Rashid Ali is interning at a 132 KV grid station and studying at the University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar. The document provides details about the parts and functions of a grid station, including 11KV and 132KV control rooms, panels, transformers, bus bars, and more. It explains how the grid station reduces high voltage to low voltage and distributes power while protecting equipment through various monitoring and safety systems.
It is Multimedia presentation made by Abdul Samad, An Electrical Engineer From UET Lahore Pakistan. For queries contact Abdulsamad.pisces@hotmail.com
Hope u find it useful
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
It is Multimedia presentation made by Abdul Samad, An Electrical Engineer From UET Lahore Pakistan. For queries contact Abdulsamad.pisces@hotmail.com
Hope u find it useful
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. Thesis
(Related to Grid Station)
Name: Rashid Ali
Internship at: 132 KV jalala Grid station
Studying at: University of Engineering and
Technology Peshawar (Bannu Campus)
Grid station:
Grid stations or grid sub stations are the stations which reduce the High Voltage to Low Voltage. • It is
also called by the name transmission substation. which connects two or more transmission lines.
Parts of Grid station:
The main parts of the grid station are below.
11kv Room:
The outputs of each power transformer is than brought into 11Kv Room through power cables. The 11Kv
room has incoming panels for each transformer, different outgoing panels for each incoming panel and a
bus coupler. All of them are explained below.
11 KV incoming panel:
These panels are fitted in the 11Kv room, receiving 11Kv from each transformer as each
transformer has its own incoming panel. The incoming have a number of parts like 11Kv C/B,
bus bar, relays and power meter etc. that are included in each of the incoming panel.
11 KV outgoing panel:
The output of incoming panel is given to several outgoing panels through a rigid bus bar. They
also have different parts like current transformer, vacuum circuit breaker, relays and different
meters and indicators.
2. Bus bar coupler:
As the name “bus bar coupler” indicates that it couples the bus bars of two incomings. It also
known as bus coupler. It couples one 11kv bus bar to another when one of the transformer is
faulty so that the supply towards the consumers is not disturbed. The advantage is the uniform
(un-interrupted) supply. It is installed between the two incoming panels in the 11kv control room.
It is possible that a transformer gets damaged and is out of work, so to transfer the load of one
transformer to other in grid station the bus coupler connects the incoming of damaged transformer
to the incoming of the other working transformer.
132 KV control room:
As the name control room indicates that it is the room from where the whole grid is controlled. Each and
every circuit breaker, current transformer, potential transformer, power transformer and its accessories,
yard lightning and other equipment are controlled from the control room of the grid station. This room
also has a number of panels like control panels, relay panel, transformer auxiliary panel, AC DC panel
and rectifier/battery charger. Each of them is discussed below.
132 KV line protection panel:
This panel is especially for 132kv line. It consists of distance relay, over current and earth fault
relay and DC supervision relay.
Distance Relay:
This relay shows the zone where the fault occur as well as the phase in which occur i.e. A, B & C.
Over current and earth faulty relay:
This relay does tripping as well as shows whether the fault (over current) was due to phase to
phase short circuit or phase to ground one.
DC supervision relay:
DC supervision relay shows whether the system (panel and relays) is healthy or not.
132 KV line control panel:
This control panel controls the line bay i.e. the system from the tower to the bus bar.
Transfer control panel:
3. This panel controls the system inside bus bar. Transformer CT, PT, circuit breaker etc comes
under the umbrella of this panel. It gives indications of different faults and problems.
Transformer auxiliary panel:
This panel controls various operations related to the working and protection of the
power transformer .In 132kv control room it is installed one for each power transformer. It has
Two meters:
One shows the tap position and the other shows temperature of transformer in.
Two selector type switches:
One for cooling fans ON OFF and other for tap changer.
It also give different indications like
Cooling fans automatic ON OFF
Cooling fans manual ON OFF
Fans supply fault
Winding temperature alarm
Fan motor circuit breaker trip
It also have an emergency stop press button which used in emergency.
Also an automatic voltage regulator is installed in the transformer auxiliary control panel.
AC DC panel:
This is another important panel in the 132kv control room. It controls AC and DC supply of
the whole grid. It has two parts one for AC and other for DC.
