Chapter 4Social Structure and Process TheoriesSocialWilheminaRossi174
Chapter 4
Social Structure and Process Theories
Social Factors
All Social Delinquency theories are based on the belief that crime is caused by a person’s interaction with conflicts in society. What can cause conflict?
Poor relations with school, family and the government
Poor Community conditions
Exposure to Violence
Social Change (divorce, immigration, religion)
Poverty and perceived economic disparity
Racial Inequality
Two Classes
The concept of social conflict has been developed into two distinct theories of juvenile delinquency. They are:
Social Structure Theories
Delinquency is caused by a person’s place in the
economic structure of society.
Social Process Theories
Delinquency is caused by a person’s interaction with corrupt or
disturbed members of society
Social Structure
All Social Structure Theories are based on the concept that modern capitalist society is divided (stratified) based on economic levels
Crime is most likely to form in the underclasses of society, where a culture of poverty changes the civic values and ethics of children, from generation to generation.
As children are more formative and fragile, they are more prone to the negative effects of poverty.
Racial inequality also fuels the cycle of poverty, as certain classes in society have less opportunities.
The Three forms of Structure
1) Social Disorganization
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay first developed the social disorganization theory. The premise of this theory is that the breakdown of the sense of community creates social unrest. The connection of a person to their community is the single greatest deterrent to criminal behavior.
People are less likely to participate in crime, if there is a social stigma or shame, to being identified as a criminal against the community.
Modern Disorganization
Shaw and McKay based their theories on the concept that as a city expanded, neighborhoods would break down, and the city as a whole would lose it’s sense of continuity.
As American society has become more mobile and transient, cities have radically changed. The modern Disorganization Theory is Social Ecological Theory.
Social Ecology
Social Ecology states that criminal behavior is directly linked to breakdowns in a community structure. These breakdowns come from:
Seeing physically abandoned buildings and decay
Poverty
Fear of crime or corrupt law enforcement
Siege Mentality
Loss of a community identity (race, religion, ethnicity)
Loss of social controls (family, peers, mentors, role models)
A Strain on us all
2) Strain Theory
Strain Theory holds that while most people have the same goals and desires out of life, the feeling of being locked out, or not having the opportunity to achieve those same goals, is the impetus for criminal behavior.
While some children will continue to seek to overcome their limitations, and others will simply accept their place in society, the delinquent portion of disaffected ...
Chapter 4Social Structure and Process TheoriesSocialWilheminaRossi174
Chapter 4
Social Structure and Process Theories
Social Factors
All Social Delinquency theories are based on the belief that crime is caused by a person’s interaction with conflicts in society. What can cause conflict?
Poor relations with school, family and the government
Poor Community conditions
Exposure to Violence
Social Change (divorce, immigration, religion)
Poverty and perceived economic disparity
Racial Inequality
Two Classes
The concept of social conflict has been developed into two distinct theories of juvenile delinquency. They are:
Social Structure Theories
Delinquency is caused by a person’s place in the
economic structure of society.
Social Process Theories
Delinquency is caused by a person’s interaction with corrupt or
disturbed members of society
Social Structure
All Social Structure Theories are based on the concept that modern capitalist society is divided (stratified) based on economic levels
Crime is most likely to form in the underclasses of society, where a culture of poverty changes the civic values and ethics of children, from generation to generation.
As children are more formative and fragile, they are more prone to the negative effects of poverty.
Racial inequality also fuels the cycle of poverty, as certain classes in society have less opportunities.
The Three forms of Structure
1) Social Disorganization
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay first developed the social disorganization theory. The premise of this theory is that the breakdown of the sense of community creates social unrest. The connection of a person to their community is the single greatest deterrent to criminal behavior.
People are less likely to participate in crime, if there is a social stigma or shame, to being identified as a criminal against the community.
Modern Disorganization
Shaw and McKay based their theories on the concept that as a city expanded, neighborhoods would break down, and the city as a whole would lose it’s sense of continuity.
