one of the external
differential data coils, and Coil 4 (L4) would be the
implanted data coil and is concentric to Coil 2. Power
transfer to the implant is achieved by generating a large AC
current in Coil 1 using a Class E converter. AC current is
induced in Coil 2, which is proportional to the coupling
coefficient between the external and implanted power coils,
k12. The resulting AC voltage is rectified to supply the
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) with power
and is also used to generate a reference clock for the ASIC.
Forward data transfer is achieved by FSK modulation of the
5MHz power carrier at a data rate of 1.25Mbps in order to
send control data to the ASIC.
In the ASIC circuitry, the reference clock, derived from
the 5MHz power carrier, is multiplied up by an integer-N
PLL to generate a reverse telemetry carrier between 50MHz
and 100MHz. The reverse telemetry is either amplitude-
shift keying (ASK) or binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
modulated. On-chip driver circuitry induces current in Coil
4 to generate the reverse telemetry signal. According to
simulation in PSpice A/D via OrCAD Capture CIS
(Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA), with a power
supply of 3V, the driver circuitry can drive 2.5mA peak-to-
peak current in Coil 4.
Data is received by one of the two external differential
data coils, Coil 3. A differential coil configuration is used to
cancel both the large power signal at its fundamental
frequency and harmonics generated by the Class E converter
that fall within the frequency range of the reverse telemetry.
III. ANALYTIC MODEL
In order to avoid time-consuming design iterations on the
bench, the dual coil link for power and reverse telemetry,
illustrated in Fig. 1a,b, can be optimized with an algorithm
which iterates the modifiable link parameters and chooses an
appropriate combination of physical parameters which are
associated with the best performance, as predicted by an
analytic model of the link.
This algorithm uses an expression similar to that
presented in [7] for a dual coil system to provide power and
forward telemetry to a retinal prosthesis. The expression
was adapted for a dual coil system to provide power and
reverse telemetry. The variables used for the electrical
parameters of the link are the same as illustrated in Fig. 1a.
The derivation is similar to [7], and space does not allow
it to be included here. The assumptions critical to the
derivation of the simplified equation for data magnitude, (1),
are high quality factor coils and that the power coils are
effectively short-circuited at the data carrier frequency (e.g.,
by a parallel capacitance). This expression for the
magnitude of the reverse telemetry signal received by the
external data coil, V3, shown in Fig. 1a is
4343V LLkjI effdata (1)
1312242312141314232434effk kkkkkkkkkkk
3. where I4 is the current induced in the implant data coil by
the coil driver circuitry, data is the angular frequency of the
reverse telemetry carrier, and L3, L4, k12, k13, etc. are as
indicated in Fig. 1a. V3 and I4 are in phasor notation, so the
‘j’ in (1) indicates that the steady state sinusoidal voltage on
Coil 3 leads the inverse of a sinusoidal current in Coil 4 by
90 degrees. According to (1), the data link can be optimized
by maximizing the effective coupling coefficient, keff. By
analyzing the dual coil link with this equation for keff, we
found that the optimal ratio of implanted power and data coil
radii for our design was close to 0.8.
To raise confidence in this idealized expression for the
effective coupling coefficient between the data coils given in
(1) as a performance metric, we compared values of V3
simulated in PSpice A/D via OrCAD Capture CIS (Cadence
Design Systems, San Jose, CA) including non-ideal,
parasitic coil parameters (effective series resistance and self-
capacitance) to values of V3 calculated using the idealized
equation (1) for ten values of implanted data coil radius,
fixing all other physical parameters. The non-ideal coil
parameters used for simulation, were calculated using our
analytic model for these parameters, presented in [1], which
space does not allow to be included here. The physical
parameters which were assumed for the data presented in
Fig. 2, while the radius of the implanted data coil was
varied, are summarized in Table I. The current in the data
coil was modeled as a sinusoid with a peak amplitude of
1mA, and coil separation was set to 1cm.
Figure 2. Comparison of simulated values for reverse telemetry data signal
amplitude using non-ideal coil parameters (effective series resistance and
self-capacitance) and the values calculated using the equation (1), which
was derived assuming nearly ideal coils [1].
