Human rights

HUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTS
 EMBRACES THIS FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMEMBRACES THIS FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM
 THE RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY, SECURITY OFTHE RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY, SECURITY OF
PERSON’S PROPERTY & EQUAL PROTECTIONPERSON’S PROPERTY & EQUAL PROTECTION
OF THE LAWOF THE LAW
 EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
 CHOOSE HIS OWN OCCUPATION/ RELIGIONCHOOSE HIS OWN OCCUPATION/ RELIGION
 RUN FOR POLITICAL POSITIONRUN FOR POLITICAL POSITION
 TO VOTETO VOTE
 ASSOCIATE WITH OTHER PEOPLEASSOCIATE WITH OTHER PEOPLE
 RIGHT TO THE PRODUCT OF HIS OWN LABOR GUARANTEED BYRIGHT TO THE PRODUCT OF HIS OWN LABOR GUARANTEED BY
THE “BILL OF RIGHTS” & THOSE EMBODIED IN THE UNIVERSALTHE “BILL OF RIGHTS” & THOSE EMBODIED IN THE UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSDECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

HUMAN RIGHTS
IS THERE A TRADITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN
THE PHILIPPINES?
YES, EVEN BEFORE THE ADVENT OF WESTERN
INFLUENCES, WE HAVE A TRADITION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AS
TYPIFIED IN THE CODE OF KALANTIAO WHERE RIGHT &
OBLIGATION DUTIES & PRIVILEGES OF SOCIAL GROUPS ARE
DEFINED.
EXAMPLES:
1. TILLERS OF THE LAND HAD CERTAIN RIGHT TO THE
PRODUCT OF HIS LABOR.
2. THE INDIVIDUAL HAD THE RECOGNIZED RIGHTS ON
FOREST PRODUCT IN ACCORDANCE WITH ABILITY & STRENGHT.
3. CHIEF HAD THE RIGHT TO PROTECT THE LIVES OF
HIS FOLLOWERS.
4. THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY.
5. THE CUSTOM & TRADITION OF THE LOCALITY.

HUMAN RIGHTS
WHAT IS THE AFP’s POSITION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS?
THE AFP SUBSCRIBES WITH ABIDING CONCERN FOR &
ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY OBSERVING THE FF
BASIC RULES:
A. NORMAL BEHAVIOR OF A DISCIPLINED SOLDIER.
B. OBSERVE HUMAN RIGHTS REGULATIONS & ARTICLES.
C. UNNECESSARY SEQUESTRATION OF PROPERTY
INVOLVEMENT.
D. INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE DURING MILITARY
OPERATIONS.

 ““It is believed that many of ourIt is believed that many of our
disgruntled countrymen generally engagedisgruntled countrymen generally engage
in lawless activities and eventually joinin lawless activities and eventually join
dissident groups when their rights asdissident groups when their rights as
human beings are violated”.human beings are violated”.
 The cycle of rebellion and violentThe cycle of rebellion and violent
expression of descent will never end ifexpression of descent will never end if
in the conflict environment, thein the conflict environment, the
government troops and law enforcersgovernment troops and law enforcers
do not respect the rights of the peopledo not respect the rights of the people..

A. ACHIEVING HUMAN RIGHTSA. ACHIEVING HUMAN RIGHTS
GOALSGOALS
 Following are the means that countries inFollowing are the means that countries in
the international community commonlythe international community commonly
adopt to promote the observance ofadopt to promote the observance of
human rights in their countries:human rights in their countries:

 1. Setting the examples.1. Setting the examples.
 A country that advocates the observance ofA country that advocates the observance of
human rights believes that its own humanhuman rights believes that its own human
rights record will serve as an example forrights record will serve as an example for
other countries to follow.other countries to follow.

 2. Diplomatic Initiatives2. Diplomatic Initiatives..
 Diplomatic representatives from differentDiplomatic representatives from different
countries wherever they meet often addresscountries wherever they meet often address
and discuss important human rights concernsand discuss important human rights concerns
during private meetings.during private meetings.

 3. Providing Asylum to Political Refugees3. Providing Asylum to Political Refugees..
 Most countries have immigration laws that allowMost countries have immigration laws that allow
person who are fleeing their homelands due toperson who are fleeing their homelands due to
persecution in the account of their cultural,persecution in the account of their cultural,
religious and political beliefs. As a general rule,religious and political beliefs. As a general rule,
any foreign national who flees his country, will notany foreign national who flees his country, will not
be granted asylum. He may however be grantedbe granted asylum. He may however be granted
a temporary refuge if his life or safety is ina temporary refuge if his life or safety is in
immediate danger. Those, however who requestimmediate danger. Those, however who request
for political asylum on a base in a foreign territoryfor political asylum on a base in a foreign territory
or on a ship on the high seas (internationalor on a ship on the high seas (international
waters) will not be turned over said refugees towaters) will not be turned over said refugees to
another country without the approval of theanother country without the approval of the
government exercising sovereignty over suchgovernment exercising sovereignty over such
territory or vessel.territory or vessel.

 4. Pressure of World Opinion4. Pressure of World Opinion..
 When the means of diplomacy and example failWhen the means of diplomacy and example fail
to work, the government officials of concernedto work, the government officials of concerned
countries may issue public statements against acountries may issue public statements against a
particular country that refuses to observe andparticular country that refuses to observe and
implement Human Rights and the provisions ofimplement Human Rights and the provisions of
the International Law.the International Law.

 5. Suspension of Foreign Assistance5. Suspension of Foreign Assistance..
 Countries that provide humanitarian assistanceCountries that provide humanitarian assistance
for development and economic relief for lessfor development and economic relief for less
developed countries, may withhold aid when thedeveloped countries, may withhold aid when the
recipient country continuously violate Humanrecipient country continuously violate Human
Rights and International Humanitarian Law.Rights and International Humanitarian Law.

 6. Implementation of Economic Sanctions.6. Implementation of Economic Sanctions.
 Countries that are unsatisfied with the consistentlyCountries that are unsatisfied with the consistently
appalling record human right violations of a particularappalling record human right violations of a particular
country may reduce or terminate economic relations withcountry may reduce or terminate economic relations with
that country.that country.

 7. Actions of United Nations and Regional7. Actions of United Nations and Regional
OrganizationOrganization..
 The United Nations and other regional organizations allThe United Nations and other regional organizations all
over the world may resort to concerted actions to putover the world may resort to concerted actions to put
political and economic pressure on countries that commitpolitical and economic pressure on countries that commit
human rights abuses. The United Nations follow a formalhuman rights abuses. The United Nations follow a formal
process of acting on and investigating reported humanprocess of acting on and investigating reported human
right violations in its member countries. Although theright violations in its member countries. Although the
adoption of persuasive measures is the primary tool, theadoption of persuasive measures is the primary tool, the
U.N. can vote to impose severe economic sanctionsU.N. can vote to impose severe economic sanctions
against human rights violator country.against human rights violator country.

B. HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED.B. HUMAN RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED.
Following are the basic human rights of aFollowing are the basic human rights of a
suspect or the accused, which should besuspect or the accused, which should be
recognized during custodial investigationrecognized during custodial investigation
and conduct of tactical interrogation:and conduct of tactical interrogation:

 1. Rights of Person Prior to Investigation.1. Rights of Person Prior to Investigation.
 Known as theKnown as the “Miranda Doctrine”“Miranda Doctrine” as laidas laid
down by the U.S Supreme Court, the accuseddown by the U.S Supreme Court, the accused
has the right to be warned prior to anyhas the right to be warned prior to any
questioning that:questioning that:
 a. He has the right to remaina. He has the right to remain
silent and make self-incriminatingsilent and make self-incriminating
statements.statements.
 b. Anything that he says can beb. Anything that he says can be
used against him in a court of law.used against him in a court of law.
 c. He has the right to presence ofc. He has the right to presence of
any attorney, and that if he cannot affordany attorney, and that if he cannot afford
an attorney, one will be appointed for himan attorney, one will be appointed for him
prior to any questioning if he so desires.prior to any questioning if he so desires.

2. Rights of Person Under Investigation2. Rights of Person Under Investigation..
 The following are the rights of the accused while undergoingThe following are the rights of the accused while undergoing
investigation as embodied in Article III-Bill of Rights and otherinvestigation as embodied in Article III-Bill of Rights and other
sections of the 1987 Philippine Constitution:sections of the 1987 Philippine Constitution:

 a. Under Article III-Bill of Rightsa. Under Article III-Bill of Rights
 1) Right to remain silent and not to answer any1) Right to remain silent and not to answer any
questions that may incriminate him.questions that may incriminate him.
 2) Right to counsel or a lawyer of his choice to2) Right to counsel or a lawyer of his choice to
present and whom he can consult during investigation.present and whom he can consult during investigation.
 3) Right against torture or any form of mental or3) Right against torture or any form of mental or
physical punishment.physical punishment.
 4) Right against secret detention.4) Right against secret detention.

 b. Under Section 11b. Under Section 11
 1) Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial1) Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial
bodies.bodies.
 2) Adequate legal assistance shall not be2) Adequate legal assistance shall not be
denied to the accused by reason of poverty.denied to the accused by reason of poverty.

 c. Under Section 12c. Under Section 12
 1) The right to be informed of his rights to remain1) The right to be informed of his rights to remain
silent and to have a competent and independent counselsilent and to have a competent and independent counsel
preferably of his choice. If he cannot afford, he must be providedpreferably of his choice. If he cannot afford, he must be provided
one. This right cannot be waived except in writing and in theone. This right cannot be waived except in writing and in the
presence of a counsel.presence of a counsel.
 2) No torture, force, threat or any other means of2) No torture, force, threat or any other means of
intimidation may be used against the accused. The use of secretintimidation may be used against the accused. The use of secret
place of detention, solitary confinement or declaring the accusedplace of detention, solitary confinement or declaring the accused
“incommunicado” and other similar forms of detention are“incommunicado” and other similar forms of detention are
prohibited.prohibited.
 3) Any confession or admission of guilt obtained in3) Any confession or admission of guilt obtained in
violation of the above-mentioned rights of the accused shall beviolation of the above-mentioned rights of the accused shall be
inadmissible evidence against him.inadmissible evidence against him.
4) The Law provides penal and legal sanctions for4) The Law provides penal and legal sanctions for
violations of these rights as guaranteed by the Constitution, asviolations of these rights as guaranteed by the Constitution, as
well as compensation for the rehabilitation of victims of torture andwell as compensation for the rehabilitation of victims of torture and
similar practices. Also excessive bail shall not be imposed.similar practices. Also excessive bail shall not be imposed.

 d. Under Section 18d. Under Section 18
 1) No person shall be detained solely be reason of his political beliefs1) No person shall be detained solely be reason of his political beliefs
and aspirations.and aspirations.
 2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a
punishment for a crime wherein the accused has been convicted in a dulypunishment for a crime wherein the accused has been convicted in a duly
constituted court.constituted court.

 e. Under Section 19e. Under Section 19
 1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel,1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel,
degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty bedegrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be
imposed, unless for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes.imposed, unless for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes.
 2) The employment of a physical, psychological, or2) The employment of a physical, psychological, or
degrading punishment against any prisoner or the use of substandard ordegrading punishment against any prisoner or the use of substandard or
inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with byinadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by
law.law.

 f. Under Section 22f. Under Section 22

 1) No person shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment1) No person shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment
(to be accused more than once) for the same offense.(to be accused more than once) for the same offense.
 2) If a person is convicted or acquitted under either of the2) If a person is convicted or acquitted under either of the
law or ordinance he was accused of violating, he may not be prosecutedlaw or ordinance he was accused of violating, he may not be prosecuted
again for the same act.again for the same act.

Rights of the Accused During TrialRights of the Accused During Trial
 . Following are the rights that an accused person is entitled to. Following are the rights that an accused person is entitled to
during the course of trial listed in the Rules of Court and asduring the course of trial listed in the Rules of Court and as
guaranteed by the Philippine Constitution:guaranteed by the Philippine Constitution:

 a. To be presumed innocent until the contrary (his guilt) isa. To be presumed innocent until the contrary (his guilt) is
proved beyond doubt during the trial.proved beyond doubt during the trial.
 b. To be informed of the nature and cause of theb. To be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusations against him.accusations against him.
 c. To be present and defend in person and by a counsel atc. To be present and defend in person and by a counsel at
every stage of the proceedings, from the arraignment to theevery stage of the proceedings, from the arraignment to the
promulgation of the judgment. The accused may however waive hispromulgation of the judgment. The accused may however waive his
presence if specifically ordered by the court for purposes ofpresence if specifically ordered by the court for purposes of
identification. The absence of the accused without justifiable causeidentification. The absence of the accused without justifiable cause
wherein he had been duly notified, shall be considered a waiver ofwherein he had been duly notified, shall be considered a waiver of
his rights to be present. Also when he escaped from custody, hehis rights to be present. Also when he escaped from custody, he
shall also be deemed to have waived his rights to be present in allshall also be deemed to have waived his rights to be present in all
the subsequent trial dates until custody is regained.the subsequent trial dates until custody is regained.

 d. Upon motion, the accused may bed. Upon motion, the accused may be
followed to defend himself in person when itfollowed to defend himself in person when it
sufficiently appears to the court that he cansufficiently appears to the court that he can
properly protect his rights without theproperly protect his rights without the
assistance of counsel.assistance of counsel.
 e. To confront and cross-examine thee. To confront and cross-examine the
witness against him during the trial.witness against him during the trial.
 f. To have appropriate court orders bef. To have appropriate court orders be
issued to compel the attendance ofissued to compel the attendance of
witnesses and ensure the production ofwitnesses and ensure the production of
important evidences in his behalf.important evidences in his behalf.
 g. To have a speedy, impartial andg. To have a speedy, impartial and
public trial.public trial.

C. COMMISSION ON HUMANC. COMMISSION ON HUMAN
RIGHTSRIGHTS
 . The Presidential Commission on Human. The Presidential Commission on Human
Rights was established during theRights was established during the
administration of President Corazonadministration of President Corazon
Aquino and it was after the approval of theAquino and it was after the approval of the
1987 Constitution that the body was1987 Constitution that the body was
renamed the Commission on Humanrenamed the Commission on Human
Rights.Rights.

