Aquatic animals have various feeding habits and feed intakes. For example, fish swallow feeds so they need about 40 minutes to intake feeds. However, shrimps nibble feeds so they need three to six hours to intake feeds.
They are what they eat - Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds with m...International Aquafeed
Live feeds are often essential for larval fish. Live feeds are proven to be essential first-feed for many larval fish, essentially all those that hatch from small eggs with limited yolk reserves and often immature feeding and digestive functions. Live feeds provide larval fish with essential nutrients that are naturally ‘microencapsulated’ in bite-sized packages. They include a high proportion of easily-assimilated free amino acids and free fatty acids, as well as digestive enzymes and beneficial bacterial microfloras in the gut contents of the prey. The swimming activity of live prey also stimulates feeding responses in larval fish, a vital concern because small larvae with very limited metabolic reserves can quickly starve if they do not promptly begin feeding actively.
Carp is one of the main species of China's aquaculture industry, forming 13 percent of its farmed fish output. Because of their wide adaptability, carp can be farmed in an extensive variety of regions. However, in recent years their quality in China has declined. With the blind pursuit of production volumes and backward steps in breeding management technology, many problems have appeared in carp aquaculture.
Over recent years several factors have led to an escalation of feed ingredient prices especially fishmeal. As a consequence, alternative commodities have been used, mainly plant protein sources. However, as a result of this trend, aquaculture feeds have a higher risk of being contaminated with mycotoxins.
South African aquaculture production, though limited in its contribution to Africa's and global production, has shown a significant increase over the past decade. Since the lifting of political and economical isolation in the early 1990’s, South Africa has experienced a rapid increase in the development of commercial aquaculture.
Current challenges and opportunities in amino acid nutrition of salmonidsInternational Aquafeed
Fishmeal is still one of the main protein sources used in commercial feeds for trout and salmon. But its availability is shrinking and its cost is increasing year by year. The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends largely on its capability to replace fishmeal with alternative sources of protein, and to reduce the currently excessive protein levels commonly applied in the formulation of commercial diets. At the same time, feeds must be formulated to be effective in covering the nutrient requirements of specific species in order to maximise growth.
Scottish whisky is a truly iconic product, with Scotland the largest-producing nation of whisky worldwide. Production has increased by 30 percent in the last decade and more than five times in the last half-century. In 2011 more than 500 million litres of pure alcohol (lpa) of whisky were produced in the UK. As the whisky industry prospers, more attention is drawn to the by-products of whisky production. Whisky manufacture yields considerable amounts of by-products – which include liquid and solid components – alongside the main product. These materials contain significant amounts of proteins that are currently underutilised and are often perceived as a challenge rather than an opportunity for distillers.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
They are what they eat - Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds with m...International Aquafeed
Live feeds are often essential for larval fish. Live feeds are proven to be essential first-feed for many larval fish, essentially all those that hatch from small eggs with limited yolk reserves and often immature feeding and digestive functions. Live feeds provide larval fish with essential nutrients that are naturally ‘microencapsulated’ in bite-sized packages. They include a high proportion of easily-assimilated free amino acids and free fatty acids, as well as digestive enzymes and beneficial bacterial microfloras in the gut contents of the prey. The swimming activity of live prey also stimulates feeding responses in larval fish, a vital concern because small larvae with very limited metabolic reserves can quickly starve if they do not promptly begin feeding actively.
Carp is one of the main species of China's aquaculture industry, forming 13 percent of its farmed fish output. Because of their wide adaptability, carp can be farmed in an extensive variety of regions. However, in recent years their quality in China has declined. With the blind pursuit of production volumes and backward steps in breeding management technology, many problems have appeared in carp aquaculture.
Over recent years several factors have led to an escalation of feed ingredient prices especially fishmeal. As a consequence, alternative commodities have been used, mainly plant protein sources. However, as a result of this trend, aquaculture feeds have a higher risk of being contaminated with mycotoxins.
South African aquaculture production, though limited in its contribution to Africa's and global production, has shown a significant increase over the past decade. Since the lifting of political and economical isolation in the early 1990’s, South Africa has experienced a rapid increase in the development of commercial aquaculture.
Current challenges and opportunities in amino acid nutrition of salmonidsInternational Aquafeed
Fishmeal is still one of the main protein sources used in commercial feeds for trout and salmon. But its availability is shrinking and its cost is increasing year by year. The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends largely on its capability to replace fishmeal with alternative sources of protein, and to reduce the currently excessive protein levels commonly applied in the formulation of commercial diets. At the same time, feeds must be formulated to be effective in covering the nutrient requirements of specific species in order to maximise growth.
