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This document discusses data center network architectures and proposes two solutions: a fat tree topology and the Monsoon approach. The fat tree topology connects end hosts in a commodity data center using a fat tree network structure. This allows all devices to transmit at line speed along multiple equal cost paths while supporting thousands of hosts cost effectively. The Monsoon approach takes a layer 2 flat routing approach using future commodity switches in a hierarchy of access and load balancing switches. It eliminates the spanning tree protocol and allows full path diversity while efficiently distributing MAC address tables and traffic flows.
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Ch 20 UNICAST ROUTING SECTION 2
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- Path-vector routing allows the source to control the path by imposing policies, rather than always choosing the least-cost path like distance-vector and link-state routing. This avoids security and privacy issues.
Global state routing
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10 Circuit Packet
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1. The document discusses different types of switched networks including circuit-switched, datagram, and virtual circuit networks. It describes the key characteristics of each type.
2. Circuit switching uses dedicated paths between nodes and has three phases: setup, data transfer, and teardown. Datagram networks treat each packet independently and route using destination addresses in packet headers. Virtual circuit networks combine aspects of circuit and datagram switching.
3. The structures of switches used in different networks are examined, including crossbar switches for circuit switching and various designs for packet switches like Banyan networks.
Circuit switching
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection between two endpoints for the duration of a call. It is connection-oriented with no delay in data flow. Packet switching breaks data into packets that may take different routes to the destination and are reassembled using store and forward. There are two schemes for packet switching: datagram, where each packet is treated independently, and virtual circuit switching, which establishes a logical connection between sender and receiver for packets.
Circuit switch network
1) A switched network consists of interconnected switches that create temporary connections between devices linked to the switch. Multiple cables can connect devices to a switch to enable communication.
2) A switch works by flooding frames to all ports initially, then learning MAC addresses of devices and forwarding subsequent frames only to the relevant port, avoiding collisions. In contrast, a hub only floods frames.
3) A circuit-switched network is a set of switches connected by physical links, where each link is divided into channels. It establishes a dedicated connection between stations using one or more links and channels. The connection remains for the duration until one party signals teardown.
Switching Techniques Lecture12,wireless
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Different types of switching which are in computer network. here I will give brief knowledge of packet switching. also the packet switching different type like data gram packet switching(connection less approach) and virtual circuit packet switching explained.
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Cluster based routing protocol 1
This document summarizes the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP) for mobile ad hoc networks. CBRP uses clustering to divide the network into sub-structures called clusters, each with a cluster head that communicates routing information between nodes. It discovers routes through route requests broadcast only to cluster heads, and maintains routing tables and two-hop topology databases to support routing. When a link fails, local route repair is performed using topology information before route rediscovery is initiated.
Structure of switches
The document discusses different types of switching structures used in networks, including circuit switching and packet switching. It describes circuit switching techniques like space division switching using crossbar and multistage switches, as well as time division switching using time slot interchange. It also covers the basic components of a packet switch including input/output ports, routing processor, and switching fabrics like crossbar, banyan, and batcher banyan switches. The advantages and disadvantages of different switching techniques are highlighted.
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This document discusses computer networks and network design. It begins by defining what a computer network is and describing different types of networks like LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, CAN, and HAN. It then discusses some key issues in network design such as data transfer rules, packet sequencing, data size, addressing, error control, and matching send/receive rates. Finally, it introduces network design tools that can analyze network performance, predict traffic loads, and model different scenarios to help optimize network design. Common tools from vendors like Analytical Engine, Compuware, NetCracker, and Opnet are listed.
switching techniques in data communication and networking
This document discusses different types of network switching: circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. It describes circuit switching as establishing a dedicated electrical path for communication between two ports. Packet switching breaks communication down into small packets that are routed through the network based on destination addresses. There are two approaches for packet switching - datagram and virtual circuit. Datagram packets can take different paths to the destination while virtual circuit establishes a pre-planned route. Message switching does not establish a dedicated path, and each message is treated independently with the destination address added. The document was submitted by several students to their professor.
Topic Packet switching
These slides cover a topic on Multiplexing in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Switching
The document discusses different methods of switching in computer networks, including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. It provides details on circuit-switched networks, packet-switched networks, and virtual circuit networks. For circuit switching, it describes the setup, data transfer, and teardown phases required to establish and terminate connections. For packet switching, it compares datagram and virtual circuit approaches.
