Thermoregulation is the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enable cells to function efficiently It is the ability of an organism to maintain a core internal body temperature Core temperature (Tc), also referred to as core body temperature, is the temperature of the internal organs, such as the liver, located deep within the body. Body temperature increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. When body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia. Due to malfunction in homeostatic control mechanisms All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of equilibrium.

1. Thermal regulation
in
Camel

2. Thermoregulation
● Thermoregulation is the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enable cells to
function efficiently
● It is the ability of an organism to maintain a core internal body temperature
● Core temperature (Tc), also referred to as core body temperature, is the temperature of the internal
organs, such as the liver, located deep within the body.
● Body temperature increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs.
● When body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.
● Due to malfunction in homeostatic control mechanisms
● All thermoregulation mechanisms are designed to return your body to homeostasis. This is a state of
equilibrium.
Classification based on temperature regulation
● Animals divided into two main categories:
1. Pikilotherms: (cold blooded) change their body temperature according to environment e.g. fishes,
amphibians & reptiles.
2. Homeotherms: (warm blooded) can maintain their body temp. e.g. birds and mammals. They loss heat
by conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation process

3. Important Definitions
1. Ectotherms: take heat from outside e.g. fish,amphibian &
reptiles also invertebrates
2. Endotherms: take heat from inside e.g. mammals, birds and
some fishes Cooling and Heating mechanisms
3. Heterotherms: take heat from inside but body temp. change
e.g. bat, hummingbird

4. Desert climate
● Soil - non-fertile sand with little or no water-retaining capacity
● Water -no surface water except oasis
● Rainfall- below 50 mm per year
● Air temperature - 2 degrees 530 degrees Celsius ( very great between day
and night)
● Soil temperature - 30 degrees to 84 degrees Celsius
● Vegetation - low product. Plants are mainly thorny, herbs and shrubs

5. Disadvantages or Problems of Desert life
1. Water collection and its conservation within the body in such a hot and arid desert
2. Intense heat during day time while extreme cold at night. the temperature fluctuates from 2
degree to 53 degree Celsius
3. Respiration, excretion and other biological activities with little or no use of water
4. Humidity is very much low causing desiccation and dehydration
5. Locomotion in the desert sand and hot wind
6. It is very much scarce in food and leads to competition

6. Adaptation to overcome the Problems/ Disadvantages
Water collection- camel can drink 115 litres of water within 8 to 9 minutes
which dilutes blood greatly. camel's RBC swell twice in size without rupture,
which in the case of other animals could easily be raptured.
Water conservation-
● by resisting evaporation: they reduce body temperature by
evaporation of water. Evaporation of 1 litre of the water dissipates 580 kcal
of heat.
● Sweat glands are absent in camel avoid evaporation through hypothermia.
Minimising respiratory water loss -
● Dry air during the inspiration process across moist mucus membrane lining nasal sinuses which gives
it moisture and intern cools down due to heat loss by evaporation.
● During expiration warm saturated air from the lung again cools down while passing through the Nasal
sinus. Due to a fall in temperature water is condensed and reabsorbed.
Hygroscopic nasal surface - The nasal surface is dry and hygroscopic and covered by dry mucus, cellular
debris and salt, for which, the surface absorbs water during expiration.

7. Excretory adaptation -
● Camel produces highly concentrated urine of small volume.
● High ADH & long loop of Henle: camel has high ADH
hormone and a long loop of Henle which concentrates urine to
a high degree by countercurrent mechanism ( high water
absorption).
● Unique protein metabolism and use of urea: Water loss
through urea elimination is reduced by sending urea from the
liver to the stomach where urea is combined with cellulose
product and form protein, this reduces the loss of water and
produces high-calorie protein.
Morphological adaptation -
● Thick fur on dorsal site prevent solar energy from reaching
the skin.Temperature of far which is up to 80 degree Celsius
but skin temperature is only 40 degree Celsius.
● Camel develops “ winter coat”, a very heavy fat in winter and
shit them in summer but written 50 to 60 mm long hair on
back and up to 110 mm long over harm and 15 to 20 mm on
other parts. Fig :Unique protein metabolism and use of urea
Fig : Normal Loop of Henle & Long loop of Henle of Camel

8. Physiological adaptations-
● Dehydration tolerance : camel tolerate dehydration up to 40% of their body weight without ill effect because
camel can tolerate water loss from blood plasma up to 2% but other mammals loss water from Blood
resulting cardiac failure. camel leave 16 days in summer without water and reduce up to 250 LB of body
weight.
Hyperthermia -
● In camel body temperature during summer 41 degree Celsius and at night 34 degree celsius temperature
difference of water.
● This hyperthermia also diminish temperature difference of camel to outside, so heat gain from outside is
reduced and this intern reduce the water loss to 28 l per hour compared to Man 1 litre per hour, in spite of
small weight.
Todipidy - Camels enter a stage of torpidity or adaptive hypothymia.By this they save energy expenditure and
water loss.
Long and broad eyelids of camel protect eye from sandstorm.
Sensitive adaptation - Tympanic bulla is large in desert mammals which increase the resonance there by
facilities perceptions of soil vibration. in camel, site is seen and hearing power is more accurate.

9. Poll Gland of Camel :
● The poll glands which are situated towards the
top of the back of the neck behind ears.
● It is more active under condition of heat and
fatigue.
● It act as modified sweat gland.
● Also, the coat of the camel is fairly
sparse/disperse.
● They secrete a watery yellowish secretion with
offensive odour during breeding seasons.

10. Water cell in stomach of camel
● Cattle lose 20 to 40 lts of water daily through their feces, whereas camels lose only 1.3 lt.
● Fluid is absorbed in the end part of the intestines,where the small fecal balls are produced..
● During dehydration, Rumen of camel stomach helps maintain water balance by using the
stored water in water cell.