This PPT contains topic Learning from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.SC.Nursing.
Learning, as a cognitive process, involves acquiring knowledge, skills, understanding, and behaviors through experience, study, practice, or teaching. It's a fundamental aspect of human cognition, enabling individuals to adapt, solve problems, make decisions, and improve their performance in various domains of life. Cognitive processes play a critical role in how we perceive, encode, store, and retrieve information during the learning process.
Points:
1. Introduction and meaning of Cognitive Processes
2. Attention(Meaning and Definition)
3. Aspects of Attention
4. Perception(Meaning and Definition)
5. Phenomena Associated with Perception
6. Thinking( Definition and Core Elements of Thinking)
7. Types of Thinking
8. Learning (Meaning and Definition)
9. Processes of Learning
a. Learning by Classical Conditioning
b. Learning by Operant Conditioning
c. Learning by Assimilation and Accommodation
d. Learning by Observation
10. Conclusion
The term "cognition" refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. The presentation discusses various cognitive processes; such as, cognition,concept,language,learning,memory,perception,sensory registration,thinking, etc.
Nursing Education - Philosophy of Education
Philosophy means “love of wisdom.” Philosophy and education are closely interrelated. Education is application of philosophy or philosophy of education is applied philosophy. It is the application of philosophy to study of the problems of education that is known as philosophy of education.
This PPT contains topic Learning from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.SC.Nursing.
Learning, as a cognitive process, involves acquiring knowledge, skills, understanding, and behaviors through experience, study, practice, or teaching. It's a fundamental aspect of human cognition, enabling individuals to adapt, solve problems, make decisions, and improve their performance in various domains of life. Cognitive processes play a critical role in how we perceive, encode, store, and retrieve information during the learning process.
Points:
1. Introduction and meaning of Cognitive Processes
2. Attention(Meaning and Definition)
3. Aspects of Attention
4. Perception(Meaning and Definition)
5. Phenomena Associated with Perception
6. Thinking( Definition and Core Elements of Thinking)
7. Types of Thinking
8. Learning (Meaning and Definition)
9. Processes of Learning
a. Learning by Classical Conditioning
b. Learning by Operant Conditioning
c. Learning by Assimilation and Accommodation
d. Learning by Observation
10. Conclusion
The term "cognition" refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. The presentation discusses various cognitive processes; such as, cognition,concept,language,learning,memory,perception,sensory registration,thinking, etc.
Nursing Education - Philosophy of Education
Philosophy means “love of wisdom.” Philosophy and education are closely interrelated. Education is application of philosophy or philosophy of education is applied philosophy. It is the application of philosophy to study of the problems of education that is known as philosophy of education.
Hey guys, this is a really good overview of the Cognitive Perspective. It has all of the key concepts and theorists and what the theorists did in their research and how it contributed to cognition. It's good and plus its arranged into charts :)
To know different types of research methods
To identify different parts of a research report
To Identifying research questions
To know Web-based searches
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
4. When I started teaching, I found that
my basic image of what a teacher’s job
was and how a teacher should behave
were drawn largely from what I had
seen my own teachers doing. These
internal images were quite deeply
held and quite hard to challenge.
Learning teaching (Jim Scrivener)
6. Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner
• Language under this view is essentially a
system of habits; learning comes by
producing a response to a stimulus and
receiving either positive or negative
reinforcement.
9. • Observing others
• Internal process that change
behaviour
• Behave in certain ways to reach goals
• Self-directed
• Automatized vs. restructured.
Social Cognitive Theory
10. • behaviourist psychologists avoided
description of mental processes or the
mind in their literature
• Psychoanalytic theories on the other
hand stress the importance of the
unconscious while cognitive theories
emphasize on conscious thoughts.
• Cognitive Psychology focuses on the
study of how people think, understand,
and know
11.
12. Gestalt psychology
• Gestalt is a perspective focuses on the belief
that human consciousness cannot be broken
down into its elements. This approach to
psychology was founded on the concept of the
gestalt, or whole.
• Gestalt psychologists led by Max Wertheimer
(1880 - 1943), Wolfgang Kohler (1887 – 1967)
and Kurt Koffka (1886 – 1941) have made
substantial contributions to our understanding
of perception.
• Gestaltists pointed out that perception has
meaning only when it is seen as a whole.
• The word Gestalt in German literally means
“shape” or “figure”.
13.
14. • Gestalt psychology is a theory of
mind and brain that suggests that
the operational principle of the
brain is holistic, parallel, and analog,
with self-organizing tendencies, or
that the whole is different from the
sum of its parts.