Scottish whisky is a truly iconic product, with Scotland the largest-producing nation of whisky worldwide. Production has increased by 30 percent in the last decade and more than five times in the last half-century. In 2011 more than 500 million litres of pure alcohol (lpa) of whisky were produced in the UK. As the whisky industry prospers, more attention is drawn to the by-products of whisky production. Whisky manufacture yields considerable amounts of by-products – which include liquid and solid components – alongside the main product. These materials contain significant amounts of proteins that are currently underutilised and are often perceived as a challenge rather than an opportunity for distillers.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
Aquatic feed production has undergone tremendous changes as the industry has advanced towards efficiency and sustainability of the aquaculture industry.
Extrusion processing using a combination of moisture, pressure, temperature and mechanical shear, is been used in the feed industry. It results in physical and chemical changes such as ingredient particle size reduction, starch gelatinization and inactivation of enzymes. Mild extrusion processing usually enhances the digestibility of plant proteins.
Utlisation of Roasted Guar Korma as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal...International Aquafeed
Roasted Guar Korma is a high protein raw material, obtained after extraction of Guar gum from the seeds of the leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It is cleaned and roasted after the gum extraction to remove anti-nutritional factors present in korma, such as trypsin inhibitor, improving its nutritional values and total digestibility.
The global fish consumption for human nutrition increases. The supply of enough aquatic products is still possible, because the experienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is buffered by the increasing amount of fish from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
Pellet distribution modelling: a tool for improved feed delivery in sea cagesInternational Aquafeed
About 50 percent of the costs related to farming of salmon and rainbow trout are spent on feed (Fiskeridirektoratet, 2012), and the estimated feed loss from commercial sites is 5-7 percent (Cromey et al., 2002; Gjøsæter et al., 2008). This amounts to a considerable annual economic loss for the farmer.
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in food production. However, the future of this growth will depend largely on availability of raw materials and development of new nutrient sources from vegetable or animal origin.
OUR INSTALLATIONS OF PISCICULTURE FACILITY Pisciculture facility ppt final sh...sadhanasemwal
Saveer specializes in manufacturing, designing and installing advanced facility for the commercial production of Fish Fry/Fingerlings in protected conditions.
Provides important environmental factors like temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen for successful hatching and development of larvae.
Protection of fish seed from harmful external agencies.
Appropriate feed for fish seed.
Production of quality fingerlings in large number year after year.
Timely availability of fingerling to fish farmers and confers good returns to the them.
Production of fish seed by breeding in controlled environment conditions is commercially important.
For rapid expansion and growth of fish production.
For supply of fish seed (fry / fingerlings) to stock the systems.
Need of proper nutrition for production of quality fish seed.
To scientifically monitor their growth and protect the early stages to procure most of them as fingerlings .
To produce quality fingerlings in large number year after year and distribution to fish farmers.
The supply of fish seed is delivered by mid of February that used to be ready by the month of July
As part of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with WorldFish: “Leveraging Aquaculture and Fisheries for Improving Food and Nutrition Security in Egypt”
Duckweed is the smallest flowering plant in the world. It is an aquatic plant often found in fresh water or wetlands in most parts of the world that do not freeze too frequently. Floating on or just below the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of water, many around the world perceive it as a pest, claiming it “clogs up lakes or ponds”.
Natural additives for fish - do we have to reinvent the wheel or is there a s...International Aquafeed
The global importance of aquaculture, in particular finfish, is growing and correspondingly, the demand for high-quality feeds and additives is increasing year by year (Aquafeed Directory Issue 2013/14).
Aquaculture is a growing and increasingly important industry in many parts of the world, including Scotland, Chile, Norway, Greece and Turkey. It helps to sustain economic growth in rural and coastal communities which are often isolated from the more developed and industrialised areas of these countries.
How Advance International can assist the European Union in creating sustainability within the commercial fishing industry & increase global food supply in a 100% natural way.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
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Similar to Grinding equipment for aquatic feed pellets
Aquatic feed production has undergone tremendous changes as the industry has advanced towards efficiency and sustainability of the aquaculture industry.
Extrusion processing using a combination of moisture, pressure, temperature and mechanical shear, is been used in the feed industry. It results in physical and chemical changes such as ingredient particle size reduction, starch gelatinization and inactivation of enzymes. Mild extrusion processing usually enhances the digestibility of plant proteins.
Utlisation of Roasted Guar Korma as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal...International Aquafeed
Roasted Guar Korma is a high protein raw material, obtained after extraction of Guar gum from the seeds of the leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It is cleaned and roasted after the gum extraction to remove anti-nutritional factors present in korma, such as trypsin inhibitor, improving its nutritional values and total digestibility.
