Third republic

Historical and Legal
Foundations of Philippine
Educational System
Philippines Republic
(1946-1965)
Prepared by:
Rhona Mae G. Dumpit

Quick Review
• Pre-Spanish Period (before 1521)
• Spanish Period (1521-1896)
• Revolutionary Period (1896-1898)
• American Period (1898-1935)
• Commonwealth Period (1935-1946)
• Japanese Occupation (1942-1946)

Philippines Republic
• also known as “Third Republic”
Brief History
• Transition gov’t ended in 1945, same year
World War II ended
• July 4, 1946- The Republic of the Philippines
was inaugurated at Luneta

• Guests: Gen. Douglas McArthur- supreme
commander of the Allied Power in Japan; Gen.
Milliard Tydings- co-sponsor, Philippine
Independence Act; former Gov. Gen. FB
Harrison- most beloved American gov. general
in Philippines
• Most meaningful and solemn moment of the
independence ceremony was the raising of the
Philippine flag by Pres. Roxas and lowering the
American flag by Ambassador McNatt.

Philippines Republic (1945-1965)
• Period of Rehabilitation (1946-1965)
• Period of Nationalization and Expansion
(1950-1959)
• Period of Growth (1960-1985)

Presidents of the Republic of the
Philippines
• Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948)
• Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953)
• Ramon F. Magsaysay (1953-1957)
• Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
• Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965)

Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948)
-First president of the Republic of the Philippines
Condition of the Philippines
• the country was paralyzed because World War
II just ended
• 80% of the school buildings were ruined which
weakened the educational system
• The reconstruction cost of these buildings
reached 126 million pesos

Primary Problems
• the economy was struggling because of low
output growth and high unemployment rates
• because businesses were closing, there were no
more jobs available for people
• Education also severely weakened. School
buildings were destroyed and instruments to
teach children were obliterated.
• Policies done by Roxas were highly influenced
by US officials

Laws and Programs
• On August 5, 1946, the Treaty of General
Relations was ratified between the Philippines
and the US. It recognized Philippine
independence as of July 4, 1946 and
relinquished American sovereignty over the
Philippine Islands.
• In 1946, the US congress offered 800 million
dollars as rehabilitation money in exchange for
the ratification of the Bell Trade Act.

Laws and Programs
• On January 1, 1947 under the Bell Trade Act,
the Parity Amendment was introduced.
• It gave American citizens and corporations
equal rights to Filipinos to utilize natural
resources and operate public utilities.
• 23 of those bases were leased for 99 years
which means that they can leave the Philippine
soil only by 2045.

Educational System/ Curriculum
• Focused on the rehabilitation of the school
system which was in keeping with the policies
of the government
• 80% of the schools were ruined; cost of
reconstruction: 126 million (annual deficit:
P200 million)

• Executive Order #94- (1947): Department of
Instruction to Department of Education
• Republic Act # 139- “Board on Textbooks”
Section 1.

Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953)
• Second President of the Republic of the
Philippines
• When President Manuel Roxas died on April
15, 1948, Quirino succeeded him as president
of the republic.

Primary Problems
• Poverty was present specifically by the
starvation problems of the people in the
Mountain Province
• Wages of people cannot compensate with the
expenses of th people and the prices of the
products due to inflation.
• Unemployment was also evident because the
Americans were gradually decreasing their
business in the Philippines.

Laws and Programs
• Quirino focused on two main objectives.
• His first objective was to fix the economy of his
administration. To achieve this goal, he
established PACSA (President’s Action
Committee on Social Amelioration), ACCFA
(Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing
Administration), Labor Management Advisory
Board, and the Rural Banks of the Philippines.

Laws and Programs
• His second objective was to restore the faith
and confidence of the people in the
government body of the Philippines.
• To do this, he revived former president
Quezon’s “fireside chats” which updated the
people about the government via live radio
broadcast from the Malacanang palace.

Beneficiaries of the Laws and Programs
• PACSA was beneficial for financially
challenged families;
• ACCFA aided farmers in selling what they
harvested;
• Labor Management Advisory Board guided
him on matters regarding labor;
• Rural Banks helped countrymen in the rural
areas manage their finances;
• “Fireside chats” updated Filipinos about
operations in the government.

• “Our educational policy must be reviewed and
revised for closer coordination with the
objectives of our proposed development
program, without sacrificing the traditional aim
of providing a liberal culture basic to the good
life. I hope that the Joint Educational Committee
of the Congress engaged in this study will be able
to evolve a revision of the school system more
adaptable to and in keeping with our national
requirements.”

Ramon F. Magsaysay (1953-1957)
• Third President of the Philippines Republic
• Ramon Magsaysay was dubbed as “the guy”
because many considered him as the president
who really connected and represented the
common man being a president with a
sympathetic heart to the masses.
• He even opened Malacañang to the public.
• His death was presented with issues telling
that his plane didn’t actually crashed but it was
sneaked in with a bomb that caused the plane
crash of the president.