1. Functions1. Functions
 The following are the functions of theThe following are the functions of the
Commission on Human Rights:Commission on Human Rights:
 a. Contrary to some misconceptions that thea. Contrary to some misconceptions that the
Commission on Human Rights is an anti-military and a pro-Commission on Human Rights is an anti-military and a pro-
insurgents organization, the Commission in truth is aninsurgents organization, the Commission in truth is an
independent, disinterested body, which is mandated toindependent, disinterested body, which is mandated to
investigate on its own or upon complaint all forms of humaninvestigate on its own or upon complaint all forms of human
rights violations and monitor the Philippine Government’srights violations and monitor the Philippine Government’s
compliance with the country’s obligation under thecompliance with the country’s obligation under the
international treaty on human rights.international treaty on human rights.

 b. The Commission of Human Rights functionsb. The Commission of Human Rights functions
as a homogenous organization composed of civic-orientedas a homogenous organization composed of civic-oriented
groups who advocates and monitors the protection of humangroups who advocates and monitors the protection of human
rights I the country.rights I the country.

1. Functions1. Functions
 c. The CHR basically serves as anc. The CHR basically serves as an
independent fact-finding body and doesindependent fact-finding body and does
not have the power to prosecute. After annot have the power to prosecute. After an
investigation, the CHR may onlyinvestigation, the CHR may only
recommend to courts or to the concernedrecommend to courts or to the concerned
agencies the filing of appropriate chargesagencies the filing of appropriate charges
against the suspected respondents. Thus,against the suspected respondents. Thus,
the CHR has no power to prosecute andthe CHR has no power to prosecute and
send the accused to prison.send the accused to prison.

2. Jurisdiction2. Jurisdiction
 . The following are the nature of human rights. The following are the nature of human rights
violations that are within the jurisdiction of theviolations that are within the jurisdiction of the
Commission on Human Rights to investigate forCommission on Human Rights to investigate for
purpose of prosecution:purpose of prosecution:

 a. Rights of detainees or prisonersa. Rights of detainees or prisoners
against physical, psychological and degradingagainst physical, psychological and degrading
punishment resulting to the commission of crimespunishment resulting to the commission of crimes
against persons.against persons.
 b. Right to a fair and public trial asb. Right to a fair and public trial as
recognized under the Philippine Constitution,recognized under the Philippine Constitution,
applicable laws and other statutes.applicable laws and other statutes.

 c. Constitutional guaranteesc. Constitutional guarantees
provided against the use of torture, force,provided against the use of torture, force,
violence, threat, intimidation or other meansviolence, threat, intimidation or other means
that vitiate the free will of any person andthat vitiate the free will of any person and
force him to do anything or sign anyforce him to do anything or sign any
document against his will.document against his will.
 d. Right to life without dued. Right to life without due
process of law, where its commission isprocess of law, where its commission is
tantamount to summary execution ortantamount to summary execution or
extrajudicial execution.extrajudicial execution.

 e. Right to select one’s place of abode and ofe. Right to select one’s place of abode and of
changing one’s residence within the limits provided by law,changing one’s residence within the limits provided by law,
except upon lawful order of the court.except upon lawful order of the court.
 These violations may include the acts of population controlThese violations may include the acts of population control
such as “such as “hamletinghamleting”, forced eviction and illegal demolition.”, forced eviction and illegal demolition.
 f. Rights of persons to secure their houses,f. Rights of persons to secure their houses,
papers and belongings against unreasonable and arbitrarypapers and belongings against unreasonable and arbitrary
searches and seizures.searches and seizures.
 g. Rights of person arrested, detained or underg. Rights of person arrested, detained or under
custodial investigation as well as the duties of arresting,custodial investigation as well as the duties of arresting,
detaining and investigating officers.detaining and investigating officers.

 h. Right of the people toh. Right of the people to
peaceably assemble and petition thepeaceably assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.government for redress of grievances.
 i. Right of the people to freelyi. Right of the people to freely
exercise and enjoy their religious professionexercise and enjoy their religious profession
and worship, without discrimination. Thisand worship, without discrimination. This
includes such offenses as desecration ofincludes such offenses as desecration of
places of worship and other acts that areplaces of worship and other acts that are
notoriously offensive to the feelings of thenotoriously offensive to the feelings of the
faithful.faithful.

SAFEGUARDSSAFEGUARDS
 The following are practical suggestionsThe following are practical suggestions
that will promote the observance of humanthat will promote the observance of human
rights by AFP personnel during militaryrights by AFP personnel during military
operations.operations.
 1. While in Combat. Here are1. While in Combat. Here are
some guides that you may follow as asome guides that you may follow as a
commander of a unit in the operationalcommander of a unit in the operational
areas but not directly engaged in combat.areas but not directly engaged in combat.

 a. Internalizing the Values of Humana. Internalizing the Values of Human
Rights.Rights.
Develop a strong and effective military values’Develop a strong and effective military values’
education among your men. Discuss with themeducation among your men. Discuss with them
your own beliefs, attitudes and valuesyour own beliefs, attitudes and values
regarding observance of human rights in orderregarding observance of human rights in order
that they will know exactly were you stand.that they will know exactly were you stand.
Make them internalize the value of observingMake them internalize the value of observing
human rights by including instructions onhuman rights by including instructions on
Human Rights in your Troop Information andHuman Rights in your Troop Information and
Education (TI&E) Program. Most human rightsEducation (TI&E) Program. Most human rights
violations are results of ignorance of the law.violations are results of ignorance of the law.

 b. Conduct of Legal Arrests andb. Conduct of Legal Arrests and
Searches.Searches.
As a general rule, law enforcers many onlyAs a general rule, law enforcers many only
conduct arrests and searches only after theyconduct arrests and searches only after they
have legally secured arrest and searchhave legally secured arrest and search
warrants from a judge. However, arrest andwarrants from a judge. However, arrest and
searches may also be performed withoutsearches may also be performed without
warrants if the following conditions exist:warrants if the following conditions exist:

 1) When in the presence of arresting1) When in the presence of arresting
officer, the When in the presence of the officer, theofficer, the When in the presence of the officer, the
son to be arrested has committed, is actuallyson to be arrested has committed, is actually
committing, or is attempting to commit an offense.committing, or is attempting to commit an offense.
 2) When an offense has in fact been2) When an offense has in fact been
committed and the arresting person has a reasonablecommitted and the arresting person has a reasonable
ground to believe that the person to be arrested has inground to believe that the person to be arrested has in
fact committed it.fact committed it.
 3) When the person to be arrested is3) When the person to be arrested is
a prisoner who has escaped from a penala prisoner who has escaped from a penal
establishment or place where he is serving finalestablishment or place where he is serving final
judgment or temporarily confined while his case isjudgment or temporarily confined while his case is
pending, or when he escaped while being transferredpending, or when he escaped while being transferred
from one place of confinement to another.from one place of confinement to another.

