The document discusses strategies for managing heavy rough areas on golf courses. Increasing budget pressures have made intensively managing all grassland areas unfeasible. The strategies aim to alter rough composition over several years using cultural and chemical techniques. This includes reducing soil fertility, targeting coarse grasses with herbicides, and encouraging finer species. Proper surveying, record keeping, and communication with club members is important. The goal is to create rough that penalizes poorly hit shots but still allows players to advance the ball.
Pastures, wind breaks and shelter belts in soil conservationVishnu Gopan G M
A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. Farmers sometimes use windbreaks to keep snow drifts on farm land that will provide water when the snow melts in the spring.
Soil conservation is the preventing of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
Please refer to this leaflet for the answer to your questions before ringing the Institute as large volumes of calls delay the processing of applications.
If the answer to your question is not available please email the contact person in your acknowledgement letter.
Places on all courses are allocated to qualifying candidates in order of receipt of completed applications.
Pastures, wind breaks and shelter belts in soil conservationVishnu Gopan G M
A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. Farmers sometimes use windbreaks to keep snow drifts on farm land that will provide water when the snow melts in the spring.
Soil conservation is the preventing of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
Please refer to this leaflet for the answer to your questions before ringing the Institute as large volumes of calls delay the processing of applications.
If the answer to your question is not available please email the contact person in your acknowledgement letter.
Places on all courses are allocated to qualifying candidates in order of receipt of completed applications.
ITB Exam Regulations banning the use of mobile phones and electronic devices.TU Dublin
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Week 1 (13th -17th Aug)
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Flat rate charges of €60 per child non-refundable, places are limited to 60 children per week and places will be allocated upon a first come basis upon receipt of payment.
Contact : Sports Officer - Institute of Technology Blanchardstown.
Tel: 01 8851153
www.itb.ie
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We are delighted to announce that "Fingal Bee Positive", a show garden developed in partnership with TU Dublin and Fingal County Council, has won a Gold Medal in the Bloom 2019 Large Garden Category.
Designed by Jane McCorkell, Landscape Designer and Horticulture Lecturer at TU Dublin Blanchardstown, and developed in Partnership with Fingal County Council and DDLETB, the "Fingal Bee Positive" garden aims to emphasise the importance of pollinators within rapidly urbanising environments. The garden also demonstrates how to create and protect habitats for pollinators - including bees and many other insect species - within a usable, outdoor recreation space.
"Bee Positive" is a reflection of both TU Dublin and Fingal County Council's commitment as a Pollinator Partner in the All Ireland Pollinator Plan and our recognition of the importance of Climate Action.
On Thursday 23rd of May, we were delighted to host "Kaleidoscope", the annual End Of Year exhibition for final year Creative Digital Media students at TU Dublin Blanchardstown.
This exhibition showcased the very best in emerging digital talent, including a diverse range of creatively crafted interactive design and motion projects, including work in Film-making, Animation, Visual FX, App Design, Installation, Documentary, Game Development, AR and VR.
The exhibitors this year are Aisling Power, Alan Murphy, Amanda Culligan, Andrew Rahaman, Ashley Farrell, Aoife Burke, Aqsa Khalid, Cian Daly, Conor Diggin, Conor Gunn, Diarmuid Costello, Dylan Lewis, Dylan Reilly, Eoghan O'Carroll, Jessica Abhilash, John Braga, Megan Bredin, Milaela Egan, Neil Doughty, Padraig Hawkins, Sarah Mooney, Sayonara Bittencourt, Shauna Sheridan-Donnelly, Stephen Coyle, Tobi Ilori and Zithelo Mthombeni.
The largest one day Capture the Flag event, the Colleges Cyber-Security Challenge, took place on April 5th in Dublin City Centre. The fifth annual flagship event of its kind was brought to Dublin by ZeroDays CTF. ZeroDays started out with a simple aim to promote, develop and encourage participation in capture the flag security events in Ireland with an aim to identify and applaud Europe's brightest IT Security students and encourage them to pursue a career in cyber security.