The global fish consumption for human nutrition increases. The supply of enough aquatic products is still possible, because the experienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is buffered by the increasing amount of fish from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
Pellet distribution modelling: a tool for improved feed delivery in sea cagesInternational Aquafeed
About 50 percent of the costs related to farming of salmon and rainbow trout are spent on feed (Fiskeridirektoratet, 2012), and the estimated feed loss from commercial sites is 5-7 percent (Cromey et al., 2002; Gjøsæter et al., 2008). This amounts to a considerable annual economic loss for the farmer.
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in food production. However, the future of this growth will depend largely on availability of raw materials and development of new nutrient sources from vegetable or animal origin.
OUR INSTALLATIONS OF PISCICULTURE FACILITY Pisciculture facility ppt final sh...sadhanasemwal
Saveer specializes in manufacturing, designing and installing advanced facility for the commercial production of Fish Fry/Fingerlings in protected conditions.
Provides important environmental factors like temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen for successful hatching and development of larvae.
Protection of fish seed from harmful external agencies.
Appropriate feed for fish seed.
Production of quality fingerlings in large number year after year.
Timely availability of fingerling to fish farmers and confers good returns to the them.
Production of fish seed by breeding in controlled environment conditions is commercially important.
For rapid expansion and growth of fish production.
For supply of fish seed (fry / fingerlings) to stock the systems.
Need of proper nutrition for production of quality fish seed.
To scientifically monitor their growth and protect the early stages to procure most of them as fingerlings .
To produce quality fingerlings in large number year after year and distribution to fish farmers.
The supply of fish seed is delivered by mid of February that used to be ready by the month of July
As part of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with WorldFish: “Leveraging Aquaculture and Fisheries for Improving Food and Nutrition Security in Egypt”
Duckweed is the smallest flowering plant in the world. It is an aquatic plant often found in fresh water or wetlands in most parts of the world that do not freeze too frequently. Floating on or just below the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of water, many around the world perceive it as a pest, claiming it “clogs up lakes or ponds”.
Natural additives for fish - do we have to reinvent the wheel or is there a s...International Aquafeed
The global importance of aquaculture, in particular finfish, is growing and correspondingly, the demand for high-quality feeds and additives is increasing year by year (Aquafeed Directory Issue 2013/14).
Aquaculture is a growing and increasingly important industry in many parts of the world, including Scotland, Chile, Norway, Greece and Turkey. It helps to sustain economic growth in rural and coastal communities which are often isolated from the more developed and industrialised areas of these countries.
How Advance International can assist the European Union in creating sustainability within the commercial fishing industry & increase global food supply in a 100% natural way.
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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
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Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
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3. A
quatic animals have various
feeding habits and feed intakes.
For example, fish swallow feeds
so they need about 40 minutes
to intake feeds. However, shrimps nibble
feeds so they need three to six hours to
intake feeds.
The digestive tract of aquatic animals is
relatively short so they have poor digestive
ability. For example, fish have no salivary
glands in the oropharyngeal cavity which helps
seek, intake and swallow feeds. So the func-
tions of tearing and grinding feeds degenerate.
Fish dissolve and digest feeds from the
feed surface so aquatic feeds with small
particles are convenient for digestion and
absorption.
These characteristics mean that aquatic
feed pellets should have good stability and
water resistance; be easy to digest; and be the
fineness specific growth stages.
In order to produce ideal aquatic feed pel-
lets, feed ingredients, processing technology
and equipment especially the grinding process,
should be carefully considered.
Nutrition sources for feed pellets
Raw materials for pellets should con-
sider not only the nutritional values but
also the need for good stability in water.
Protein, which ensures the growth and
reproduction of aquatic animals, is an
essential of aquatic feed pellets. It accounts
for 25-50 percent of the feed formula
with wheat and wheat by-products as the
main sources of protein. If the viscosity of
protein is increased when heated, then the
pelletizing performance is improved and
the stability is good.
Starch is the most common carbohydrate
used in aquatic feed pellets. To ensure the
stability of feed pellets in water, the starch
content of sinking feed pellets should be up
to 10 percent and that of floating feed pellets
should be about 20 percent.
Coarse fat is a good source of high quality
energy. The crude fat level includes the fat of
feed ingredients and that of added fat. The
added fat has great influence on the pelletizing
effect but too much fat will make the feed pellet
loose and influence the stability. For this reason,
the content of added fat should not exceed 3
percent.