 c. Non-Employment of Children as Combatants.c. Non-Employment of Children as Combatants.
Never allow any person below 18 years old take part in anyNever allow any person below 18 years old take part in any
armed conflict. Children should never be recruited orarmed conflict. Children should never be recruited or
employed by government forces to perform or engage in anyemployed by government forces to perform or engage in any
activity that has direct connection with armed conflict, eitheractivity that has direct connection with armed conflict, either
as combatants, guides, couriers, or in any similar capacityas combatants, guides, couriers, or in any similar capacity
where they may be identified as active members of anwhere they may be identified as active members of an
organized group.organized group.

 d. Good Relationship with Media and Humand. Good Relationship with Media and Human
Rights Groups. Communicate and establish goodRights Groups. Communicate and establish good
relationship with the media, human rights groups andrelationship with the media, human rights groups and
members of non government organizations (NGO’s)members of non government organizations (NGO’s)
advocating the protection of human rights. Unwholesomeadvocating the protection of human rights. Unwholesome
relations with these groups and improper handling ofrelations with these groups and improper handling of
situations involving them may spawn more serious problemssituations involving them may spawn more serious problems
for your unit in the future.for your unit in the future.

 e. Non-Identification with Dubiouse. Non-Identification with Dubious
Personalities. Avoid being identified with influentialPersonalities. Avoid being identified with influential
and controversial personalities in your area ofand controversial personalities in your area of
operation. While it is always advisable foroperation. While it is always advisable for
commanders to try to establish good relations with allcommanders to try to establish good relations with all
the members of the community for this may causethe members of the community for this may cause
criticisms that you are protecting certain interestcriticisms that you are protecting certain interest
groups in favor of the masses.groups in favor of the masses.

 f. Absolutely no Drinking. Never allowf. Absolutely no Drinking. Never allow
your men to drink any alcoholic beverages while inyour men to drink any alcoholic beverages while in
the operational areas. The discipline of soldiers whothe operational areas. The discipline of soldiers who
do not know how to handle stress tend to deterioratedo not know how to handle stress tend to deteriorate
and may cause behavioral problems. To avoid this,and may cause behavioral problems. To avoid this,
never tolerate drinking within your camp. Enforce thisnever tolerate drinking within your camp. Enforce this
prohibition through your NCOs.prohibition through your NCOs.

During Combat OperationsDuring Combat Operations
 . Here are some recommended pointers that one. Here are some recommended pointers that one
may follow when engaged in actual combat for themay follow when engaged in actual combat for the
protection of human rights:protection of human rights:

 a. Always established the proper authority ina. Always established the proper authority in
initiating combat operationsinitiating combat operations..
 Ensure that all combat operations are covered byEnsure that all combat operations are covered by
appropriate Operation Order that set the responsibilityappropriate Operation Order that set the responsibility
to commander of all participating units at all levels ofto commander of all participating units at all levels of
command. Even in the conduct of minor combatcommand. Even in the conduct of minor combat
operations as when sending out patrols, a radiooperations as when sending out patrols, a radio
message or a simple written directive from highermessage or a simple written directive from higher
headquarters may be necessary.headquarters may be necessary.

 b. As Commander, find time to speak to your men beforeb. As Commander, find time to speak to your men before
sending them outsending them out..
 Re-iterate to them your unequivocal stand that they shouldRe-iterate to them your unequivocal stand that they should
observe human rights and that you will never tolerate anyobserve human rights and that you will never tolerate any
violations. Impress on their minds that although their commanderviolations. Impress on their minds that although their commander
is responsible for the accomplishment of the mission, all of themis responsible for the accomplishment of the mission, all of them
will be held responsible for their individual behavior during thewill be held responsible for their individual behavior during the
operation.operation.
 c. As Commander, do not treat civilians in thec. As Commander, do not treat civilians in the
operational populace as insurgents or suspects.operational populace as insurgents or suspects.
 Demand that your men will do the same. When you conveneDemand that your men will do the same. When you convene
with civilians, try to be casual, polite and cheerful, otherwise youwith civilians, try to be casual, polite and cheerful, otherwise you
would be misinterpreted to be harassing or interrogating them.would be misinterpreted to be harassing or interrogating them.
The civilian would normally volunteer information if they starThe civilian would normally volunteer information if they star
feeling comfortable with the soldiers.feeling comfortable with the soldiers.

 e. Do no use civilians from villages ase. Do no use civilians from villages as
guides.guides.
 If you have problems in finding directions, avoid usingIf you have problems in finding directions, avoid using
civilians, particularly children, women or the elderly ascivilians, particularly children, women or the elderly as
guides. Use Baranggay Officials or “tanods” instead,guides. Use Baranggay Officials or “tanods” instead,
if they are available.if they are available.

 f. Do not prohibit, interrupt or disbandf. Do not prohibit, interrupt or disband
peaceful meeting in the community.peaceful meeting in the community.
 It is the people’s exercise of peaceful assembly andIt is the people’s exercise of peaceful assembly and
no one should be hindered to attend such lawfulno one should be hindered to attend such lawful
meetings.meetings.

 g. Do not block the entry of food, healthg. Do not block the entry of food, health
and other support services to civilianand other support services to civilian
communities as a way of defeating thecommunities as a way of defeating the
insurgentsinsurgents..
 The civilian populace will protest any form ofThe civilian populace will protest any form of
control over the resources that are intended forcontrol over the resources that are intended for
their community. However, government forcestheir community. However, government forces
may prevent or limit the entry of service workersmay prevent or limit the entry of service workers
and the delivery of goods into an area affected byand the delivery of goods into an area affected by
the armed conflict if this ill interfere directly withthe armed conflict if this ill interfere directly with
the ongoing combat operations, or will endangerthe ongoing combat operations, or will endanger
the lives and safety of the service workers orthe lives and safety of the service workers or
those delivering the goods.those delivering the goods.

 h. Do not disrupt or dislocate the sourceh. Do not disrupt or dislocate the source
of livelihood of the members of theof livelihood of the members of the
community.community.
 The areas involved in an armed conflict should beThe areas involved in an armed conflict should be
carefully identified and residents of those areascarefully identified and residents of those areas
that are not directly affected should be allowed tothat are not directly affected should be allowed to
go on with their normal lives in order that theirgo on with their normal lives in order that their
source of livelihood will not be affected.source of livelihood will not be affected.
Operating units should avoid damaging crops andOperating units should avoid damaging crops and
properties of civilians along the way. When theproperties of civilians along the way. When the
operation is over and peace has been restored,operation is over and peace has been restored,
recommend to your higher headquarters for therecommend to your higher headquarters for the
restitution of the damaged properties and crops.restitution of the damaged properties and crops.