10 Circuit Packet
This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching approaches in computer networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated path but wastes bandwidth when no data is being sent. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and can make more efficient use of bandwidth. The document also describes protocols like X.25 that were used for packet switched networks and Frame Relay, which was designed to reduce overhead and improve performance compared to X.25.
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1. The document discusses different types of switched networks including circuit-switched, datagram, and virtual circuit networks. It describes the key characteristics of each type.
2. Circuit switching uses dedicated paths between nodes and has three phases: setup, data transfer, and teardown. Datagram networks treat each packet independently and route using destination addresses in packet headers. Virtual circuit networks combine aspects of circuit and datagram switching.
3. The structures of switches used in different networks are examined, including crossbar switches for circuit switching and various designs for packet switches like Banyan networks.
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Circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection between two endpoints for the duration of a call. It is connection-oriented with no delay in data flow. Packet switching breaks data into packets that may take different routes to the destination and are reassembled using store and forward. There are two schemes for packet switching: datagram, where each packet is treated independently, and virtual circuit switching, which establishes a logical connection between sender and receiver for packets.
Circuit switch network
1) A switched network consists of interconnected switches that create temporary connections between devices linked to the switch. Multiple cables can connect devices to a switch to enable communication.
2) A switch works by flooding frames to all ports initially, then learning MAC addresses of devices and forwarding subsequent frames only to the relevant port, avoiding collisions. In contrast, a hub only floods frames.
3) A circuit-switched network is a set of switches connected by physical links, where each link is divided into channels. It establishes a dedicated connection between stations using one or more links and channels. The connection remains for the duration until one party signals teardown.
Switching Techniques Lecture12,wireless
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Intermediate switching device that moves data
Not concerned with content of data
Stations:
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Each station is connected to a switching node
Communications Network:
A collection of switching nodes
www.amazontedx.com
Packet Switching
Different types of switching which are in computer network. here I will give brief knowledge of packet switching. also the packet switching different type like data gram packet switching(connection less approach) and virtual circuit packet switching explained.
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Introduction to switching & circuit switching
The document discusses circuit switching in data communication networks, describing circuit switching as a method of establishing a dedicated connection between devices using switches, which involves three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and connection teardown. Examples of circuit switched networks are provided, including the public switched telephone network and cellular data networks, and different types of switches used for circuit switching like crossbar and multistage switches are explained.
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The document discusses computer networks and how they work. A network connects two or more computers through a shared medium like air or cables. Protocols allow the connected devices to communicate and share resources. An internetwork connects multiple individual networks together using routers. Routers use routing tables to determine the best path for sending data packets between networks based on factors like distance, traffic, and bandwidth. The layers of the OSI model encapsulate and decapsulate data as it is transmitted and received to allow communication and ensure different applications' data remains separate.
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This document summarizes key points from Chapter 3 of the textbook "Wireless Mobile Computer Networks" by William Stallings. It discusses different types of communication networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs. It also covers circuit switching versus packet switching, components of public telecommunications networks, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), and examples of ATM service categories.
unit5-190409094326.pdf
A hub is a networking device that connects multiple devices on a local area network (LAN). It receives data packets through one port and broadcasts them to all other ports so all connected devices can see the packets. Hubs operate in half duplex mode and have no bandwidth management or collision detection. Switches are more advanced devices that can connect more devices than hubs. Switches have buffers and port-to-MAC address tables that allow them to send frames to specific ports faster than hubs. Routers connect multiple networks like LANs and WANs. Routers use IP addresses to route packets between networks and can run routing protocols to dynamically learn routes.
Network Connecting Devices UNIT 5
Network devices like hubs, switches, and routers connect computers in a network and help manage traffic flow. Hubs broadcast all received data to all ports but have limited bandwidth. Switches can connect more devices than hubs and have features like VLANs. Routers connect different networks and use IP addresses to direct traffic. Other devices like firewalls, VPNs, and IDS/IPS provide network security functions.