As shown in Fig. 2, the simulated values for V3 using non-
ideal coil parameters (effective series resistance and self-
capacitance) closely match the values calculated for V3 using
(1), which was derived assuming nearly ideal coils (high Q,
negligible self-capacitance). Based upon these results, we
chose 8mm as the optimal diameter for Coil 4 for the 10mm
diameter of Coil 2 assumed.
In order to test the analytic model, we measured V3 as a
function of separation, and compared the measured values to
the values calculated with (1) and the equations for self and
mutual inductance as a function of the link physical
parameters. Again, the parameters listed in Table I were
assumed, and Coil 4 was made with a diameter of 8mm. As
shown in Fig. 3, the measured values closely match the
calculated values. These measurements were made with a
test board designed to minimize parasitics, and a custom
XYZ positioning system, which has been fabricated for
testing inductive link systems in our laboratory. This XYZ
positioning system consists of three manual linear actuators
fastened together. Each linear positioner has a millimeter
scale for accurate measurement.
Figure 3. Comparison of measured values for reverse telemetry data signal
amplitude and the values calculated using (1) and the equations for self and
mutual inductance as a function of the link physical parameters.
More details on the analytic model of the dual inductive
link, such as coil self- and mutual-inductance, self-
capacitance and effective series resistance (ESR)
calculations are given in [1].
TABLE I. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS ASSUMED FOR DESIGN
Coil 1 Coil 2 Coil 3 Coil 4
Length
9
mm
Length
0.42
mm
Length
0.043
mm
Length
0.42
mm
Radius 3cm Radius
5
mm
Length
of Long
Side
19
mm
Radius
Varied,
See Fig. 2
Insulation
Thickness
N.A.-
Litz
Wire
Insulation
Thickness
5
μm
Length
of Short
Side
15
mm
Insulation
Thickness
5
μm
Wire
Diameter
N.A.
Wire
Diameter
25
μm
Trace
Width
0.51
mm
Wire
Diameter
25
μm
Turns Per
Layer
3.5
Turns Per
Layer
12
Turns
Per
Layer
1
Turns Per
Layer
12
# of
Layers
2
# of
Layers
3
# of
Layers
1
# of
Layers
1
4. TABLE II. INDUCTANCE VALUES [1]
Electrical Parameter Theoretical Measured
L1 — 4.62μH
L2 31.7 μH 32.4μH
L3 0.0573μH 0.055μH
L4 2.76uH 2.98uH
IV. COIL FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENT
The data coil and power coil were wound upon a custom-
fabricated coil form using 50 American wire gauge (AWG)
gold wire and subsequently wire bonded to a printed circuit
board (PCB) for testing of electrical parameters and
interfacing with the implant circuitry. Under the assumption
that inductances and coupling coefficients are primarily
determined by coil geometry and spacing, these parameters
were measured at 1MHz with a 1260 Impedance/Gain-
Phase Analyzer (Solartron Analytical, Farnborough, UK).
The measured and theoretical values of the coil inductance
are given Table II. The inductance of the external power
coil, L1, was measured from an existing Class E inductor in
use.
V. CLASS E CONVERTER
The magnetic field for inductive powering was generated
by a Class-E converter transmitter operating at 5MHz. The
transmitter coil carried a peak current of 0.65A, had a radius
of 3cm and 8 turns of 2MHz litz wire (New England Wire
Corporation, Lisbon, NH).
Due to the large size of the power signal compared to the
reverse telemetry signal, even small amounts of harmonic
distortion, occurring at integer multiples of the power carrier
frequency, can obscure the reverse telemetry signal.
Another source of interference can be the transmitter gate
drive, which can couple to the external data coil from the
gate-drain capacitance of the Class-E field-effect transistor
(FET). Harmonic distortion resulting from normal operation
of the Class-E converter and from the gate drive signal is
illustrated in Fig. 4.
Figure 4. Class E harmonic interference during normal operation and from
coupling of the gate drive signal into the series LC branch of the Class E
converter [11].