During Combat EngagementsDuring Combat Engagements
 Following are important measures, which you could take as aFollowing are important measures, which you could take as a
leader of a unit engaged in combat operations:leader of a unit engaged in combat operations:
 a. Know exactly what your military objectives are anda. Know exactly what your military objectives are and
know how to distinguish them from purely civilian objects andknow how to distinguish them from purely civilian objects and
residential areas.residential areas.
 The best way to distinguish civilian communities from militaryThe best way to distinguish civilian communities from military
objectives is by using good judgment, common sense and yourobjectives is by using good judgment, common sense and your
conscience.conscience.
 b. Whenever possible, double-check and re-verify theb. Whenever possible, double-check and re-verify the
target you are about to attack.target you are about to attack.
 Sometimes due to confusion of combat and the nervousness ofSometimes due to confusion of combat and the nervousness of
the men, some civilians may be mistaken as insurgents. You canthe men, some civilians may be mistaken as insurgents. You can
prevent this to happen by being very deliberate in your planningprevent this to happen by being very deliberate in your planning
and by directing your men to be very discriminating on theand by directing your men to be very discriminating on the
targets they will fire upon.targets they will fire upon.

 c. Take control of your emotions and maintain yourc. Take control of your emotions and maintain your
sense of reason even in the heat of battle.sense of reason even in the heat of battle.
 As a Combat Leader, you can save many innocent lives if youAs a Combat Leader, you can save many innocent lives if you
maintain your stability under pressure and keep your goodmaintain your stability under pressure and keep your good
judgment, If you have reasons to believe that the orders of yourjudgment, If you have reasons to believe that the orders of your
senior commander have already crossed beyond the limits legalsenior commander have already crossed beyond the limits legal
and moral orders, be courageous enough to express you’re yourand moral orders, be courageous enough to express you’re your
dissenting opinion.dissenting opinion.
 d. When you believe that your senior commander hasd. When you believe that your senior commander has
given you a vague order, such as “You already know what togiven you a vague order, such as “You already know what to
do” directly confront him in the presence of some witnessesdo” directly confront him in the presence of some witnesses
and ask exactly what he meantand ask exactly what he meant..
 You may ask, “Do you mean Sir, that we must now attack thisYou may ask, “Do you mean Sir, that we must now attack this
village regardless whether the enemy is here or not and burn it?”village regardless whether the enemy is here or not and burn it?”
Normally a commander who attempts to hide behindNormally a commander who attempts to hide behind
irresponsible commands will recover his senses and your havingirresponsible commands will recover his senses and your having
returned the responsibility to him will make him reconsider hisreturned the responsibility to him will make him reconsider his
vague order.vague order.

 e. Do not use excessive force much more thane. Do not use excessive force much more than
necessary to achieve your military objectivenecessary to achieve your military objective..
 Avoid doing an “Avoid doing an “overkilloverkill” of the enemy. This will not only” of the enemy. This will not only
result to big wastage of ammunition but will alsoresult to big wastage of ammunition but will also
unnecessary imperil innocent civilians that may be caughtunnecessary imperil innocent civilians that may be caught
in the crossfire.in the crossfire.

 f. Ensure that your men do not kill enemyf. Ensure that your men do not kill enemy
combatants who have surrendered, those who arecombatants who have surrendered, those who are
wounded and who could no longer fight.wounded and who could no longer fight.
 An enemy still weilding his firearms and who refuses toAn enemy still weilding his firearms and who refuses to
surrender is considered legitimate target for neutralization.surrender is considered legitimate target for neutralization.
However, an enemy combatant who drops their weapon,However, an enemy combatant who drops their weapon,
raise his hand or a white cloth in gesture of surrender, canraise his hand or a white cloth in gesture of surrender, can
no longer be shot. Killing such defenseless enemy isno longer be shot. Killing such defenseless enemy is
tantamount to “tantamount to “ murdermurder”.”.

After Combat EngagementAfter Combat Engagement
 Consider following these pointers immediatelyConsider following these pointers immediately
after the combat engagement in order that you andafter the combat engagement in order that you and
your men will not be vulnerable to complaints thatyour men will not be vulnerable to complaints that
my be filed against you by insurgent sympathizers:my be filed against you by insurgent sympathizers:

 a. Immediately render an initial after encountera. Immediately render an initial after encounter
report to your higher headquarters.report to your higher headquarters.
 At least try to give your senior commander a partialAt least try to give your senior commander a partial
report in a continuing operation or when completereport in a continuing operation or when complete
results are not yet available. Provide them withresults are not yet available. Provide them with
operational updates whenever necessary. Earlyoperational updates whenever necessary. Early
reporting of operational accomplishment may laterreporting of operational accomplishment may later
serve as proof that an operation is legally beingserve as proof that an operation is legally being
conducted and that a legitimate encounter did happen.conducted and that a legitimate encounter did happen.

 b. Whenever possible try to document theb. Whenever possible try to document the
aftermath of the operation in pictures andaftermath of the operation in pictures and
video footages.video footages.
 Try to get in video or tapes the testimonies ofTry to get in video or tapes the testimonies of
local officials and other civilians who personallylocal officials and other civilians who personally
witnesses the operation. Such messages fromwitnesses the operation. Such messages from
cooperative civilians maybe used as evidencecooperative civilians maybe used as evidence
against human rights violation cases that may beagainst human rights violation cases that may be
filed against you unit in the future. They may alsofiled against you unit in the future. They may also
be used as valuable materials for media releasesbe used as valuable materials for media releases
to show good rapport with the civilian populace.to show good rapport with the civilian populace.

 c. Immediately bring the result of thec. Immediately bring the result of the
operation to the attention of the Barangayoperation to the attention of the Barangay
Officials and the other civilian leaders inOfficials and the other civilian leaders in
the where the encounter happened.the where the encounter happened.
They are considered as the authorities in theThey are considered as the authorities in the
village, and by involving them in reporting thevillage, and by involving them in reporting the
encounter, they become neutral source ofencounter, they become neutral source of
information that would strengthen yourinformation that would strengthen your
defense in case there will be problems later.defense in case there will be problems later.

 d. Try to get some formal statements ind. Try to get some formal statements in
print or video of Barangay Officials andprint or video of Barangay Officials and
other disintegrated persons regarding theother disintegrated persons regarding the
legitimacy of the encounter.legitimacy of the encounter.
If possible, encourage the local officials toIf possible, encourage the local officials to
make a formal resolution concerning themake a formal resolution concerning the
incident.incident.

 e. Secure all the available pieces ofe. Secure all the available pieces of
evidence that you may have gatheredevidence that you may have gathered
after the encounter.after the encounter.
This may include the firearms captured fromThis may include the firearms captured from
the enemy, spent ammunition, subversivethe enemy, spent ammunition, subversive
documents, photographs, letters, diaries anddocuments, photographs, letters, diaries and
packs of personal belongings. You may needpacks of personal belongings. You may need
them to conclusively establish that indeed thethem to conclusively establish that indeed the
encounter was legitimately and actuallyencounter was legitimately and actually
happened.happened.

 f. Report to the local officials and thef. Report to the local officials and the
police authorities the circumstances of thepolice authorities the circumstances of the
death or wounding of the enemies.death or wounding of the enemies.
In coordination with the law enforcers in theIn coordination with the law enforcers in the
area of encounter, pursue the identification ofarea of encounter, pursue the identification of
the dead enemy or civilians that may havethe dead enemy or civilians that may have
been caught in the crossfire. Civilian crossfirebeen caught in the crossfire. Civilian crossfire
victims are entitled burial assistance from thevictims are entitled burial assistance from the
government.government.

 g. Bring the bodies of the dead enemiesg. Bring the bodies of the dead enemies
to the police or the nearest local officials.to the police or the nearest local officials.
 Demand a receipt pr an acknowledgment inDemand a receipt pr an acknowledgment in
writing that your unit has turned overt to them thewriting that your unit has turned overt to them the
said remains. Coordinate with them for thesaid remains. Coordinate with them for the
identification of the dead enemies. Uponidentification of the dead enemies. Upon
identification, inform the nearest of kin throughidentification, inform the nearest of kin through
the local police forces. Respect the desire of thethe local police forces. Respect the desire of the
family of the deceased on what they intend to dofamily of the deceased on what they intend to do
with the remains.with the remains.

