Oligarchy rules democracy: Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Int...Sadanand Patwardhan
Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. The study is by Martin Gilens, Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page, Northwestern University.
InterConnect Session 2545 Debugging back to Basics. Debugging is fast becoming a lost art. Come sharpen your debugging skills with this back to basics presentation. You will learn how to approach an AKEA ABEND0C4, Hang in CICS, and other common problems. The speaker will also cover the basic IPCS commands to use when reviewing these common problems.
Oligarchy rules democracy: Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Int...Sadanand Patwardhan
Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. The study is by Martin Gilens, Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page, Northwestern University.
InterConnect Session 2545 Debugging back to Basics. Debugging is fast becoming a lost art. Come sharpen your debugging skills with this back to basics presentation. You will learn how to approach an AKEA ABEND0C4, Hang in CICS, and other common problems. The speaker will also cover the basic IPCS commands to use when reviewing these common problems.
GSE Nordic 2015 CICS Performance and Consolidation The CICS TS V5 releases introduce a number of runtime enhancements to reduce CPU usage, improve response times, reduce resource usage, while providing additional insight into transaction performance. Come along to this session as we explore some of the newer performance benefits found in CICS TS and how savings can translate to your environment. We will also look at a lab benchmark that consolidated CICS regions, maintaining throughput, saving significant MIPS, and reducing the management overhead.
GSE Nordic 2015 CICS Connectivity in DevOps The business driver behind adopting a DevOps approach to developing software, is the need to deliver applications to the market faster, with lower costs and higher quality. With CICS Transaction Server providing the core services on which many of these applications rely, the importance of being able to connect to CICS and reuse these core services continues to increase. When CICS introduced native Web services about a decade ago, SOA became a reality for CICS customers. Today, many customers are doing tens of millions of SOAP based CICS Web services per day. Some are doing much more. But SOAP based CICS Web services are only a part of the CICS connectivity story. Support for the REST architectural style in CICS is an increasingly popular alternative to SOAP. And JSON is a popular alternative to XML for many application use cases. In this session, we will explore the different CICS connectivity options, suggest use-cases in which they can be of most value, and most importantly, learn which is the right tool for the job.
According to IDC, in 2013 “the worldwide smartphone market reached yet another milestone, having shipped one billion units in a single year for the first time”. This was an increase of almost 40% over 2012. If much of your business runs on CICS, you have probably already exposed at least some your CICS applications to the mobile world. But are you exposing these services in the optimal way for your company? Come to this session to discover what the supported options are for mobile exploitation in CICS Transaction Server, CICS Transaction Gateway and z/OS Connect. This session will compare and contrast the options available, so you can understand what is right for you. It will also demonstrate how you can use IBM Worklight with CICS TS to optimize your mobile deployments. Make sure your phone is on silent – you won’t want to be disturbed in this session.
Session 2546 - Solving Performance Problems in CICS using CICS Performance A...nick_garrod
InterConnect Session 2546, Solving Performance Problems in CICS using CICS Performance Analyzer. CICS performing well is critical to your Enterprise. Knowing how to solve performance problems is just as critical. This session will concentrate on the most common performance problems seen in the Level 2 Service area. Monitoring and Statistic data will be used to show what to look for and how to avoid these common problems. CICS Performance Analyzer will be used as the primary tool to format and present the data needed to solve these performance issues.
GSE Nordic 2015 Liberty, Egality, Fraternity “Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité” (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity), is the slogan of France, coined around the time of the French Revolution. It also seems a pretty appropriate slogan for the mini revolution that is happening right now with CICS and WebSphere. The Liberty profile is a highly composable and dynamic application server runtime environment that is shipped as a part of both WebSphere and CICS. This session will introduce Liberty in CICS, compare the capability with WebSphere (note the ‘equality’ word) and discuss how these new Liberty applications can interact with and support the established fraternity of existing CICS applications that run your core business.
Answer the questions that follow in a short paragraph each 3-4 sen.docxamrit47
Answer the questions that follow in a short paragraph each 3-4 sentences Be sure to cite materials from the course. For example, if you are referring to an article that has an author, use the following citation format (Author’s Last Name, Year). If the article has no author, you can use the title of the article, or the title I’ve given it, in quotation marks (“Six Characteristics of a Democracy”, n.d.). Note that you use “n.d.” if the article or post has no date/year associated with it.
Discussion Questions:
1. In what ways are the values of individualism and communitarianism, although seemingly in opposition, both critical to a liberal democracy?
2. After reading the article on communitarianism, do you feel you follow the philosophical tradition of liberalism or of communitarianism when it comes to your view of democracy (note: Don’t confuse “liberalism” with “liberal” in American politics – you have to read the article to understand the meaning of liberalism in American political history).
