The document discusses the theodolite, an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. It has three main assemblies - the levelling head, horizontal circle, and telescope. The main parts include the horizontal and vertical circles, verniers, clamps and screws. It describes how to measure horizontal and vertical angles using the theodolite. Sources of error and methods to balance a traverse are also outlined.
this is a surveying practicals work book in which different practicals are described with tables and graphs which are performed during a course of bachelors of civil engineering
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
this is a surveying practicals work book in which different practicals are described with tables and graphs which are performed during a course of bachelors of civil engineering
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
Introduction About Theodolite Instrument Theoretical part Bahzad5
Plane and Applied Surveying -2
Theodolite Theoretical part -1
Prepared by
Asst. Prof. Salar K. Hussein
Asst. Lecturer Mr. Kamal Yaseen
Overview
v Introduction About Theodolite Instrument
v Theodolite and its classification
v Parts of Theodolite
v Theodolite Axis and conditions
v Setting up the Theodolite
v Levelling & Centring - the Theodolite
v Readings in the Theodolite
v Theodolite – Instrument Checks
v Sources of errors
Erbil Polytechnic University
Technical Engineering College
Civil Engineering Department
Abstract— This research paper with how to facilitate and manage surveying instrument theodolite and total satiation and take more accuracy for civil works methods to accomplish modernized and cost effective urban survey with best achievable accuracy. This is done by surveying methods with modern methods from both theoretical and practical point of view. At first, a theoretical assessment process on a tradition urban planning project in India is performed by replacing other instrument of surveying techniques previously used with more applicable surveying techniques as theodolite and total stations, regarding different matters such as applicability, cost and accuracy. After approving the main idea of this modernization process, a practical urban planning case study is performed using total station, geodetic GPS receivers and GPS navigators, on a private sectors The applied surveying techniques showed high efficiency regarding cost and effort, while saving observation time reaching to 80%. Accordingly, the adopted practical application proved to be beneficial for all civil sites.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
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We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Theodolite is used to measure the horizontal and
vertical angles.
Theodolite is more precise than magnetic compass.
Magnetic compass measures the angle up to as
accuracy of 30’. However a vernier theodolite
measures the angles up to and accuracy of 10’’, 20”.
There are variety of theodolite vernier, optic,
electronic etc.
4. VERNIER THEODOLITE
Vernier theodolite is
also known and
transit.
A transit theodolite is
one in which the
telescope can be
rotated in a vertical
plane.
Alidade assembly
Horizontal circle
assembly
Levelling head assembly
Line of Sight
Traverse/horizontal axis
Vertical circle rigidly fixed to
the telescope
Vertical axis
Three assemblies of Theodolite
5. Main parts of a theodolite
Levelling head (7): Levelling
head is used to attach the
instrument to tripod and attach
the plumb bob along the vertical
axis of the instrument.
6. MAIN PARTS-2
Lower plate/circle plate (18): an annular
horizontal plate with the graduations
provided all around, from 0 to 360°, in a
clockwise direction. The graduations are in
degree divided in to 3 parts so that each
division equals to 20 min.
Horizontal angles are measured with this
plate.
The size of the theodolite is defined by the
diameter of horizontal circle.
Upper plate (17): Horizontal plate of
smaller diameter provided with two verniers.
on diametrically opposite parts of its
circumference. These verniers are designated
as A and B. They are used to read fractions
of the horizontal circle plate graduations.
The verniers are graduated in 20 min and
each minute is divided in 3 to 5 parts making
least count 20” or 10”.
7. MAIN PARTS-3
Clamps and tangent screws (15, 19):
There are two clamps and associated
tangent screws with the plate. These screws
facilitate the motion of the instruments in
horizontal plane.
Lower clamp screw locks or releases the
lower plate. When this screw is unlocked
both upper and lower plates move together.
The associated lower tangent screw allows
small motion of the plate in locked position.