After Combat engagementAfter Combat engagement
 h. Give immediate medical attention toh. Give immediate medical attention to
the wounded.the wounded.
 As the commander of the government forcesAs the commander of the government forces
in the are, it is your responsibility to ensurein the are, it is your responsibility to ensure
the immediate treatment of the woundedthe immediate treatment of the wounded
enemy and the civilian crossfire victims. Makeenemy and the civilian crossfire victims. Make
sure that the local Barangay Officials assistsure that the local Barangay Officials assist
you in caring for the wounded and in bringingyou in caring for the wounded and in bringing
them to the nearest hospital or medical clinic.them to the nearest hospital or medical clinic.

After Combat engagementAfter Combat engagement
 i. Whenever possible, conduct massivei. Whenever possible, conduct massive
civil-military and psychological operations atcivil-military and psychological operations at
the area where the encounter happened tothe area where the encounter happened to
neutralize whatever influences the enemyneutralize whatever influences the enemy
have over the populace.have over the populace.
 The conduct of CMO and PSYOPS in this areaThe conduct of CMO and PSYOPS in this area
may be in the form of civic and humanitarianmay be in the form of civic and humanitarian
activities and the performance of communityactivities and the performance of community
assistance projects that would enhance the goodassistance projects that would enhance the good
working relationship between civilians and theworking relationship between civilians and the
military forces in the area.military forces in the area.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATIONUNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTSOF HUMAN RIGHTS

ARTICLE 1ARTICLE 1
 ALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE BORN FREEALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE BORN FREE
& EQUAL IN DIGNITY & RIGHTS. THEY& EQUAL IN DIGNITY & RIGHTS. THEY
ARE ENDOWED W/ REASON &ARE ENDOWED W/ REASON &
CONSCIENCE AND SHOULD BE GOODCONSCIENCE AND SHOULD BE GOOD
TOWARDS ONE ANOTHER IN THETOWARDS ONE ANOTHER IN THE
SPIRIT OF BROTHERHOODSPIRIT OF BROTHERHOOD..

ARTICLE 2ARTICLE 2
 EVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO ALLEVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO ALL
RIGHTS & FREEDOM SETFORTH INRIGHTS & FREEDOM SETFORTH IN
THIS DECLARATION, WITHOUTTHIS DECLARATION, WITHOUT
DISTINCTION OF ANY KIND, SUCH ASDISTINCTION OF ANY KIND, SUCH AS
RACE, COLOR, SEX, LANGUAGE,RACE, COLOR, SEX, LANGUAGE,
RELIGION, POLITICAL OR OTHERRELIGION, POLITICAL OR OTHER
STATUS.STATUS.

ARTICLE 3ARTICLE 3
 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO LIFE,EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO LIFE,
LIBERTY AND SECURITY OF PERSONLIBERTY AND SECURITY OF PERSON

ARTICLE 4ARTICLE 4
 NO ONE SHALL BE HELD IN SLAVERYNO ONE SHALL BE HELD IN SLAVERY
OR SERVITUDE. SLAVERY AND SLAVEOR SERVITUDE. SLAVERY AND SLAVE
TRADE SHALL BE PROHIBITED IN ALLTRADE SHALL BE PROHIBITED IN ALL
THEIR FORMSTHEIR FORMS

ARTICLE 5ARTICLE 5
 NO ONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED TONO ONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED TO
TORTURE OR CRUELTY, ONE WORDTORTURE OR CRUELTY, ONE WORD
AND DEGRADING TREATMENT ORAND DEGRADING TREATMENT OR
PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENT

ARTICLE 6ARTICLE 6
 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TOEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO
RECOGNIZE EVERYWHERE AS ARECOGNIZE EVERYWHERE AS A
PERSON BEFORE THE LAWPERSON BEFORE THE LAW

ARTICLE 7ARTICLE 7
 ALL ARE EQUAL BEFORE THE LAW &ALL ARE EQUAL BEFORE THE LAW &
ARE ENTITLED WITHOUT ANYARE ENTITLED WITHOUT ANY
DISCRIMINATION TO EQUALDISCRIMINATION TO EQUAL
PROTECTION OF THE LAW. ALL AREPROTECTION OF THE LAW. ALL ARE
ENTITLED TO EQUAL PROTECTIONENTITLED TO EQUAL PROTECTION
AGAINST ANY DISCRIMINATION ANDAGAINST ANY DISCRIMINATION AND
VIOLATION OF THIS DECLARATIONVIOLATION OF THIS DECLARATION
AND AGAINST ANY INCITEMENT TOAND AGAINST ANY INCITEMENT TO
SUCH DISCRIMINATION.SUCH DISCRIMINATION.

ARTICLE 8ARTICLE 8
 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO ANEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO AN
EFFECTIVE REMEDY BY THEEFFECTIVE REMEDY BY THE
COMPETENT NATIONAL TRIBUNALSCOMPETENT NATIONAL TRIBUNALS
FOR ACTS VIOLATING THEFOR ACTS VIOLATING THE
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS GRANTED TOFUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS GRANTED TO
HIM BY THE CONSTITUTION OR BYHIM BY THE CONSTITUTION OR BY
THE LAWTHE LAW

ARTICLE 9ARTICLE 9
 NO ONE SHAL BE SUBJECTED TONO ONE SHAL BE SUBJECTED TO
ARBITRARY ARREST, DETENTION ORARBITRARY ARREST, DETENTION OR
EXILEEXILE

ARTICLE 10ARTICLE 10
 EVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO FULLEVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO FULL
EQUALITY TO AFFAIR IN PUBLICEQUALITY TO AFFAIR IN PUBLIC
HEARING BY AN INDEPENDENT &HEARING BY AN INDEPENDENT &
IMPARTIAL TRIBUNAL, IN THEIMPARTIAL TRIBUNAL, IN THE
DETERMINATION OF THE RIGHTS ANDDETERMINATION OF THE RIGHTS AND
OBLIGATIONS AND OF ANY CRIMINALOBLIGATIONS AND OF ANY CRIMINAL
CHARGE AGAINST HIMCHARGE AGAINST HIM

 EVERYONE WHO IS CHARGE WITH AEVERYONE WHO IS CHARGE WITH A
PENAL OFFENSE HAS THE RIGHT TOPENAL OFFENSE HAS THE RIGHT TO
PRESUMED INNOCENT UNTIL PROVENPRESUMED INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN
GUILTY ACCORDING TO LAW IN AGUILTY ACCORDING TO LAW IN A
PUBLIC TRIAL AT WHICH HE HAD ALLPUBLIC TRIAL AT WHICH HE HAD ALL
GUARANTEES NECESSARY FOR HISGUARANTEES NECESSARY FOR HIS
DEFENSEDEFENSE

