The document describes a study that investigated the effectiveness of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) as a natural insect repellent. The study extracted lemon grass's natural oils and components using steam distillation. It then observed two candies, one treated with the lemon grass extract and one without, when exposed to ants. Within 14 minutes, ants approached the untreated candy but ignored the candy treated with lemon grass extract. The results showed that lemon grass is an effective natural insect repellent due to components like citral and citronella that have repellent properties.
Overview of electronic cigarettes including history, components, safety and adverse events, efficacy in smoking cessation, pharmacokinetics and epidemiology. This presentation was originally delivered to 2nd year pharmacy students as part of a two semester class on pharmacology and toxicology.
1. The document discusses drugs addiction and provides classifications of commonly abused drugs such as sedatives, opiates, stimulants, and hallucinogens. It notes drugs can be addictive when used repeatedly or in large doses.
2. Tobacco and alcohol are discussed in more depth. Tobacco contains the addictive substance nicotine and smoking tobacco can lead to health issues. Alcohol causes intoxication and some people become dependent on it, experiencing withdrawal without it.
3. The document examines how drug and alcohol addiction begins, often due to curiosity, peer pressure, mental health issues, or a desire to alter one's state of mind. It notes the social and health impacts of substance abuse.
1) Internet addiction is defined as a compulsive urge to use the internet excessively for activities like web surfing, online chatting, and gaming. This overuse can negatively impact work, relationships, and basic self-care.
2) Different types of internet addiction include information overload, gaming/trading compulsions, cybersex addiction, and social media addiction. These various compulsions often lead to problems like overspending, decreased productivity, and damaged real-life relationships.
3) Internet addiction affects about 14% of Americans and can have emotional symptoms like guilt, anxiety, and isolation as well as physical symptoms like headaches, weight changes, and disrupted sleep. If left untreated, internet addiction can seriously damage people
Fermentation by yeast or bacteria converts sugars in grains, fruits, or vegetables into alcohol. Teenagers should be concerned about drinking alcohol because their developing brains can be greatly affected when alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream and impacts the central nervous system. Underage drinking can lead to fines, jail time, or DUI charges under Pennsylvania law even at low blood alcohol levels, and drinking does not make teens appear cool but can cause bad consequences.
In this presentation, I looked into caffeine’s effects on our health mentally, physically, and socially, and whether or not these effects are beneficial to our well-being. I also provided safe consumption and coffee alternatives.
Template from: Slidesgo
This document discusses marijuana legalization. It provides background on the 13 states that have legalized medical marijuana and conditions it is used to treat. The main point is that marijuana is currently a Schedule I drug, making it illegal except for research, but supporters want it changed to Schedule II so it can be prescribed more broadly. The document outlines views of both supporters and opponents - supporters argue it helps medically and won't cause harm, while opponents argue it is unhealthy and could lead to abuse or use of other drugs. It concludes by noting the debate around whether legalizing marijuana could send the wrong message or help those who are medically suffering.
The document provides an analysis of the Pixar film Inside Out using the narrative criticism method. It analyzes and codes the characters of Joy, Sadness, and Riley over the course of the film in three 31-minute segments. For Joy, the analysis shows her initial role controlling Riley's happiness and struggle when faced with discomfort. For Sadness, it shows her initial purpose of embracing sadness and role in comforting others. For Riley, it shows her being controlled by emotions at first and eventual understanding of their importance. The analysis finds that through facing challenges, Sadness emerged as the unexpected hero of the film by helping Riley express her emotions.
Overview of electronic cigarettes including history, components, safety and adverse events, efficacy in smoking cessation, pharmacokinetics and epidemiology. This presentation was originally delivered to 2nd year pharmacy students as part of a two semester class on pharmacology and toxicology.
1. The document discusses drugs addiction and provides classifications of commonly abused drugs such as sedatives, opiates, stimulants, and hallucinogens. It notes drugs can be addictive when used repeatedly or in large doses.
2. Tobacco and alcohol are discussed in more depth. Tobacco contains the addictive substance nicotine and smoking tobacco can lead to health issues. Alcohol causes intoxication and some people become dependent on it, experiencing withdrawal without it.