Wireless sensor network
in this unit i have discussed about challenges in routing protocols, different types of routing protocols, and design of a wireless sensor network,
Lecture 9 10 .mobile ad-hoc routing protocols
Mobile ad-hoc networks have frequent host and topology changes with no cellular infrastructure and require multi-hop wireless links for data transmission between nodes. Routing protocols must discover routes between nodes that may not be directly connected. Table-driven protocols like Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) maintain up-to-date routing tables through periodic broadcasts but generate significant control overhead. DSDV uses sequence numbers to distinguish stale routes and avoid loops while WRP maintains four tables for routing information.
Physical And Data Link Layers
This document summarizes the physical and data link layers that TCP/IP relies on. It describes how TCP/IP services are controlled by daemons like inetd. It then discusses the physical layer and different networking components like repeaters, bridges, switches, and routers. The rest of the document focuses on the data link layer, covering topics like data addressing, flow control, data integrity, frames, and common protocols like Ethernet, Token Ring, Serial Protocols, SLIP, and PPP.
Lecture 2 review of network technologies
This document provides an overview of network technologies including computer networks, types of networks (LAN and WAN), networking concepts like circuit switching and packet switching, and the OSI model. It compares LANs and WANs, discusses virtual circuits and datagrams, and describes common networking devices like hubs, bridges, and routers.
komdat1
The document discusses several topics related to data communication protocols and architectures:
1. A simplified model of data communication includes elements like the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
2. Key communication tasks involve flow control, error detection, security, message formatting, and more.
3. Protocols help break down the complex task of data communication into layers, with each layer providing functions for the layer above and relying on the layer below.
4. Characteristics of protocols include whether they are direct or indirect, monolithic or structured, symmetric or asymmetric, and standardized or non-standard.
komdat1
The document discusses several topics related to data communication protocols and architectures:
1. A simplified model of data communication includes elements like the source, transmitter, transmission system, receiver, and destination.
2. Key communication tasks involve flow control, error detection, security, message formatting, and more.
3. Modern communication systems strive for reliability and efficiency by stripping out unnecessary overhead and error control.
4. Protocols like Frame Relay and ATM aim to balance overhead with performance at varying data rates.
Networking Fundamentals
This document provides an overview of computer networking fundamentals. It covers topics such as network types (LANs and WANs), common network architectures (client-server, peer-to-peer, mainframe), OSI and TCP/IP models, Ethernet technologies, and common network devices (hubs, switches, routers). Each layer of the OSI model is described along with its purpose and functions. Ethernet cabling types and speeds are also outlined. The document serves as an introductory guide to basic internetworking concepts.
Layer 2 & layer 3 switching
The document compares Layer 2 and Layer 3 switching. Layer 2 switching uses MAC addresses to forward frames within a broadcast domain, while Layer 3 switching uses IP addresses to forward packets, allowing for greater scalability and security. Some benefits of Layer 2 switching include hardware-based bridging and high speeds, while benefits of Layer 3 switching include scalability, security, QoS, and lower latency.
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Theo's slides
- 1. A Scalable, Commodity Data Center Network Architecture
- 3. Common data center topology Data Center Internet Servers Layer-2 switch Access Layer-2/3 switch Aggregation Layer-3 router Core
- 6. Cost of maintaining switches
- 16. Results: Heat & Power Consumption
- 19. Moonson
- 23. Forwarding
Editor's Notes
- Before describing the problems with current middlebox deployment approaches, let me first describe the commonly used 3-tier data center network topology. At the top is the core-tier, whose layer-3 routers connect the data center to the Internet or to the rest of the campus network. At the bottom is the access tier, containing the layer-2 switches into which servers are plugged in. In between the access and core tiers are the layer 2/3 switches of the aggregation tier. Middleboxes are commonly deployed at the aggregation tier. Multiple redundant links connect together the various switches and servers. To prevent forwarding loops, we use mechanisms like spanning tree construction to block out some of the links. For example, the topology as shown here.
- Netgear ~ 3K Procurve – 4.5K
- In this talk, I shall next explain the problems with current middlebox deployment mechanisms. I shall then describe how our solution, the policy-aware switching layer simplifies middlebox deployment and achieves the properties I mentioned earlier. I shall briefly discuss related work, and our prototype implementation and evaluation of the policy-aware switching layer.