We have explored two different approaches to reduce
harmonics in the external power coil. One method is to
place a low-pass filter in the series tank circuit as illustrated
in Fig. 5a. The other approach, illustrated in Fig. 5b, is to
place a notch filter in the series tank of the Class E converter
to attenuate the harmonic distortion at the reverse telemetry
carrier frequency. Due to the small ratio between the reverse
telemetry carrier frequency and the power carrier frequency,
the corner frequency of the low-pass filter could not be
brought low enough to attenuate the harmonic distortion
significantly without disrupting the operation of the series
resonant tank of the Class E converter. Therefore, we chose
to use the notch filter method. Using this approach, the 12th
harmonic (60MHz) which coincides with the reverse
telemetry carrier, was attenuated by 15dB.
Figure 5. Methods of filtering Class E harmonics from the series LC
branch of the Class E tank circuit (a) Low-pass filter in the series tank
circuit (b) Notch-filter in series tank circuit [11].
VI. DIFFERENTIAL ANTENNA
The external data receiver chosen was a pair of “bucked”
coils connected in parallel and anti-phase. In other words
the inner leads were connected together and outer leads were
connected together and grounded. This has the effect of
canceling both distant sources of RF magnetic interference
as well as nulling the 5MHz power carrier provided that the
bucked coils are carefully aligned with Coil 1. The receiver
coils could have been connected in series, in what is known
as a “figure-8” configuration. However, we found that this
made our receiver front-end susceptible to noise and
feedback. Therefore, we used the parallel coil configuration.
However, this required that we place a high-pass filter in
series with each of the bucked coils to minimize induced
power-carrier current which would have loaded the
transmitter and reduced the powering magnetic field at the
implant. A photograph of the differential reverse telemetry
receiver antenna is shown in Fig. 6.
The detection of the reverse telemetry data signal is
maximal at the center of either of the bucked coils and very
small at the shared edge of the bucked coils. The
cancellation of harmonics generated by the Class E
converter, which fall within the bandwidth of the reverse
telemetry signal, is illustrated in Fig. 7.
5. Figure 6. Photograph of differential reverse telemetry receiver.
Figure 7. Illustration of harmonic interference nulling by the differential
reverse telemetry receiver [11].
VII. IMPLANT CIRCUITRY
An application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) was
designed to implement the circuit portion of the wireless
power and data system, which, for an implanted device,
would be located inside the body. As shown in Figs. 8 & 9
the ASIC contains a fully integrated rectifier, a PLL,
modulators (ASK and BPSK), and reverse telemetry drivers.
The external circuitry for wireless powering and two-way
communication is also presented. The integrated circuit was
fabricated in the X-FAB (Lubbock, TX) 800nm BiCMOS
process [13] (BiCMOS is a term for a semiconductor
technology that integrates bipolar junction transistors and
complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors).
The PLL has a programmable output frequency to allow
multiple implanted devices to send reverse telemetry from
roughly the same physical location. Specifically the
frequency divider is designed to synthesize voltage-
controlled oscillator (VCO) outputs of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and
100MHz depending on the value of a 4-bit control word.
Producing these frequencies required division-by-two
followed by division by 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
Figure 9. PLL (and ASK/BPSK Transmitter in lower right) integrated
circuit (IC) Die Photograph. The total die area was 1600umx1450um
including the pads and ring. The PLL dimensions were 350um x 680um
[12].
Self-bias techniques and a differential buffer were used to
improve the power supply rejection of the VCO as described
in [14]. A more complete description of the PLL circuitry
and its measured performance is given in [12].
The 5MHz reference clock is recovered from the magnetic
power field carrier by the on-chip FSK demodulator
circuitry which also demodulates commands sent to the RF
telemetry ASIC by the transmitter via FSK modulation of
the power carrier at a data rate of 1.25Mbps as described in
[15].
Figure 8. Schematic of Telemetry IC Multi-Channel Wireless Neural Recording System [12]
6. In simulation, the PLL power consumption was below
1.3mW for frequencies below 100MHz with a 3V supply.
The power consumption of the fabricated ASIC was
measured to be 4.2mW operating at 48MHz with a 2.7V
supply, and the measured power consumption closely
matched OrCAD simulations. Simulations predict that the
PLL consumes only 14% of the total power, while the
reverse telemetry driver consumes 74% of the total power.
