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1. The Evolution and Impact of
Catalysis in Science and
Industry
Awais Rafique

2. Agenda
● Introduction to Catalysis
● Historical Development of Catalysis
● Modern Catalytic Processes
● Catalysis and Sustainability
● Recent Advances in Catalysis Research
● Impact on Industrial Efficiency
● Catalysis in Everyday Products
● Future Perspectives on Catalysis
● Educational and Career Opportunities in Catalysis
● Conclusion and Q&A
Awais Rafique

3. Introduction to
Catalysis
Definition of catalysis and its importance in chemistry
Catalysis is the process by which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by
the presence of a substance called a catalyst. Catalysts are crucial in chemistry
as they enable reactions to proceed at a faster rate and under milder conditions
than would otherwise be possible, facilitating the production of chemicals and
materials efficiently.
Overview of homogeneous vs. heterogeneous catalysis
In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase (solid, liquid, or gas) as
the reactants, allowing for uniform interaction. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysis
involves a catalyst that is in a different phase, typically solid, while the reactants are
gases or liquids. This distinction affects the design and application of catalytic
processes in the industry.
Brief history of catalysis in scientific research
The study of catalysis dates back to the early 19th century with the discovery of
catalytic oxidation of alcohols. Significant developments occurred with the Haber-
Bosch process in the early 20th century, which utilized catalysts to fix nitrogen,
leading to the mass production of ammonia and revolutionizing agriculture.
Awais Rafique

4. Historical Development of Catalysis
Key milestones in the evolution of catalysis
Milestones in catalysis include the discovery of enzymes as biological catalysts, the development of industrial catalytic processes like the
Haber-Bosch synthesis of ammonia in 1909, and the application of catalysts in petrochemical refining during the mid-20th century.
Famous catalysts and their discoveries (e.g., Haber-Bosch process)
The Haber-Bosch process utilized iron as a catalyst for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, which was pivotal during World
War I for producing explosives and later for fertilizers. Other notable catalysts include platinum and palladium used in automotive catalytic
converters.
Impact of these discoveries on chemistry and industry
The advancements in catalysis paved the way for modern chemistry, enabling large-scale chemical production, reducing costs, and
improving energy efficiency. Industries have benefited tremendously through enhanced reaction rates and reduced by-products,
contributing to economic growth.
Awais Rafique

5. Modern Catalytic Processes
Overview of current catalytic processes in industry
Current catalytic processes include petroleum refining, where catalysts convert crude oil into gasoline; the production of biodiesel from oils; and the synthesis of
pharmaceuticals where specific catalysts help achieve selective reactions.
Focus on major sectors: petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and green chemistry
In petrochemicals, catalysts are pivotal in cracking and reforming processes. For pharmaceuticals, chiral catalysts are used for producing enantiomerically pure
compounds. Green chemistry emphasizes sustainable catalytic processes that minimize waste and energy usage.
Examples of catalytic reactions used in commercial applications
Examples include the catalytic converters in automobiles that reduce toxic emissions, the use of zeolites in petrochemical processes, and enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the
pharmaceutical industry to produce active ingredients.
Awais Rafique

6. Catalysis and Sustainability
Role of catalysis in developing sustainable processes
Catalysis is integral in creating sustainable processes that reduce the environmental
impact of chemical production. This includes the shift towards greener catalysts and
processes that use renewable resources.
Reduction of waste and energy consumption
Effective catalytic processes lead to fewer by-products and reduced energy
requirements, making industrial processes more efficient and environmentally
friendly.
Examples of sustainable catalytic processes (e.g., biomass
conversion)
Biomass conversion catalyzed by acids or bases can produce biofuels, such as
ethanol from fermentation or biodiesel from transesterification, showcasing how
catalysis contributes to a more sustainable future.
Photo by Drew Hays on Unsplash
Awais Rafique

7. Recent Advances in Catalysis
Research
Emerging trends in catalysis research: nanocatalysts, biocatalysts
Nanocatalysts, which have high surface areas and reactivity, are being developed for
more efficient reactions. Biocatalysts, derived from natural sources, offer environmentally
friendly options for various synthetic processes.
Innovative approaches: computer-aided design of catalysts
Advancements in computational chemistry allow for the design of catalysts at the
molecular level, optimizing their properties and leading to the development of more
effective catalysts tailored for specific reactions.
Challenges and opportunities in the field
Challenges include the need for better understanding of catalytic mechanisms and
improving the robustness of catalysts. However, opportunities abound in developing
catalysts that can operate under mild conditions and with renewable resources.
Photo by Hal Gatewood on Unsplash
Awais Rafique

8. Impact on Industrial Efficiency
2. Contact Process (Sulfuric Acid Production)
Reaction: 2SO2+O2→ (catalyzed by vanadium pentoxide, V₂O₅)
Catalyst: Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅).
Importance: Produces sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), a key chemical in manufacturing
fertilizers, detergents, and explosives.
Impact: The catalytic efficiency of this process ensures high production rates
and lower energy costs, making sulfuric acid widely available for industrial use.
Awais Rafique

9. Catalysis in Everyday Products
Examples of everyday products that rely on catalytic processes
Catalysis plays a role in products ranging from fuels and pharmaceuticals to everyday
household items like cleaning agents and food preservatives, highlighting its ubiquitous
presence in our daily lives.
From food production to cleaning products and fuels
Examples include the use of enzymes in detergents for effective stain removal, catalysts
in the manufacture of biodiesel, and catalysts in food processing for flavor development.
The invisible role of catalysis in enhancing product performance
Catalysts improve product quality and performance significantly, often without consumers
being aware of their role, such as how catalysts in catalytic converters clean car
emissions or enzymes in detergent enable lower washing temperatures.
Photo by Michael Schiffer on Unsplash
Awais Rafique

10. Future Perspectives on Catalysis
Predictions for the future of catalysis in science and industry
Future developments in catalysis are expected to incorporate advanced materials, such as M O F s (metal-organic frameworks), and improved
understanding of biocatalysis, leading to greener processes and innovative applications.
Role of interdisciplinary approaches and collaborations
The future of catalysis will rely on interdisciplinary research, combining insights from chemistry, materials science, and engineering, and fostering
collaborations between academia and industry to drive innovation.
The importance of research funding and policy support
Sustained investment in catalysis research through funding and supportive policies is critical for advancing technologies that reduce environmental
impact and promote sustainable practices across industries.
Awais Rafique

11. Educational and Career
Opportunities in Catalysis
Importance of education in catalysis for future scientists
Educational programs in catalysis are essential for training the next generation of scientists and engineers who will lead
innovations in sustainable chemistry and industrial applications.
Career paths available in academia and industry
Career paths in catalysis include roles in research and development, quality control, process engineering, and academic
positions focusing on teaching and research, offering diverse opportunities across sectors.
Resources for students interested in pursuing catalysis
Students can explore organizations such as the North American Catalysis Society, attend specialized conferences, and take part
in internships or co-op programs to gain insight and hands-on experience in the field of catalysis.
Awais Rafique

12. Conclusion and Q&A
Summary of key points discussed
We’ve explored the definition and evolution of catalysis, its significance in modern industry, and the crucial
role it plays in driving sustainability and efficiency in chemical processes.
The critical role of catalysis in advancing science and sustainable industry
Catalysis is at the core of many industrial processes that not only support economic growth but also push for
environmentally friendly practices, demonstrating its relevance in both scientific research and real-world
applications.
Awais Rafique