On Friday December 7th, ITB awarded its annual Sports Scholarships to students who have demonstrated outstanding sporting ability. A total of 22 scholarships were awarded to participants in Rugby, Basketball, Soccer, Badminton, Pool, Karate, Taekwon-do and Kick Boxing, with packages totalling 25,000 euros.
The awards were presented to the students by Mr. Ronan Keaskin (ITB Sports Development Officer). Speaking at the presentation Ronan said "ITB is delighted to present scholarships today to such motivated students in such a wide range of sports. ITB has a growing number of clubs on campus and we welcome applications from anyone who wants to participate in sports at a high level while committing to their course of study". The ITB Sports Scholarships were established in 2006 to assist students with outstanding sports potential and ability and recipients compete both at national and international level. In addition to an excellent financial package, recipients are also provided with academic mentoring, free athletic therapy support and high performance personal training support. The scholarships are available to all qualifying full time ITB students. Scholarships are awarded in a range of sports with applicants being short-listed and interviewed as part of the selection process. Each scholarship covers a period of one academic year. Students who are registered on a full-time course at ITB may apply for a scholarship up to the closing date of October 1st. The 2018 awardees are:
Aimee Clarke
Claire Melia
Colin McCabe
Erin Mc Bride
Lauren Duffy
Emmanuel Okesola Esuku
David Mc Quillan
Megan Bredin
Sophie Larkin
Jordan White
Danielle Baker
Matt Connolly
Niamh Masterson
Anna Brennan
Eric Abulu
Robert Manley
Eoghan Morgan
Jamie Coyne
Daniel O'Donovan
Jamie Hollywood
Eleanor Ryan Doyle
Naoisha McAloon
The Institute of Technology Blanchardstown (ITB) was delighted to showcase their fourth year students in Informatics end of year project exhibition on Thursday May 17th at Liberty IT's facility in Blanchardstown.
Our Open Day takes place on Tues, 25th, 10am-1pm and 5pm - 7pm.
Talks, tours, demos , interactive sessions and loads of fun too.
Great prizes up for grabs shopping vouchers, tablets.
Stay tuned for competition updates here on facebook, twitter & instagram.
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Creative Cuts - Tips for the Modern Golf Course Superintendent TU Dublin
Eamon Kealy - M.Hort.Sc. - lecturer in Horticulture specialising in sports turf management at the Institute of Technology Blanchardstown talks about a number of strategies a Modern Golf Course Superintendent could adopt to innovate around cutbacks in the golf course industry in Ireland.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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1. 42 www.horticulture.ie / April/May 2014
10
Eamon Kealy, turfgrass specialist and
lecturer in horticulture at the Institute of
Tecnology Blanchardstown, sets out a
concise strategy for managing areas of heavy
rough on Ireland’s golf courses
I
ncreasing pressure on golf course
budgets has made superintendents
reconsider how they manage their
heavy rough grass and out of play
areas. It is no longer feasible to
intensively manage all the grassland
areas on a golf course due to the
increased cost of diesel, equipment
and labour. Members and green fee
paying golfers expect challenging
conditions, yet enjoyable rounds of golf.
Unmanaged rough areas can spoil a
round of golf. They can frustrate players
due to lost golf balls or injuries caused
to golfers from playing heavy lies. The
ideal rough penalises a poorly struck
shot but does not prevent the golfer
from locating and advancing the ball to
some degree.
The heavy rough or deep rough on
a golf course is the most important
grassland habitat from an ecological
point of view. It is usually allowed to
grow throughout the season and only
cut once or twice annually. It provides
refuge for mammals and insects and
can form part of the broader wildlife
corridor throughout the course.
Greens, tees and fairways are all
intensively managed and provide little
protection for mammals. Collectively
woodlands, hedgerows, water courses
and heavy rough can be viewed as a
precious sanctuary for flora and fauna.
Poor management and maintenance
of these long grass areas can lead
to a general thickening of the sward
over time. Prolonged instances of
wet weather can have an undesirable
impact on the sward composition,
favouring grasses like Lolium perenne,
Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus.
In such cases efforts to encourage finer
species can be to no avail.