The reverse telemetry driver circuitry included on the chip is
not optimized for low power because it has redundant
modulation and driver circuitry that was used for evaluation
purposes.
VIII. DEMODULATION OF THE REVERSE TELEMETRY
Although synchronous demodulation might be easily
achieved, since the outward RF signal carrier is phase locked
to the RF power carrier, for initial testing the reverse
telemetry signal was asynchronously demodulated. This is
achieved using a bandpass filter centered at the reverse
telemetry carrier frequency, followed by a logarithmic
amplifier with a large dynamic range.
To facilitate digital algorithm testing, the finite impulse
response (FIR) filter and data synchronization system was
implemented on the Cyclone III DSP Development Kit
(Altera, San Jose, CA). With a coil separation of 20mm and
a data rate of 3Mbps, the bit error rate (BER) was measured
to be 2.03e-4. Measured data of the dual inductive power
and data link with a distance of 20mm and a data rate of
3Mbps is given in Fig. 10.
Figure 10. Demonstration of ASK transmission and demodulation with a
coil separation of 20mm and a data rate of 3Mbps. The top trace is the
modulating data signal to the implant circuitry for reverse telemetry. The
second trace from the top is the log amp output. The third trace from the
top is the digitally filtered (and inverted) log amp output. The bottom trace
is the demodulated reverse telemetry data.
We believe 20mm is a separation distance that is adequate
for most cortical neural-recording implants based on a
conservative estimate of the separation imposed by anatomy
for an adult male human, taking into account the thickness of
the scalp (≈8mm maximum [21]) and skull (≈11mm [22]), as
well as the dura and subdural space [23].
Wireless Neural Recording
System
Implantability
(According to
authors’ stated plans)
Power
Source
Data Transmission
Method
Raw Neural
Recording or
Spike Detection
Data
Rate
Data Link
Energy per bit
WINeR System, Georgia
Institute of Technology [16]
No Inductive
Radiated, ISM band
at 915MHz
Raw Neural
Recording
58-
709kSps
607pJ/b
Brown University System [2]
Yes, Two Island
(Two-Site) Geometry
Inductive Optical
Raw Neural
Recording
N/A N/A
INI System, U of Utah and
Stanford [17]
Yes, Button (Single-
Site) Geometry
Inductive
Radiated, ISM Band
902-928MHz
Spike Detection 157kbps 3185pJ/b
Hermes System, U of Utah
and Stanford [18]
No Battery
Radiated,
3.7~4.1GHz
Raw Data 24Mbps 1250pJ/b
UCSC System [19]
Yes, At Least Two
Site Geometry
Battery
Radiated, Impulse
radio based UWB,
4GHz
Raw Neural
Recording
90Mbps 17.78pJ/b
University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor System [20]
Yes, Two Island
Geometry
Inductive
Coil Antenna, 70-
200MHz
Spike Detection 2Mbps N/A
This Work
Yes, Button
Geometry
Inductive
Coil Antenna, 50-
100MHz
Raw Neural
Recording
3Mbps 1962pJ/b
TABLE III
WIRELESS NEURAL RECORDING SYSTEMS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THEIR POWER AND DATA SYSTEMS
TABLE III
7. Having shown that the wireless power and telemetry
system was capable of delivering the required data rate and
coil separation, the wireless power and telemetry circuitry
was then demonstrated in the context of a prototype 4
channel wireless neural recording system. The overall
architecture of a prototype wireless neural recording array
(WNRA) circuitry is shown in Fig. 11.
Figure 11. Overall architecture of our prototype wireless neural recording
array (WNRA) circuitry. This ASIC includes neural recording amplifiers
and a specialized voltage regulator to reduce power supply noise and assure
reliable operation even with expected variations in the powering magnetic
field strength. Coil A, B are the inputs connected to the leads of the implant
power coil, and Coil C, D are the outputs connected to the leads of the
implant data coil. ModSel is used to choose between BPSK and ASK
modulation. Vdd is the shunt regulated power supply and input to a low
dropout voltage regulator, the output of which is VLV.