3. In your opinion why did citizens vote in the latest 2018 elections in higher numbers than past mid-term elections? (Please consider your view in light of the trends noted in the FiveThirtyEight article in Week 1 e-resources (Dottle et al., 2018)
4. Why do you think other western societies vote at higher levels than Americans?
Commentary
According to sociologists, Bellah et al. in Habits of the Heart (2007) and social commentator E.J. Dionne (2012) in Our Divided Political Heart, there are two strains in U.S. history and the underlying set of values that are important to us as member of that society – individualism and communitarianism. Both have shaped our values and sense of who we are as Americans.
On the one hand, we are individualistic - intent in meeting our individual needs and pursuing our individual instrumental (material success) and expressive (personal non-material happiness) needs and goals.
On the other hand, we seek community - the sense of belonging to and active in a larger group and fulfilling the needs of the community and its members.
While individualism is more concrete and easier to identify, communitarianism is more abstract (though see the article on communitarianism in the readings, particular what the authors says about views toward political systems ability to achieve a “good life” other than democracy).
Social institutions fulfill social needs that drive both individualistic and communitarian tendencies in American Society.
Sociologists view social institutions (family, government, economic, education, religion, media) as socially created structures or organizational systems that function to satisfy basic social needs by linking the individual to the larger culture.
Today, some might argue that extreme individualism has become dominant. [Another position is that our society is currently dominated by tribalism or a sense of community based on in-group identities (those like "us"), and often at the expense and derogation of.
Examples Of Problem Solution Essays. What is an academic problem-solution ess...Ashley Matulevich
How to Write a Problem Solution Essay - Comprehensive Guide. 001 Problem Solution Essay Thatsnotus. The Problem/Solution Essay. 4 Problem/Solution Essay Writing Exercises for Writing Students. How to Write a Problem Solution Essay: Guide with Examples. How to Write a Problem-Solution Essay in 16 Easy Steps. PROBLEM-SOLUTION ESSAY EXPLANATION ACTIVITIES AND ANSWERS by Carmen .... Problem/Solution Essay. Problem-solution essays. How to write a problem solution essay - FreelanceHouse Blog. What is an academic problem-solution essay? Academic Marker. Problem Solution Essay Outline Format. 29 Writing Problem-Solution Essays Thoughtful Learning K-12. Problem solution essay example college. Problem Solution Essay .... Problem Solution Essays Examples - slide share. Critical essay: Problem solution essay example college. Imposing Problem Solving Essay Examples Pdf Thatsnotus. problem solution essay template ielts. PPT - PROBLEM-SOLUTION ESSAY PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... Problem-Solution Essay Outline. The problem solution essay. Problem solution essay example. 20 Easy and Interesting Problem. 2019 .... IELTS Problem Solution Essays Step-by-Step Guide IELTS Jacky. How to Write a Problem-Solution Essay That Works. Problem Solution Essay Thesis and How to Write It. Order a Brilliant Problem Solution Essay from Professionals. 100 Problem Solution Essay Topics with Sample Essays. Business paper: Problem solving essay examples. Problem solution essay example ielts Examples Of Problem Solution Essays Examples Of Problem Solution Essays. What is an academic problem-solution essay? Academic Marker
While is old of this Chapter in textbook, I have restructured to capture the meaning of political culture and format of politics, ideology, power, legitimacy.
Overview Chapter 1Political Thinking and Political Culture B.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview: Chapter 1
Political Thinking and Political Culture: Becoming a Responsible Citizen
Chapter Goals
The chapter addresses the following goals:
· Describe the importance of political thinking in a democracy and the current barriers to political thinking among the public.
· Describe the discipline of political science and how it can contribute to political thinking.
· Explain the nature of politics in the U.S. and how it is a struggle for power among competing groups and interests.
· Discuss America’s cultural ideals of liberty, individualism, equality and self-government and how they have affected some public issues like taxation or social welfare policy.
· Discuss the major rules of American politics: democracy, constitutionalism, and the free market system, and why rules are necessary in politics.
· Explain differing theories of political power, including majoritarianism, pluralism, corporate power, and elitism, and how they may undercut the ideals of democracy in the U.S.
· Discuss the nature of the free market system in the U.S. and how it compares to European and other economic systems.
Focus and Main Points
Contemporary American government is placed in historical perspective in this chapter. The value of political science in examining the development of American politics since the country’s earliest years is examined briefly, and concepts such as power, pluralism, and constitutionalism that are central to the study of government and politics are also assessed. In addition, the value of political thinking and the ability of political science to help develop political thinking are discussed. Several comparisons between the cultural development of political institutions and financial systems of the United States and Europe are made to help illustrate the different forms of government and economic organization.
The main points of this chapter are as follows:
· The development of political thinking is important for functioning democracies, which rely on the informed choices of citizens for the formation of government. There are powerful barriers to political thinking, such as individual unwillingness to develop it, changing patterns of media consumption, and “spin” by political leaders. Political science is a discipline that can help develop political thinking among students and also lead to a fuller understanding of political phenomena.
· Every country has a distinctive political culture, a widely shared and deep-seated belief system. National identity in many countries is taken from the common ancestry and kinship they share. Americans are linked not by a shared ancestry but by the country’s political culture as the foundation of its national identity.