AC panel:
AC panel consists of three meters for R, Y & B phases, a voltmeter and a KWH meter. It
controls AC supply of
4. Switch yard lights
Tap changer
132 KV beaker motor
Transformer cooling fans
Battery charger
Control panels
It also controls AC supply (220 v) of the 11kv incoming and outgoing panels.
DC panel:
It also have a DC ammeter and a DC voltmeter to show current and voltage. It controls
DC supply of
control room building lights (DC)
switch yard DC lights
11 KV and 132 KV breaker motor
11 KV switch gear protection
DC emergency bus
Control and relay panels
It also have battery alarm and under/over voltage relay.
Rectifier:
A rectifier is an instrument/circuit that changes AC into DC. In the grid station it is used for several
purposes i.e.
It charges batteries
Provide DC supply to the load
Shares load with battery during overload condition.
The rectifier used in grid has a voltmeter and an ammeter for incoming AC and another voltmeter
and ammeter for outgoing DC.
It also have control switches like
ON OFF
Auto/manual
5. Boost/float (for boost and normal charging of battery)
Load/battery
Relay panel:
This panel controls different relays like overcurrent relay, distance relay, differential relay, oil
temperature and winding temperature relay and many more that are discussed as under.
Over current relay:
As the name indicates these relays keeps the transformer safe from over current which
may cause serious problem to the transformer. As we know that some time the
consuming of electric power increase to a dangerous level that causes a huge current due
to over loading. The relay trips and gives indication of the type and area of tripping.
Differential relay:
These relays operate on the fault between transformer input and output. The fault may be
due to low voltage, high voltage or may be due to earth fault.
Oil temperature relay:
These relays as the name indicates supervise the oil temperature. As we have discussed
earlier that as the transformer operates continuously, the temperature of oil increases, this
temperature may sometime increase to a dangerous situation as a result this relay
operates.
Winding temperature relay:
These relays as the name indicates supervise the winding temperature. As we have
discussed earlier that as the transformer operates continuously, the transformer winding
heats up. This temperature may sometime increase to a dangerous situation which cause
this relay to operates.
T/F buchholz relay:
This relay operates as the buckle action occurs. Buckle reaction is discussed before. As
we know that buckle action occur when dangerous gasses produce in main tank so this
6. situation is also an alarming situation and it must also be noticed as well so this job is
done through this relay.
Battery Room:
Battery bank is the conserved source of 110v dc voltage.
It gives supply to the protection system of the grid when supply from the rectifier stops.
In the grid station’s battery room/bank, there are generally 55 cells of 2v dc each. These
cells are connected in series to get 110v. The batteries are charged by the rectifier.
These are lead acid batteries having specific gravity of 1.220 and are of 150 A.H
capacity.
A battery have the following components:
Container/jar:
It is generally made of plastic and gives support to the electrolyte and plates.
Electrolytes:
A solution of 35% sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and 65% water (H2O) is filled in the container.
Plates:
Two dis-similar plates are dipped in the electrolyte, one made of “lead oxide” act as cathode and
other made of “lead” act as anode.
Connection leads:
The electrodes are connected with the connection leads.
Vent cap:
Every battery have a vent cap that is used to evolve any gas bubbles produced during conduction
in electrolyte.
7. Bus bar:
After line bay it comes 132kv bus bar. It acts as a node point between line bay and transformer bay. Bus
bar helps in getting connections to several units (transformers) from a single 132kv line. It can be used for
incoming connections as well as outgoing ones.
PT ( potential transformer )
A potential transformer is also connected in parallel to 132kv bus bar through an isolator, which
measures voltage as well as give indication to over voltage relay under over voltage conditions.
Transformer isolator:
After bus bar another isolator is used which isolates transformer from the line. Operating it in ON
load condition is very dangerous as high voltages produce arc while connecting/disconnecting
and they don’t have any quenching media.
CT ( current Transformer ):
Again a current transformer is installed which calculates current and give indication to the
transformer C/B when over current fault occurs hence acts as a protective device as well as
measuring device. Its CT ratio is generally 200/5A.