The purpose of this prototype WNRA circuitry was to
evaluate the wireless power and reverse telemetry link in the
context of a wireless neural recording system with an
architecture representative of systems into which the power
and data link will ultimately be incorporated. The prototype
WNRA circuitry used available amplifiers and ADC
circuitry. No attempt was made to minimize the noise on the
amplifiers, nor were comprehensive noise measurements
made.
A simplified illustration of the DSP filtering and data
synchronization system used to demodulate the reverse
telemetry from the prototype four channel wireless neural
recording circuitry is given in Fig. 12. This system was
implemented on an FPGA so changes could be made quickly
by reprogramming, which is preferable to a digital ASIC or
analog system, which would require new hardware to be
ordered. The Cyclone III DSP Development Board and
Cyclone III Data Conversion HSMC (Altera Corporation,
San Jose, CA) were used for rapid prototyping purposes.
However, ultimately only an ADC, the FPGA, and a flash
memory would be required, or the design could be converted
to an equivalent ASIC or discrete circuit design.
Figure 12. Simplified block diagram of the DSP filtering and data
synchronization system used to demodulate reverse telemetry from the
prototype four channel WNRA circuitry.
Although the prototype WNRA circuitry is still under
evaluation, a set of preliminary measurements were made.
The gain and high pass filter corner of the amplifiers were
set to their lowest possible values. The gain was measured
to be 62.3 and the bandwidth was measured to be 0.7Hz to
27kHz. The waveforms were digitized by the ADC on the
prototype WNRA circuitry at a rate of 20kSps (the potential
for aliasing should be fixed in future versions of the chip
with an adjustable low pass corner) and with a resolution of
8bits/Sample.
A 10mV, 3kHz sinusoidal input was presented to the four
electrode inputs of the prototype four channel wireless
neural recording array circuitry. Reverse telemetry data was
transmitted with a coil separation of 15mm, a carrier
frequency of 40MHz, and a data rate of 1.25Mbps. The
reverse telemetry was successfully demodulated, and the
amplitude of the wirelessly transmitted and decoded
amplifier outputs were found to be within the expected
range.
IX. DISCUSSION
We have shown how a dual inductive link for
transcutaneous wireless power and two-way communication
can be optimized using an analytic model of the inductive
link in terms of its physical parameters, avoiding time-
consuming design iterations on the bench. No publication
existed previously for the optimization of reverse telemetry
achieved using a dual inductive link with coaxial implanted
coils. The coaxial coil arrangement is attractive, because the
data coil fits within the area of the power coil, and,
therefore, does not increase the total area of the implant.
Also, in contrast to the approach where the data coils are
made to be orthogonal to the power coils the thickness of the
implant is not increased by the presence of the data coils.
Also, a greater coupling coefficient is achieved with the
coaxial dual inductive link method than with the orthogonal
dual inductive link method.
Our aim was to incorporate the power and two-way
communication system into an implant with a diameter of
1cm. A small implant diameter allows more implants in a
given area of cortex, all of which could be powered by a
8. single external power coil. Also, implantation may be
achieved more easily with an implant having a smaller
footprint. The 1cm diameter restriction on coil diameter
presents a challenge in delivering sufficient power to the
implant and reverse telemetry amplitude outside the body,
because, with the coil separation imposed by anatomy
(mainly skull and scalp) a small implant diameter results in
small coupling coefficients between the external and implant
coils. Therefore, the analytic model for a dual inductive link
was used to achieve a working power and reverse telemetry
system having implant coil diameters of no more than 1cm.
Techniques for reducing and mitigating harmonic
interference from the power link onto the data link were also
presented, without which, the reverse telemetry signal would
be obscured. Particularly important was the use of
differential coils for detecting the reverse telemetry signal
from the implant data coil, while rejecting harmonic
interference from the external power coil. Historically,
differential coils, have been used to reject the large power
carrier rather than to reduce harmonic interference from the
power link onto a separate data link operating in the same
space. For instance, differential coils have been used in a
dual inductive link for delivering power and forward
telemetry to an implant. In this case the purpose of the
differential coil was primarily to reduce the size of the filters
that would to reject the power carrier in the implant
circuitry, where size is strictly limited by anatomy.