ARTICLE 11 CONT..ARTICLE 11 CONT..
 NO ONE SHALL BE HELD GUILTY OFNO ONE SHALL BE HELD GUILTY OF
ANY OFFENSE ON AN ACCOUNT OFANY OFFENSE ON AN ACCOUNT OF
ANY ACT OR OMISSION WHICH DIDANY ACT OR OMISSION WHICH DID
NOT CONSTITUTE A PENAL OFFENSENOT CONSTITUTE A PENAL OFFENSE
UNDER NATIONAL ORUNDER NATIONAL OR
INTERNATIONAL LAW AT THE TIMEINTERNATIONAL LAW AT THE TIME
WHEN IT WAS COMMITTEDWHEN IT WAS COMMITTED

 NO ONE SHALL BE SUBJECTEDNO ONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED
INTERFERENCE WITH HIS PRIVACY,INTERFERENCE WITH HIS PRIVACY,
HOME OR CORRESPONDENCE, NORHOME OR CORRESPONDENCE, NOR
TO ATTACK UPON/HIS HONOR.TO ATTACK UPON/HIS HONOR.
EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO THEEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO THE
PROTECTION OF THE LAW AGAINSTPROTECTION OF THE LAW AGAINST
SUCH INTERFERENCE OR ATTACKSSUCH INTERFERENCE OR ATTACKS

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT ANDFREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND
INDEPENDENCE WITHIN THEINDEPENDENCE WITHIN THE
HOLDERS OF EACH STATE.HOLDERS OF EACH STATE.
EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO LEAVEEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO LEAVE
THE COUNTRY, INCLUDING HIS OWN,THE COUNTRY, INCLUDING HIS OWN,
AND RETURN TO HIS COUNTRYAND RETURN TO HIS COUNTRY

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO SEEKEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO SEEK
ENJOYMENT IN OTHER COUNTRIESENJOYMENT IN OTHER COUNTRIES
ASYLUM FOR PERSECUTIONASYLUM FOR PERSECUTION

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO AEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO A
NATIONALITYNATIONALITY
 NO ONE SHALL BE ARBITRARYNO ONE SHALL BE ARBITRARY
DEPRIVED HIS NATIONALITY NORDEPRIVED HIS NATIONALITY NOR
DENIED THE RIGHT TO CHANGEDENIED THE RIGHT TO CHANGE
NATIONALITYNATIONALITY

 MEN AND WOMEN OF FULL AGE;MEN AND WOMEN OF FULL AGE;
WITHOUT ANY LIMITATION DUE TOWITHOUT ANY LIMITATION DUE TO
RACE, NATIONALITY, OR RELIGIONRACE, NATIONALITY, OR RELIGION
HAVE THE RIGHT TO MARRY ANDHAVE THE RIGHT TO MARRY AND
HAVE FAMILY. THEY ARE ENTITLEDHAVE FAMILY. THEY ARE ENTITLED
TO EQUAL RIGHTS AS TO MARRIAGETO EQUAL RIGHTS AS TO MARRIAGE
AND ITS DISSOLUTIONAND ITS DISSOLUTION

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO OWNEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO OWN
PROPERTY ALONE AS WELL AS INPROPERTY ALONE AS WELL AS IN
ASSOCIATION WITH OTHERSASSOCIATION WITH OTHERS
 NO ONE SHALL ARBITRARYNO ONE SHALL ARBITRARY
DEPRIVED OF HIS PROPERTYDEPRIVED OF HIS PROPERTY

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FREEDOMEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM
OF THOUGHT, CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION;OF THOUGHT, CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION;
THIS RIGHT INCLUDES FREEDOM TOTHIS RIGHT INCLUDES FREEDOM TO
CHANGE HIS RELIGION OR BELIEF ANDCHANGE HIS RELIGION OR BELIEF AND
FREEDOM, EITHER ALONE OR INFREEDOM, EITHER ALONE OR IN
COMMUNITY WITH OTHERS IN PUBLIC ORCOMMUNITY WITH OTHERS IN PUBLIC OR
PRIVATE, TO MANIFEST HIS RELIGION ORPRIVATE, TO MANIFEST HIS RELIGION OR
BELIEF IN TEACHING, PRACTICE, WORSHIPBELIEF IN TEACHING, PRACTICE, WORSHIP
AND OBSERVANCEAND OBSERVANCE

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT OFEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT OF
OPINION. EXPOSING THIS RIGHTOPINION. EXPOSING THIS RIGHT
INCLUDES FREEDOM TO HOLDINCLUDES FREEDOM TO HOLD
OPINIONS WITHOUT INTERFERENCEOPINIONS WITHOUT INTERFERENCE
AND TO SEEK. RECEIVE AND IMPARTAND TO SEEK. RECEIVE AND IMPART
INFORMATION AND IDEAS THROUGHINFORMATION AND IDEAS THROUGH
ANY MEDIA AND REGARDLESS OFANY MEDIA AND REGARDLESS OF
FRONTIERSFRONTIERS

FREEDOM OF PEACEFULLYFREEDOM OF PEACEFULLY
ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATEASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATE

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO TAKE PART IN THEEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO TAKE PART IN THE
GOVERNMENT OF HIS OWN COUNTRY, DIRECTLYGOVERNMENT OF HIS OWN COUNTRY, DIRECTLY
OR THROUGH FREELY REPRESENTATIVEOR THROUGH FREELY REPRESENTATIVE
 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EQUAL PROCESSEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EQUAL PROCESS
TO PUBLIC SERVICE IN HIS COUNTRYTO PUBLIC SERVICE IN HIS COUNTRY
 THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE SHALL BE THE BASISTHE WILL OF THE PEOPLE SHALL BE THE BASIS
OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT, THISOF THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT, THIS
WILL BE EXPRESSED IN PERIOD AND GENUINEWILL BE EXPRESSED IN PERIOD AND GENUINE
SELECTIONS WHICH SHALL BE HELD BY SECRETSELECTIONS WHICH SHALL BE HELD BY SECRET
VOTE OR BY EQUIVALENT FREE VOTINGVOTE OR BY EQUIVALENT FREE VOTING
PROCEDURESPROCEDURES

 EVERYONE AS THE MEMBER OF SOCIETYEVERYONE AS THE MEMBER OF SOCIETY
AND IS ENTITLED TO REALIZATIONS,AND IS ENTITLED TO REALIZATIONS,
THROUGH NATIONAL EFFORT ANDTHROUGH NATIONAL EFFORT AND
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND ININTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE ORGANIZATIONSACCORDANCE WITH THE ORGANIZATIONS
AND RESOURCES OF EACH STATE, OF THEAND RESOURCES OF EACH STATE, OF THE
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURALECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
RIGHTS INDISPENSABLE FOR HIS DIGNITYRIGHTS INDISPENSABLE FOR HIS DIGNITY
AND IN THE FREE DEVELOPMENT OF HISAND IN THE FREE DEVELOPMENT OF HIS
PERSONALITYPERSONALITY