Transformer circuit breaker:
Again an SF6 circuit breaker is installed which operates automatically under abnormal conditions
and disconnect transformer from the bus bar to avoid any damages. It can also be operated
manually and unlike isolators the can be operated under load conditions as they have quenching
media in them.
Light arresters 132 KV:
Lightning arresters are devices which arrests and ground any thunder storms falling on the power
transformer and secure it from any harm. They are installed on each phase at a relatively more
height. They are grounded and have a non-linear resistor which act as insulator for132kv voltage
and as a conductor for higher voltages like that of thunder storms and lightning bolts. In this way
they ground these high voltages and provide safety to the transformer and whole system.
Power transformer:
Then the power transformer is installed which steps down 132kv to 11kv. (Power transformer is
discussed in detail in the next section)
8. Light arresters 11 KV
Again on the LT side of power transformer small lightning arresters are used. And the purpose is
again the safety of transformer from thunder lightning.
Cables (11KV)
These cables give the transformer output to the 11kv incoming panel of the respective
transformer.
Power transformer:
These are the step down transformers with Delta circuit configuration on input side (HT) and Star circuit
configuration on output side (LT). This transformer steps down 132Kv to 11Kv. An input of 132kv is
given to the transformer primary coil through three input wires i.e. Red(R), Yellow(Y) and Blue (B) and
then 11kv is taken from secondary coil. The transformers use the magnetic induction process to step down
the 132Kv to 11Kv due to specific turn ratio in coils.
The main parts of a power transformer are its windings and bushes. Some other parts, also known
as accessories are:
Conservator oil:
Also called mineral oil. It helps in insulation of windings as well as in cooling.
Conservator tank:
It is fixed at an upper position and is filled about 70% to 80% of mineral oil.
Radiator tubes:
The circulation of transformer mineral oil takes place through these tubes, as heated oil goes up
and cooled oil goes down, hence continue the oil circulation for better cooling.
Cooling fans:
These fans also help in transformer cooling. They are fitted below or at the side of radiator tubes
and provide cool air.
9. Bucchloz relay:
This relay is fitted near conservator tank and is also called float relay and gas detecting relay.
This relay detects the gases that are produced in the transformer under abnormal conditions and
operates to trip the transformer, hence avoid further damages.
Diaphragm:
Diaphragm is a cap shaped object and fixed on the top of power transformer, it acts as Emergency
exit for transformer inner oil and gases.
Wheels:
Transformer has small wheels upon which it can be rolled from one place to another. As they
hold the transformer at a height from the ground or foundation so air flow is possible beneath
transformer.
Oil temperature indicator:
This indicator detects the temperature of transformer oil. If the transformer oil get heated to such
a temperature that can harm transformer, the oil temperature indicator operates. It has two
settings, 1st is alarm and the other is tripping.
Winding temperature indicator:
This indicator supervise winding temperature. Like oil temperature indicator it also have two
settings, one is alarm and the other is tripping the transformer.
Tap changer:
This is an instrument connected with the power transformer that is used to vary the transformer
output. It actually changes the number of turns in the secondary coil of transformer.
Dehydrating breather:
It is a tube on the side of transformer connected to conservator tank. It extracts un-moisture air
from the outside to fill the vacuum in the tank. To extract water particles from the air, silica gel is
used which is filled in the breather tube. Note that vacuum is created when some gases are
expelled through the same tube.
10. Transformer cooling:
When the transformers operate continuously, as a result the core, coils, main tank and the transformer oil
heats up to a high temperature which can affect the operation, maintenance, and output voltage of the
transformer. In grid stations transformers are kept cool through three different processes. That are:
I. ONAN:
It stands for oil natural air natural. In this method fans are OFF and the transformer is cooled
by natural air, same is the case of oil which circulates by spontaneous motion of hot and cold oil.
II. ONAF:
It stands for oil natural air forced. This method is applied under a bit higher temperature. Oil
circulation takes place by itself while the air is provided by radiator fans.
III. OFAF:
It stands for oil forced air forced. This method is applied under highest temperatures. Fans are
ON that provide more air and the circulation of oil is also speedup by oil circulation pump.