In recent years, superintendents
have become proactive in developing
management strategies and plans
to reduce the density of the heavy
rough on the golf courses. Approaches
have revolved around reducing the
soil fertility by harvesting grass and
preventing the breakdown of nutrients
back into the soil, effectively starving
the coarser grasses. In 2009, a new
selective graminicide, Rescue, was
introduced onto the market targeting
Lolium perenne and other coarse
grasses. When used in combination with
cultural techniques it can reduce the
density of heavy rough areas. It can also
be used on Festuca spp. golf greens.
THE MANAGEMENT
The objective of a management plan
should be to alter the sward composition
of the heavy rough over a period of
time, by a combination of cultural and
chemical techniques. Encouraging
finer grass species and reducing sward
density should be a priority. When
developing a plan, areas along the
fringes of play should be prioritised,
as they have the most impact on play
and subsequently the speed at which
the game is played. Superintendents
must survey and record the species of
grasses in the areas to be treated. Any
subsequent treatments will be based
around their recordings. If the survey
reveals high levels of desirable grasses
like Festuca and Agrostis spp., then
the strategies should revolve around
maintaining and increasing these levels.
However, should the survey reveal high
levels of coarse grasses such as Lolium,
Holcus and Dactylis spp. then all efforts
should target reducing the prevalence of
these grasses.
Getting the ideal sward composition
doesn’t happen overnight. The
superintendent must have the full
backing of the golf club’s committee
or owners. Plans may need to be in
place for five to six years in order
to be considered successful. With
regard to informing the members of
the club, communication is key. Often
new management techniques can be
misunderstood by the golfing public if
they are not properly informed. During
transition phases, areas of heavy rough
can look weak and unkempt. It is at
these times that a good management
plan which has a solid basis in good
agronomical practices is worth its
weight in gold. There are a number of
approaches that a superintendent can
take regarding implementing a plan.
2. 2014 / www.horticulture.ie / 43
10
The following management plan is an
example of a combination chemical
and cultural strategy, although I am not
implying that a cultural only strategy
would be less successful.
IMPLEMENTING THE
Surveying the Areas
Superintendents must have good
turfgrass identification skills to survey
and record the species of grass that
dominate the rough on their golf
courses. Applying chemicals to reduce
grass species that don’t exist in the
sward would be a waste of time, energy
and money. Two good reference
sources for superintendents and
greenkeepers looking to increase their
knowledge of grasses are: ‘Grasses’
by CE Hubbard and ‘Plant Material of
Agricultural Importance in Temperate
Climates’ by MA Farragher. Both contain
comprehensive identification keys for
both the vegetative and inflorescence
stages of the grass’s life cycle.
When carrying out the survey,
superintendents should use a quadrat
to sample the areas to be included in
the plan. Photographic records should
be taken of the quadrats in position and
percentage cover of both coarse and
fine grass species should be recorded
before any treatment takes place. The
locations of each quadrat should be
marked from two fixed points to ensure
that follow up surveys are in the exact
same position. Data collection is crucial
to the successful execution of the plan.
Following a survey of the areas, in
late summer/early autumn existing
vegetation is cut and harvested to a
height of 50mm. Ten days later, Rescue
is applied at a rate of 1.0 l/ha when
the grass is actively growing. The next
spring, the vegetation is once again
cut and harvested by March. Rescue is
applied at a higher rate of 1.33 l/ha. The
following autumn, the grass is collected
and harvested again to reduce fertility.
It should be noted that a maximum of
two treatments of Rescue should be
applied per annum.
Depending on the amount of
undesirable grass in the sward,
overseeding with finer grass species
may be necessary after treatment to
help the areas recover quickly. The
area can be treated with a plant growth
regulator such as Primo Maxx or Clipless
before germination takes place. The
plant growth regulator will give the
germinating grass a better foothold in
the first few weeks.
After the initial targeting of small trial
areas across the golf course in the
first two years has been deemed a
success, the management plan can be
fully rolled out across the course with
confidence.