• Republic Act #896 (June 10, 1953)-
Elementary Education Act of 1953. This new law
restore Grade 7 which was abolished by the
Education Act 1940.
• Republic Act #1124 (June 16, 1954)-created Board
of National Education-Sen. Jose P. Laurel as chairman
of the Board’s Committee on Education -University of
Masses (basic philosophy of education)

• Republic Act #1265 (June 11, 1955)-
compulsory daily flag ceremony
• Republic Act # 1425 (June 12, 1956)-
Rizal as subject

Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
• Fourth President of the Philippines Republic
Condition of the Philippines
• The Philippines agreed to numerous conditions set
by the United States as a requirement for the
Philippines to receive war reconstruction
assistance.
• The flow of imports had greatly increased making
the Philippines heavily dependent of imported
products
• the Philippines also promised not to change its
exchange rate from $1 is to P2.

Primary Problems
• Corruption was also prevalent in the country
since he had just inherited the Magsaysay
administration
• The imports that were coming in the country
greatly outnumbered the exports that we were
shipping out of the country, making the
Philippines highly dependent on foreign
products that required dollars to purchase.

Laws and Programs
• Filipino First Policy
– to give local businessmen more priority
over foreign investors
– Products of Filipino businessmen were also
preferred over foreign products.

Laws and Programs
• Bohlen–Serrano Agreement
– It was the law that shortened the original
99 year lease of US bases here in the
Philippines to 25 years, the agreement was
renewable for periods only up to 5 years.

Laws and Programs
• Austerity Program
– The program centered on wise spending,
industry, thrift, trustworthiness, integrity
and honesty
– He also urged people to avoid luxury items
and to live a simple life and reminded
government officials and employees’
corruption destroys the peoples trust in the
government.

Laws and Programs
• Republic Cultural Awards
The award was given to Filipino artists,
scientist, historians and writers.

• As a measure of insuring effective instruction,
the full-day primary school session, which we
had before the implementation of
Commonwealth Act 586, has been restores and
the maximum size of classes has been reduced
from 60 to 40 pupils.

• The vernacular is now being used as a medium
of instruction in the first two years of the
primary grades, thereby promoting optimum
literacy, especially among those pupils who
can stay in school for only a few years…

• “The secondary curriculum has been
revised so as to provide a common program of
studies for the first two years, after which the
student is given the option, with the help of a
competent counsellor, to choose between a
vocational course and a college
preparatory course. In the revised
curriculum more science and mathematics are
offered, in view of their importance in present-
day life and world progress…

• “In line with the economic development
program of the Administration, vocational
education has been receiving increased
emphasis. Home industries are being
fostered as a means of enabling our people to
have a supplementary source of income. All
school divisions have organized home industry
centers which survey local raw materials to be
developed, train workers, standardize
products, and assist producers in marketing
them.”

Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965)
• Fifth President of the Philippines Republic
Primary Problems
• Low living standards of the masses
• Lack of economic stability
• Unemployment
• Devaluation of the Philippine Peso
• Foreigners could now buy and control more
local businesses easily because of the exchange
rate. They were richer than the Philippines.

Laws And Programs
• Opened Malacanang to the Public; however it
didn’t last long because people started to only
loft around
• Dismissed Corruption in the government when
the official couldn’t justify his sudden
acquisition of wealth.
• Changed the Date of the Philippine
Independence from July 4 to June 12.

Educational System or Curriculum
• “Basic to the efforts toward economic
expansion and the growth of social benefits to
the common man is the proper education of
the citizenry. It was toward this objective that
the Department of Education formulated
policies and implemented measures to
improve the quality of instruction and to
strengthen the curricula in all levels of
instruction.

Educational System or Curriculum
Thus, during the past year, 13,000 new classes
were opened by the Department of Education on
the elementary level as compared to 10,300 new
classes opened during 1961.”

Third Republic
SUMMARY
• Fundamental Objectives
-Citizenship
-Morality
-Democracy
-Industry
-Family Responsibility
-Use of leisure
-Helping the community
-Cultural heritage for youth
-Understanding of other nations

Third Republic
Brief History
Educational Program
• The concept of academic freedom
• Only universities established by the State
• Religious instruction in the public schools
• Optional and its implementation would have to be in
accordance with what was already authorized by the existing
law
• The creation of scholarships in the arts, sciences and letters
was for specially gifted citizens
• For those who possess as certain level of capability for
academic studies and are unable to afford the cost of college
education.

Third Republic
Brief History
Educational Practices
• Moral Character
• The quality of a person that guides his thinking,
behavior, and relationships with others social concern
and involvement
• Vocational Efficiency
• Productivity
• Complete and adequate system of public education
• Changes with the changing time and the changing needs
of changing human beings

References:
• http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1956/06/12
/republic-act-no-1425/
• http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/rep
ublicactno1265.html#.Wuq9GvlubIU
• http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/rep
ublicactno896.html#.Wuq9QflubIU
• https://www.slideshare.net/MsKrabbs19/hist
orical-perspective-in-philippine-education

Third republic

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