· Politics is the process through which a society settles its conflicts. Those who win, in political conflict, are said to have power, and those leaders that have gained the legitimacy to use that power have authority. The play of politics in the United States takes place in the con.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. The concept of power involves the ability to control or influence people's behavior.
Politics and power in the 21st century has been defined through the culture of
innovation and openness
This is in relation to how contemporary culture and politics has been intertwined.
Politics and power rely on content and style
It has to be relevant and visible to the visions and how the society social relations
are structured.
Political sociology in such respect revolves around cultural politics.
This is to assist in understanding how social identities and relations face consistent
challenges.
3. Empirical changes in the contemporary society have been sufficient in
defining the course of politics and power
This is through creating new approaches.
It is in relation to the paradigm shift away from state-centered towards the
basis of social experience.
Pluralism makes assumptions that power and politics face disparity within
the societal settings to a specific interest group.
Political decisions, especially in policy matters constitutes the competitive
outcome of specific groups.
Such groups represent different interests with the state as a neutral player.
According to the social relations that hold the society intact, political
power is dispersed and fragmented.
4. • The modern existence of political parties, classes, interest
groups, and status groups affirm the distribution of power.
• The groups ensure there is a more effective and reliable means
of representations.
• With reference to the United States political arena, public policy
has been the significant outcome of the group forces with
diverse views.
• The policies resulting from politics and power forms a product
of compromise and bargaining.
• This tends to moderate social stability.
5. According to Elitist theory, every societal setting and political blocks involves
small classes of significant decision makers and leaders.
They have the key political functions that monopolize power and the larger class.
This is with passive approaches that marginalizes political affairs.
In power, the ruling elite comes from higher echelons, the military and corporate
sectors.
Based on the approach of democratic elitism, there are democratic elections
involved in creating political leadership
It involves opportunities offered to the passive masses to vote.
The society make choices about the kinds of leaders they want to be in power
This defines the concept of democracy in the modern liberal capitalist states.
6. According to Marxism, the simple idea behind politics and
power is the policy process
It is driven through powerful socioeconomic defined forces.
Such force structures the choices of decision makers.
They set the agenda and constrain implementation to ensure
power is within the reach of the interest group.
They determine the outcomes of the political system.
The function of the state under such assumption is to
reproduce and protect capitalism.
The approach of the public policy reflects on the states
defined roles
This is in trying to ensure there is political and social
stability.
In addition, the state ensures they formulate and implement
the policies to reflect the defined interest of capitalism and
the ruling class
7. Nash, K. (2010). Contemporary Political Sociology:
Globalization, Politics and Power. Chichester: John Wiley &
Sons.
Newton, K., & Deth, J. W. (2006). Foundations of comparative
politics: Democracies of the modern world. Cambridge [u.a.:
Cambridge Univ. Press.
Pye, L. W., & Pye, M. W. (2009). Asian power and politics: The
cultural dimensions of authority. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press.
Editor's Notes
Empirical changes in the contemporary society have been sufficient in defining the course of politics and power through creating new approaches (Newton & Deth, 2006). This is in relation to the paradigm shift away from state-centered towards the basis of social experience. Pluralism makes assumptions that power and politics face disparity within the societal settings to a specific interest group. It also elaborates that political decisions, especially in policy matters constitutes the competitive outcome of the groups representing different interests with the state as a neutral player (Newton & Deth, 2006). According to the social relations that hold the society intact, political power is dispersed and fragmented.
The modern existence of political parties, classes, interest groups, and status groups affirm the distribution of power (Nash, 2010). The groups ensure there is a more effective and reliable means of representing compared to the election. With reference to the United States political arena, public policy in most cases has been the significant outcome of the group forces with diverse views (Nash, 2010). The policies resulting from politics and power forms the product of the compromise and bargaining that tends to moderate social stability.
The Elitist theory explains that in every societal setting and political blocks involves small classes of significant decision makers and leaders with key political functions that monopolize power and the larger class with passive approaches that marginalizes political affairs (Newton & Deth, 2006). The theory ascertains that, in power, the ruling elite comes from higher echelons, the military and corporate sectors. Based on the approach of democratic elitism, there are democratic elections involved in creating political leadership with opportunities offered to the passive masses to vote. Therefore, the participation of the society in making choices about the kinds of leaders they want to be in power defines the concept of democracy in the modern liberal capitalist states (Newton & Deth, 2006).
According to Marxism, the simple idea behind politics and power is the policy process which is driven through powerful socioeconomic defined forces (Pye & Pye, 2009). Such force structures the choices of decision makers to set the agenda and constrain implementation to ensure power is within the reach of the interest group since they determine the outcomes of the political system. The function of the state under such assumption is to reproduce and protect capitalism (Nash, 2010). The approach of the public policy, therefore, reflects on the states defined roles in trying to ensure there is political and social stability. In addition, the state ensures they formulate and implement the policies to reflect the defined interest of capitalism and the ruling class (Pye & Pye, 2009).