An end-to-end demonstration of a prototype wireless
neural recording array (WNRA) circuitry has shown that the
wireless power and reverse telemetry link is functional in the
context of a representative wireless neural recording system.
Although the preliminary measurements of the 4-channel
prototype WNRA circuitry presented here would be
considered rough for the purpose of demonstrating a
complete neural recording system, the purpose of the end-to-
end demonstration was to demonstrate the wireless power
and telemetry link which has been a historic problem. In
continuing work the amplifier and ADC need to be
optimized for noise and accurate gain control. However,
there are numerous examples in the literature of low noise,
low power amplifiers which have been incorporated into
neural recording circuitry, so we do not anticipate any
obstacles in designing amplifiers and ADC circuitry
appropriate for a first generation wireless neural recording
system [2,16-20].
Details regarding the layout, materials, and characteristics
of the electrode array, which will be used with a first
generation recording system utilizing the wireless power and
two-way communication system presented here is also
beyond the scope of this paper. However, we anticipate that
the neural recording system will be designed to work with a
variety of electrode types.
Table III summarizes several of the most developed
wireless neural recording systems for comparison and some
essential characteristics of their power and data systems.
One strength of the wireless neural recording system
presented here is the use of a single site, “button”, geometry,
which would allow for implantation of the entire recording
system beneath the dura. A single site implant does not
require connections between multiple sections of the
implant, which simplifies implantation and eliminates any
potential damage which may result from tethering and the
relative motion of the skull and brain.
The INI system, summarized in Table III, also uses a
button geometry. However, in contrast to the INI system,
which sends spike detected data, the wireless neural
recording system presented here is intended for sending raw
neural data on all channels simultaneously, which requires a
much higher data rate. The system presented here is also
designed to allow multiple implants located in the magnetic
field of a single Class E powering coil to send reverse
telemetry simultaneously on separate channels (e.g. 50, 60,
70, …, 100 MHz).
X. CONCLUSION
The system presented here is an important step for
providing two-way communication and wireless power in a
wideband transcutaneous neural recording system. The dual
inductive link was optimized using an analytic model of the
link in terms of its physical parameters. Novel methods
were used to reduce interference between the power and
reverse telemetry link, including filtering of harmonics from
the Class-E converter tank, and use of a differential reverse
telemetry receiving coil to cancel transmitter harmonic and
far-field interference.
The wireless power and data system was demonstrated in
the laboratory by fabricating an inductive link and pairing
with an ASIC. Operation is presented for a separation of
20mm and a data rate of 3Mbps, which we believe would be
sufficient for a neural prosthesis utilizing cortical neural
recordings.
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Alexander D. Rush (M’09) received the B.S.
degree in electrical engineering from University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2006 and the
Ph.D. degree in biomedical engineering from
Illinois Institute of Technology in 2012.
He is currently developing new hardware for
neural recording and stimulation at Plexon Inc in
Dallas, TX. His research interests include analog,
digital and mixed signal circuit design,
neuroprosthetic devices, wireless power and
telemetry for implantable electronics, and
optogenetics.
Philip R. Troyk (M’83–SM’91) received the B.S.
degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in
1974, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in
bioengineering from the University of Illinois,
Chicago, in 1980 and 1983, respectively.
He was on the staff of Northrop Corporation,
Rolling Meadows, IL, from 1973 to 1981. In 1983,
he joined the faculty of the Illinois Institute of
Technology, where he is currently Associate Dean
of the Armour College of Engineering, Associate
Professor of Biomedical Engineering, and Director
of the Laboratory of Neural Prosthetic Research. He is also president of
Sigenics, Inc, a company involved with design of ASICs for medical use. At
IIT he leads a team for development of an intracortical visual prosthesis,
and directs IIT’s contribution towards development of the IMES for
prosthesis control. His broader interests include development of central and
peripheral neural prostheses, the design and packaging of electronic
assemblies for implantation in the human body, and polymeric protection of
thin film devices operating in high humidity environments.