The upper clamp screw locks or releases the
upper vernier plate. When this clamp is
released the lower plate does not move but
the upper vernier plate moves with the
instrument. This causes the change in the
reading. The upper tangent screw allows
the fine adjustment.
8. MAIN PARTS-4
Plate level (5):
Spirit level with the bubble and
graduation on glass cover.
A single level or two levels fixed in
perpendicular direction may be
provided.
The spirit level can be adjusted with
the foot screw (21) of the levelling
head (7).
Telescope (10): The essential parts of the
telescopes are eye-piece, diaphragm with
cross hairs, object lens and arrangements
to focus the telescope.
9. MAIN PARTS-5
Vertical circle (1): circular plate
supported on horizontal axis of the
instrument between the A-frames.
Vertical circle has graduation 0-90 in
four quadrants. Vertical circle moves
with the telescope when it is rotated
in the vertical plane.
Vertical circle clamp and tangent
screw (11): Clamping the vertical
circle restrict the movement of
telescope in vertical plane.
Altitude level (2): A highly sensitive
bubble is used for levelling
particularly when taking the vertical
angle observations.
12. Important Definition
Changing face
Revolving the telescope by 180° in vertical plane
about horizontal axis
Again revolving the telescope in horizontal plane
about vertical axis.
13. Adjustment of the theodolite
Temporary Adjustment
Setting up the theodolite
14.
15.
16.
17. Measurement of horizontal angle
Measurement of Angle ABC
The instrument is set over B.
The lower clamp is kept fixed and upper clamp is
loosened.
Turn the telescope clockwise set vernier A to 0° and
vernier B to approximately 180°.
Upper clamp is tightened and using the upper tangent
screw the vernier A and B are exactly set to 0° and
180°.
Upper clamp is tightly fixed, lower one is loosened and
telescope is directed towards A and bisect the ranging
rod at A.
Tightened the lower clamp and turn the lower tangent
screw to perfectly bisect ranging rod at A.
Loose the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise
to bisect the ranging rod at C tightened the upper clamp
and do the fine adjustment with upper tangent screw.
The reading on vernier A and B are noted. Vernier A
gives the angle directly and vernier B gives the reading
by subtracting the initial reading (180°) from final
18. Read these two method
Repetition method
Reiteration method
22. Read assignment (N. N. Basak, S. K. Duggal)
Ranging and extending a line
Method of traversing
Included angle method
Deflection angle method
Fast angle (or magnetic bearing method)
23. Computation of latitude and departure
Latitude of a line is the distances measured
parallel to the north south of the North-South
direction
Departure of the line is the distance measured
parallel to the east-west direction
25. PROBLEM-1
While making survey through the woods, a surveyor with the hand
compass started from point A and walked a thousand steps in the direction
S67⁰W and reached a point B. then he changed his direction and walked
512 steps in the direction N10 E and reached a point C then again he⁰
changed his direction and walked 15 04 steps in the direction S65 E and⁰
reached a point D as shown in Figure Now the surveyor wants to return to
the starting point A. In which direction should he move and how many
steps should he take.
26.
27. Sources of errors in theodolite
Instrumental errors
Non adjustment of plate bubble
Line of collimation not being perpendicular to
horizontal axis
Horizontal axis not being perpendicular to vertical
axis
Line of collimation not being parallel to axis of
telescope
Eccentricity of inner and outer axes
Graduation not being uniform
Verniers being eccentric
28. . Personal errors
Natural errors
High temperature causes error due to irregular refraction.
High winds cause vibration in the instrument, and this may
lead to wrong readings on verniers
Closing error
29. Balancing of traverse
Bowditch’s rule:
Total error is distributed in proportion to the lengths of the
traverse legs.
31. PROBLEM
Calculate the latitudes, departures and closing
error for the following traverse conducted at
allahabad. Adjust also the traverse using
Bowditch’s rule.
Line Length WCB
AB 89.31 45⁰ 10’
BC 219.76 72⁰ 05’
CD 151.18 161⁰ 52’
DE 159.10 228⁰ 43’
EA 232.26 300⁰ 42’