Fishmeal is widely used in aquatic feed
pellets. High quality fishmeal has good water
resistance qualities.
Similarly, rapeseed dregs contain high
coarse fibre which is conducive to improving
the water resistance of aquatic feed pellets.
Among the commonly used feed ingredients
cotton pulp, fishmeal and soybean meal, have
good water resistance characteristics while
the water tolerance of corn, bran and rice
bran is poor.
Adding moderate binders can improve
water resistance. There are two kinds of
binders: natural substances such as sodium
lignin sulphonate and align, and chemical sub-
stances such as carboxymethyl cellulose and
sodium polyacrylate.
So when designing feed formula the raw
materials should be highly nutritious and have
good water resistance properties.
Why is grinding so important?
The aquatic feed pellet has high require-
ments in terms of particle size and viscosity
so the processing technology is important.
In general, feed ingredients for aquatic feed
pellet should be ground to 40 meshes. For
special aquatic animals such as shrimps, turtles,
eels and other small animals, the raw materials
should be super-finely ground so as to pass
through a 100 mesh screen. The fine crushing
granularity can improve the utilization rate of
aquatic feed pellet.
Aquatic animals have simple digestive sys-
tem and the residence time of feed in the gut
is short so pellets containing large particles are
Grinding equipment for aquatic feed pellets
by Joyce Li, customer service, Amisy Machinery, China
Table 1
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5. not conducive to easy digestion. The finer the
crushing granularity, the larger the surface area
which contacts with the digestive enzyme thus
the digestibility is increased.
Raw materials come in different shapes
and thicknesses. So if they are not ground
before processing, the finished pellets can
lack a balanced nutritional quality and have
poor stability in water. Table 1 shows the
relationship between the grinding fineness and
stability in water.
Feed pellets have little viscosity when
ground to a large particle size. The crushing
fineness also has an effect on the following
processes such as mixing and steam modulat-
ing and the fineness of pulverization has great
influence on stability. When the grain fineness
is perfect, the raw materials can be fully
mixed and the swelling property of materials
converge making for good stability.
Finer particle sizes will have a larger
surface area which can be fully modulated,
making better-formed pellets. Although finer
particle size is conducive to producing feed
pellets with good stability, the grain size
should not be too fine otherwise the pel-
leted feeds are fragile. The proportions of
coarse grain, medium grain and fine grain
should be appropriate so that during the
pelleting period the fine grain can fill the
space between the coarse grains. This means
that the contact area between particles is
increased and the pelletizing performance is
improved.
Choosing the appropriate
grinding equipment is crucial
Controlling the grinding fineness has a
direct influence on the stability of aquatic feed
pellet and the production cost. The impor-
tance of cost should not be underestimated;
electricity consumption during the grinding
process accounts for 50-70 percent of the
total power consumption.
Choosing the appropriate grinding equip-
ment is also critical. Different aquatic animals
have different requirements in terms of par-
ticle size of feed ingredients which requires
corresponding grinding equipment. Hammer
mills are widely used in the feed industry and
in aquatic feeds. The hammer mill consists of
hammers, a rotor, the grinding surface and
sieve. The hammer is the main working part
whose shape, size, quantity and line speed has
a great influence on the grinding efficiency and
grinding fineness. When the linear velocity of
hammer blade is slower, the grinding efficiency
and production efficiency are low.
A quicker line speed will improve grind-
ing efficiency. However, too high a speed
will make the material speed fast, reduce
Figure 1
September-October 2013 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 11
FEATURE
Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish FeedExtruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,
Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, info@amandus-kahl-group.de www.akahl.de
6. the grinding efficiency, increase the power
consumption and increase the energy con-
sumption of products. The optimal line speed
should consider factors such as the power
consumption, grinding fineness, noise and
production efficiency.
The number of hammers has a great
effect on the grinding fineness and crushing
efficiency. Out simply, more hammers means
faster and finer grinding. Fewer hammers
results in a coarser product.
Mesh screen and sieves are related to
the grinding fineness. Figure 1 shows the
relationship between grinding fineness of
corn, bean pulp and the mesh screen
diameter. The smaller the diameter of
mesh screen, the finer the grinding fineness
and the lower the output. In turn, when
the diameter is big, the grinding fineness is
coarse and the output is high. The size of
mesh screen diameter is determined by the
required size of the final pellet so in the
context of meeting the grinding fineness
of feed pellets a sieve with big diameter
should be adopted so as to improve the
crushing efficiency and reduce energy con-
sumption.
Studies show that when the sieve area is
increased by 9 percent, the grinding efficiency
can be improved by 35 percent and the
electricity consumption can be reduced by 13
percent. So choosing the appropriate sieve
area can improve the output.