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO WORK, TO FREEEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO WORK, TO FREE
CHOICE OF EMPLOYMENT, TO JUST PAY FAVORABLECHOICE OF EMPLOYMENT, TO JUST PAY FAVORABLE
CONDITIONS OF WORK AND PROTECTION AGAINSTCONDITIONS OF WORK AND PROTECTION AGAINST
UNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT
 EVERYONE WITHOUT ANY DISCRIMINATION HAS THEEVERYONE WITHOUT ANY DISCRIMINATION HAS THE
RIGHT TO EQUAL PAY OR EQUAL WORKRIGHT TO EQUAL PAY OR EQUAL WORK
 EVERYONE WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO JUSTEVERYONE WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO JUST
FAVORABLE RENUMERATION ENSURING HIMSELFFAVORABLE RENUMERATION ENSURING HIMSELF
AND HIS FAMILY AN EXISTENCE WORTHY OF HUMANAND HIS FAMILY AN EXISTENCE WORTHY OF HUMAN
DIGNITY, AND SUPPLEMENTED, IF NECESSARY, BYDIGNITY, AND SUPPLEMENTED, IF NECESSARY, BY
OTHER MEANS OF SOCIAL PROTECTIONOTHER MEANS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION
 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FORM TRADE AND TOEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO FORM TRADE AND TO
JOIN TRADE UNIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HISJOIN TRADE UNIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HIS
INTERESTINTEREST

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO RESTEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO REST
AND LEISURE, INCLUDINGAND LEISURE, INCLUDING
REASONABLE LIMITATION OFREASONABLE LIMITATION OF
WORKING HOURS AND PERIODICWORKING HOURS AND PERIODIC
HOLIDAYS WITH PAYHOLIDAYS WITH PAY

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO A STANDARD OFEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO A STANDARD OF
LIVING ADEQUATE FOR THE HEALTH AND WELLLIVING ADEQUATE FOR THE HEALTH AND WELL
BEING OF HIMSELF AND OF HIS FAMILY,BEING OF HIMSELF AND OF HIS FAMILY,
INCLUDING FOODS, CLOTHING, HOUSING ANDINCLUDING FOODS, CLOTHING, HOUSING AND
MEDICAL CARE AND NECESSARY SOCIALMEDICAL CARE AND NECESSARY SOCIAL
SERVICE, AND THE RIGHT TO SECURITY IN THESERVICE, AND THE RIGHT TO SECURITY IN THE
EVENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT, SICKNESS,EVENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT, SICKNESS,
DISABILITY, WODIWED, OLD AGE, OR OTHER LACKDISABILITY, WODIWED, OLD AGE, OR OTHER LACK
OF LIVELIHOOD IN CIRCUMSTANCES BEYOND HISOF LIVELIHOOD IN CIRCUMSTANCES BEYOND HIS
CONTROLCONTROL
 MOTHERHOOD AND CHILDHOOD ARE INTITLED TOMOTHERHOOD AND CHILDHOOD ARE INTITLED TO
SPECIAL CARE ASSISTANCE. ALL CHILDRENSPECIAL CARE ASSISTANCE. ALL CHILDREN
WHETHER BORN IN OR OUT OF WEDLOCK SHALLWHETHER BORN IN OR OUT OF WEDLOCK SHALL
ENJOY SAME PROTECTIONENJOY SAME PROTECTION

 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EDUCATIONEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION
 EDUCATION SHALL BE DIRECTED TO THEEDUCATION SHALL BE DIRECTED TO THE
FULL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMANFULL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN
PERSONALITY AND TO STRENGTHENINGPERSONALITY AND TO STRENGTHENING
THE RESPECT TO HUMAN RIGHTS ANDTHE RESPECT TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM.FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOM.
 PARENTS HAS THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE THEPARENTS HAS THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE THE
KIND OF EDUCATION THAT SHALL BEKIND OF EDUCATION THAT SHALL BE
GIVEN TO THEIR CHILDRENGIVEN TO THEIR CHILDREN

PARTICIPATE IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OFPARTICIPATE IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF
THE COMMUNITY, TO ENJOY THE ACTS, TOTHE COMMUNITY, TO ENJOY THE ACTS, TO
SHARE SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT AND ITSSHARE SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT AND ITS
BENEFITSBENEFITS
 EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO THEEVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO THE
PROTECTION OMITTED OF MORAL ANDPROTECTION OMITTED OF MORAL AND
MATERIAL INTEREST RESULTING FROMMATERIAL INTEREST RESULTING FROM
ANY SCIENTIFIC, LITERARY OR ARTISTICANY SCIENTIFIC, LITERARY OR ARTISTIC
PRODUCTION OF WHICH HE IS THEPRODUCTION OF WHICH HE IS THE
AUTHORAUTHOR

 EVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO SOCIALEVERYONE IS ENTITLED TO SOCIAL
AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER INAND INTERNATIONAL ORDER IN
WHICH THE RIGHTS, FREEDOMWHICH THE RIGHTS, FREEDOM
SETFORTH IN THIS DECLARATIONSETFORTH IN THIS DECLARATION
CAN BE FULLY REALIZEDCAN BE FULLY REALIZED

 EVERYONE HAS A DUTY TO THE COMMUNITY INEVERYONE HAS A DUTY TO THE COMMUNITY IN
WHICH ALONE THE FREE AND FULLWHICH ALONE THE FREE AND FULL
DEVELOPMENT OF HIS PERSONALITY ISDEVELOPMENT OF HIS PERSONALITY IS
POSSIBLE.POSSIBLE.
 IN THE EXERCISE OF HIS RIGHTS AND FREEDOM,IN THE EXERCISE OF HIS RIGHTS AND FREEDOM,
EVERYONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED TO SUCHEVERYONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED TO SUCH
LIMITATIONS AS ARE DETERMINED BY LAW,LIMITATIONS AS ARE DETERMINED BY LAW,
SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF SECURING DUESOLELY FOR THE PURPOSE OF SECURING DUE
RECOGNITION AND RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTSRECOGNITION AND RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTS
AND FREEDOM OF OTHERS AND OMIT MEETINGAND FREEDOM OF OTHERS AND OMIT MEETING
THE JUST REQUIREMENTS OF MORALITY, PUBLICTHE JUST REQUIREMENTS OF MORALITY, PUBLIC
ORDER AND GENERAL WELFARE.ORDER AND GENERAL WELFARE.

 NOTHING IN THIS DECLARATIONNOTHING IN THIS DECLARATION
MAYBE INTERRUPTED ASMAYBE INTERRUPTED AS
EMPLOYING FOR ANY STATE, GROUPEMPLOYING FOR ANY STATE, GROUP
OR PERSONS ANY RIGHT TO ENGAGEOR PERSONS ANY RIGHT TO ENGAGE
IN ANY OF THE RIGHTS ANDIN ANY OF THE RIGHTS AND
FREEDOM SETFORTH HEREINFREEDOM SETFORTH HEREIN

MARAMING SALAMAT POMARAMING SALAMAT PO
 ENJOY YOUR RIGHTS BUT RESPECTENJOY YOUR RIGHTS BUT RESPECT
THE RIGHTS OF OTHERSTHE RIGHTS OF OTHERS
 EMBRACE YOUR FREEDOMEMBRACE YOUR FREEDOM

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