As American society has become more mobile and transient, cities have radically changed. The modern Disorganization Theory is Social Ecological Theory.
Social Ecology
Social Ecology states that criminal behavior is directly linked to breakdowns in a community structure. These breakdowns come from:
Seeing physically abandoned buildings and decay
Poverty
Fear of crime or corrupt law enforcement
Siege Mentality
Loss of a community identity (race, religion, ethnicity)
Loss of social controls (family, peers, mentors, role models)
A Strain on us all
2) Strain Theory
Strain Theory holds that while most people have the same goals and desires out of life, the feeling of being locked out, or not having the opportunity to achieve those same goals, is the impetus for criminal behavior.
While some children will continue to seek to overcome their limitations, and others will simply accept their place in society, the delinquent portion of disaffected ...
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Giroux’s theory states that youth in the media is an
‘empty category’ which means that due the
representations being created and animated by
adults, they do not truly reflect what youths are like.
This theory is very solidly represented in misfits due
to the main focus of the programme being focused
upon a group of youths who are on community
service for committing varying crimes. However, the
reason why misfits supports this theory is due to the
fact that the programme never focuses on youths
which are seen to be ‘normal’ and when it does the
character always tends to have a delinquent side to
them or they become delinquent and break the law
themselves later on in the episode and/or series.
3. Acland’s theory states that youths need to be under constant
supervision in order to successfully grow and develop as a
person and if they don’t have this supervision then they just act
like delinquents who cause trouble and break the law. This
theory is known as the ‘Ideology of Protection’.
As a whole Misfits supports this theory as during the main
characters community service they are required to have a
probation worker who’s job it is to rehabilitate them and turn
them into the ‘good Samaritans' which society expects of them.
As soon as the probation workers are gone the characters
immediately turn back into the delinquents they are portrayed
as and they start to break the law and cause even more havoc.
However, there are points in the programme which challenge
this idea such as one of the probation workers who does not
care for his job and cares about the main characters even less
therefore he treats them even worse than they treat each other
and he, at some points, breaks the law as well but gets away
with it.
4. Gramsci’s theory is know as Cultural Hegemony
which is the idea that one social class (or group of
people) is able to dominate society by making their
own way of life appear as the norm.
Misfits supports this theory due to there being
constant acts of both physical and verbal violence
along with the way the characters don’t act out
about it which shows that it is just a part of their
normal lives and how they act. This occurs not only
in the main group of characters it also happens
largely within the area they live in which also helps
to support the fact that this is perfectly normal for
them and that, even though some of the things
they do are wrong and illegal, they aren’t as bad as
people make them out to be.
5. Cohen’s theory is the idea that societies appear to be subject,
every now and them, to periods of ‘moral panic’. A condition,
episode, person or group of persons emerges to become
defined as a threat to societal values and interests and are
referred to as ‘Folk devils’.
Misfits largely supports this theory in multiple different ways the
main of which being that they are serving community service for
breaking the law and causing harm or panic amongst society.
Another cause of moral panic in misfits is that random people in
the area where it is set gain ‘superpowers’ which vary depending
on the persons past and how they act, and these powers are
used for both good and bad but mainly bad causing more
danger to the public.
An example of these powers going wrong is the power that the
first probation worker of the series has which causes him to go
feral and try to kill the people on community service due to him
having previous anger issues.
6. Gerbner’s theory focuses on the effect of television
on people’s perceptions of crime. He found that
those who watched a lot of television which
included large amounts of violence tended to
overestimate the levels of crime in the real world.
He called this the ‘Cultivation Theory’.
Misfits does not necessarily support the theory,
rather it is one of the causes of it and of ‘mean
world syndrome’ which is the name given to those
who tended to overestimate crime as there is
constant violence throughout almost every episode
whether it be physical or verbal violence and it
shows it to be the normal way of life for some
people in certain parts of the country.