In addition, the thickness of sieve influ-
ences the sieving ability of materials. There
is a corresponding and restrictive relationship
between the sieve thickness and the diameter
of mesh screen: sieve thickness is less than or
equal to the diameter of mesh screen.
The fineness requirement of ordinary
aquatic feed pellet is 40-60 mesh. In order
to achieve the ideal crushing fineness and
avoid the super-fine grinding of materi-
als, the grinding surface shape should be
changed. A water drop grinding surface is
widely adopted in producing the aquatic
feed pellets. A water drop sieve shape can
increase the effective sieve area, destroy
the circulation layer of materials so as
to change the material motor direction,
increase the frequency of hammer grind-
ing the materials and improve crushing
efficiency.
Grinding machine options
Machine for fine grinding have a higher
spindle speed, more hammers numbers and a
wider grinding surface than models for coarse
grinding.
The Amisy series of AMS-ZW-29C,
AMS-ZW-38C and AMS-ZW-50C hammer
mills can be used for coarse grinding of feed
ingredients.
The main
differences
of the three
models are
the grinding
room width,
hammer
blade quan-
tity, power.
The wider the
grinding room,
the higher the
crushing effi-
ciency. More
hammers
will produce
finer prod-
ucts though
of course the
higher power
means the
more output.
The Amisy
series of
AMS-ZW-
60B and
AMS-ZW-
80B ham-
mer mills are
mainly used
for fine grind-
ing. The out-
put differenc-
es between the two models are related
to the power, grinding room width and
hammer numbers.
The AMS-ZW-80B model has more ham-
mers, a wider grinding surface and greater-
power than that of the AMS-ZW-60B. This
means that the output of AMS-ZW-80B is
greater than that of AMS-ZW-60B.
Both the series use the water drop
design to ensure a larger space for grind-
ing and to improve crushing efficiency.
The crushing fineness differences between
the two models mainly lie in the spindle
speed, hammer numbers and grinding sur-
face width.
Producing fine feeds
As mentioned previously, aquatic animals
such as shrimps, eels and turtles require fine
feeds. For these animals, grinding fineness
must be up to 80 mesh. Ordinary hammer
mills cannot reach this fineness so ultra
fine feed grinding equipment is necessary.
To achieve the required small particle size,
ingredients should be crushed twice. An
initial coarsely grinding can be done by a
hammer mill with a second grind on an
ultra fine mill.
Ultra fine grinding equipment uses the
blade type. The grinding chamber and
grading room of Amisy’s AMSSWFL42,
AMSSWFL75, AMSSWFL102 and
AMSSWFL128 models are located in the
same machine body so that crushing, grad-
ing and separation can be completed simul-
taneously. The main differences between
the three models lie in feeding motor
power, sieving motor power, rotor diame-
ter and rotor speed. When the rotor speed
is faster the grinding fineness is finer but the
grinding efficiency and output are accord-
ingly reduced. Compared with other feed
hammer mills, the ultra fine feed crushing
mill has a lower output because the rotor
speed is faster.
The main index to evaluate the working
efficiency of feed grinding equipment is the
grinding fineness, output and power consump-
tion. Grinding fineness has great influence on
the feed utilization, production properties
of aquatic animals, feed pellet quality and
production cost.
Considering factors such as the mesh
screen, hammer quantity, spindle speed, grind-
ing surface size and choosing the appropriate
power based on the composite factors, grind-
ing can produce homogenous pellets, improve
output and reduce the electricity consump-
tion and production costs.
More InforMatIon:
Email: service@feed-pellet-mill.com
Website: www.feed-pellet-mill.com
12 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2013
FEATURE
www.oj-hojtryk.dk
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Esbjerg Ø
CVR.: 73 66 86 11
Phone: +45 75 14 22 55
Fax: +45 82 28 91 41
mail: info@oj-hojtryk.dk
AD_o&j.indd 1 21/11/2012 15:08
7. September-October 2013 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 13
FEATURE
THE BEST WAY TO PREDICT THE FUTURE IS TO CREATE IT.
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8. www.aquafeed.co.uk
LINKS
• See the full issue
• Visit the International Aquafeed website
• Contact the International Aquafeed Team
• Subscribe to International Aquafeed
The potential of
microalgae meals
– in compound feeds for aquaculture
Understanding ammonia
in aquaculture ponds
Volume 16 Issue 5 2013 - sePTemBeR | oCToBeR
INCORPORATING
fIsh fARmING TeChNOlOGy
EXPERT TOPIC
– Salmon
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