• Gestalt effect refers to the form-
forming capability of our senses,
particularly with respect to the visual
recognition of figures and whole
forms instead of just a collection of
simple lines and curves.
• Figure 5.4 shows an example of
picture that contains the gestalt
theory.
15. Creative construction Theory
• It is propose by Stephen
Krashen
• It is also called as The
Monitor Model
• Learners are thought to
“construct” internal
representations of the language
being learned
17. 1 The Acquisition– learning hypothesis.
This hypothesis says
that
There are two independent systems
The learned systemThe acquired system
is
The product of
formal instruction and
a conscious process.
is
The product of a
conscious process.
Krashen says that “learning” is less important than acquisition.
18. Differences between Acquisition
and Learning
Acquisition Learning
implicit, subconscious explicit, conscious
informal situations formal situations
uses grammatical 'feel' uses grammatical rules
depends on attitude depends on aptitude
stable order of acquisition simple to complex order of learning
19. 2 The Monitor hypothesis.
Everyone has a monitor that tells them when
something is good or bad. It requires these conditions:
time, knowledge and focus on form.
MONITOR
Conditions
(you need…)
TIME
KNOWLEDGE
FOCUS
ON
FORM
Have time to think. Know the rules (not
have forgotten it).
Feel a need to use
the correct form.
20. 3 The natural order hypothesis.
This is a natural, predictable order in which people
acquire language. It is the same for each person and
independent of the instruction program.
21. 4 The input hypothesis.
People acquire a language by receiving
camprehensible input. This input should be slightly
ahead of a learner´s current state of knowledge( i + 1 ).
+ INPUT
1
i
22. 5 The Affective Filter hypothesis.
When the learner is experiencing high anxiety, low-
steam or low motivation, the filter turns on and causes
the learner to block out input.
INPUT INPUT
MOTIVATION
SELF - STEAM
ANXIETY
FILTER
HIGH
FILTER
LOW
MOTIVATION
SELF - STEAM
ANXIETY
24. • The Information Processing Theory approach
to the study of cognitive development
evolved out of the American experimental
tradition in psychology.
• Information processing theorists proposed that
like a computer, a human mind is a system that
processes information through the application
of logical rules and strategies.
Information Processing Model(IPM)
25.
26.
27. • Short-term memory: Also known as primary or active
memory, is the information we are currently aware of or
thinking about. (conscious mind). The information found in
short term memory comes from paying attention to
sensory memories.
• The Duration of Short-Term Memory: approximately 20 to
30 seconds, but it can be just seconds if rehearsal or active
maintenance of the information is prevented,
• The Capacity of Short-Term Memory:
1- In an important paper titled "The Magical Number Seven,
Plus or Minus Two," psychologist George Miller suggested
that people can store between five and nine items in short-
term memory.
2- More recent research suggests that people are capable of
storing approximately four chunks or pieces of information in
short-term memory.
28. Distinction Between Short-Term Memory and
Working Memory
• Working memory refers to the processes that are
used to temporarily store, organize and
manipulate information.
• Short-term memory refers only to the temporary
storage of information in memory.
29. • Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information.
• This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be
called into working memory to be used when needed
• The Duration of Long-Term Memory : While long-term memory is
also susceptible to the forgetting process, long-term memories can
last for a matter of days to as long as many decades.
Types of Long-Term
Memory
declarative (explicit)
memory
episodic memory
(specific events)
semantic memory
(knowledge about the world)
procedural (implicit)
memory
31. Input
• Data and information which are given to the
learner
• Nowadays, the children’s wit (intellect) are
more than the children in previous decades.
Why?
32. Perception
• Perception is the organization, identification, and
interpretation of sensory information in order to
represent and understand the environment.
• The main role of perception in learning is to
speed up the learning process and recall.
Perception involves the use of identification and
sensory information to of a subject. Exposure to
stimulus develops the interest and conscious
knowledge of a person which enables better
understanding and learning of the person about a
specific subject.
33. Intake
Repetition
Meaningful
Natural situation
Use of language not
performing
Awareness(A key to
learner independence)
uses effective strategies
has appropriate knowledge
holds positive beliefs and
attitudesPersonalization
34. Rote learning is where
you memorize something
without full understanding
and you do not know
how the new information
relates to your other
stored knowledge.
When meaningful learning
occurs the facts are
stored in a relational
manner. That is, the brain
stores them together
because they are related
to each other.