Continued monitoring and surveying
by staff will be needed to ensure that
the sward does not regress. The plan
may need to be modified to adjust
cutting times, rates of chemicals and
harvesting plans should regression occur.
EQUIPMENT NEEDED TO
The heavy rough and out of play
areas can make up a large portion of
the entire golf course. Tackling large
areas requires machines capable of
cutting at low heights of cut (50mm)
“Increasing pressure on golf course
budgets has made superintendents
reconsider how they manage their heavy
rough grass and out of play areas”
ABOVE LEFT: A DEMONSTRATION OF THE AMAZONE GROUNDKEEPER AT NAAS GOLF CLUB IN MAY 2012
ABOVE RIGHT: DESIRABLE ‘WISPY’ FESTUCA SPP WITH EVEN CONSISTENCY THROUGHOUT
3. 44 www.horticulture.ie / April/May 2014
10
and harvesting the material. Many
golf courses hire local agricultural
contractors to carry out this work,
as staffing levels are inadequate
to complete in-house. Care should
be taken to ensure the ground is
sufficiently dry to take the weight of
such machines and all access routes into
and out of the course should be clearly
defined to prevent damage to areas of
high value turf.
When implementing the plan on a
smaller scale, combination machines like
the Amazone Groundkeeper would be
sufficient. Equipping the machine with
scarifying blades to clean out the base of
the sward will encourage the finer grasses
to prevail once nutrient levels have been
decreased. Such equipment also has the
capability of harvesting grass clippings
which can then be composted on site if
the facilities are available.
In Scotland, some links courses
have brought sheep back to maintain
Sites of Significant Scientific Interest
(SSSI’s). In such areas invasive species
are kept under control and rare plants
can flourish. In future, Irish golf course
superintendents may revert to using
sheep for grazing the heavy rough,
thereby reducing the reliance on the
use machinery.
POTENTIAL
Bracken: Heavy roughs can often
have issues with invasive plants, such
as bracken (Pteridium aquilinum).
Asulox (a selective herbicide for
treatment of bracken in grassland)
was withdrawn from the approved
pesticide register in December 2011
with a use by date of December 2012.
However, a temporary licence was
granted for emergency use from 19th
July 2013 to 16th November 2013.
Bracken is extremely hard to control
due to its reproductive mechanism.
It spreads by underground creeping
stems (rhizomes) and spores.
Chemical treatment alone has varied
success. Crushing of bracken is a
method of control that has been
used by land managers for decades.
Crushing of the bracken plant has
been shown to reduce the overall
vigour of the plant by up to one third.
The crushing of the bracken causes
the plant to bleed sap for a number
of days. This reduces the plants
photosynthetic vigour and ultimately
causes the death of the plant.
There are many beneficial effects
of having bracken on the golf course.
These include habitats for birds
and cover for ground flora such as
bluebell and violet. Dead bracken
fronds provide cover for plants
that otherwise could not compete
with grass competition. Bracken is
also used by badgers as bedding.
However, from a golfing point of view,
it is unsuitable due to its invasive
characteristics.
ABOVE: A DEMONSTRATION OF THE AMAZONE GROUNDKEEPER AT NAAS GOLF CLUB IN MAY 2012.
ABOVE RIGHT: YOUNG BRACKEN PLANTS IN EARLY APRIL ON THE GOLF COURSE
EAMON KEALY
M.Hort.Sc is a lecturer
in horticulture,
specialising
in sportsturf
management at the
Institute of Technology
Blanchardstown. ITB
offers part-time and
full time courses in horticulture.
For more information see www.itb.ie
or email info@itb.ie
IN
CONCLUSION
For any plan to be successful it
must be implemented in full and
supported by staff and members
alike. If the golf course is dependent
on contactors for harvesting of
material, a good relationship should
be developed with a contractor
who understands the quality of
work required on the golf course.
Along with economic benefits,
implementation of this type of
plan can also have the following
advantages for a golf course;
The speed of the average round
of golf decreases as golfers spend
less time looking for golf balls in
the rough.
Biodiversity increases as flora and
fauna flourish.
Time spent cutting heavy rough
areas decreases throughout the
growing season.