3. The document examines how drug and alcohol addiction begins, often due to curiosity, peer pressure, mental health issues, or a desire to alter one's state of mind. It notes the social and health impacts of substance abuse.
1) Internet addiction is defined as a compulsive urge to use the internet excessively for activities like web surfing, online chatting, and gaming. This overuse can negatively impact work, relationships, and basic self-care.
2) Different types of internet addiction include information overload, gaming/trading compulsions, cybersex addiction, and social media addiction. These various compulsions often lead to problems like overspending, decreased productivity, and damaged real-life relationships.
3) Internet addiction affects about 14% of Americans and can have emotional symptoms like guilt, anxiety, and isolation as well as physical symptoms like headaches, weight changes, and disrupted sleep. If left untreated, internet addiction can seriously damage people
Fermentation by yeast or bacteria converts sugars in grains, fruits, or vegetables into alcohol. Teenagers should be concerned about drinking alcohol because their developing brains can be greatly affected when alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream and impacts the central nervous system. Underage drinking can lead to fines, jail time, or DUI charges under Pennsylvania law even at low blood alcohol levels, and drinking does not make teens appear cool but can cause bad consequences.
In this presentation, I looked into caffeine’s effects on our health mentally, physically, and socially, and whether or not these effects are beneficial to our well-being. I also provided safe consumption and coffee alternatives.
Template from: Slidesgo
This document discusses marijuana legalization. It provides background on the 13 states that have legalized medical marijuana and conditions it is used to treat. The main point is that marijuana is currently a Schedule I drug, making it illegal except for research, but supporters want it changed to Schedule II so it can be prescribed more broadly. The document outlines views of both supporters and opponents - supporters argue it helps medically and won't cause harm, while opponents argue it is unhealthy and could lead to abuse or use of other drugs. It concludes by noting the debate around whether legalizing marijuana could send the wrong message or help those who are medically suffering.
The document provides an analysis of the Pixar film Inside Out using the narrative criticism method. It analyzes and codes the characters of Joy, Sadness, and Riley over the course of the film in three 31-minute segments. For Joy, the analysis shows her initial role controlling Riley's happiness and struggle when faced with discomfort. For Sadness, it shows her initial purpose of embracing sadness and role in comforting others. For Riley, it shows her being controlled by emotions at first and eventual understanding of their importance. The analysis finds that through facing challenges, Sadness emerged as the unexpected hero of the film by helping Riley express her emotions.
Video game addiction can occur when the brain's reward system is activated by gaming, releasing dopamine and sustaining interest. People become addicted for various reasons, including using games to cope with problems or feel a sense of achievement. Video game addiction can negatively impact one's life by causing issues like obesity, poor sleep, eye strain, depression, loss of social skills, and school/work difficulties. To address addiction, it is important to set time limits for gaming, keep devices out of the bedroom, balance screen time with real-world activities, and ensure regular exercise and social interaction.
This presentation covers about drug abuse and its prevention & the RA 9165. No copyright allowed. Please don't forget to like and write your comments below. Thanks and God Bless!
This document is a table of contents for a project on alcohol that was created by Tom Oates in 2012. It contains 14 sections that discuss what alcohol is, why people drink it, how it affects the body and mood, the dangers of binge drinking and drunk driving, and the short and long term effects of alcohol consumption. The project was intended to educate Tom's classmates James, Oliver, Andrew, and Callum about the risks and impacts of alcohol use.
Drug education aims to provide information about drugs and teach skills for living in a world where drugs are common. It covers what drugs are, their history and effects. The document discusses different types of drugs like marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. It provides statistics on drug use and deaths in the Philippines. It explains reasons why people use drugs, signs of drug addiction, and how drugs affect the brain and life. Treatment for drug addiction is also discussed.
The document is a biology project report on drug addiction. It discusses how drug addiction begins through factors like curiosity, peer pressure, depression. It classifies drugs into sedatives, opiates, stimulants and hallucinogens. It describes various commonly abused drugs like tobacco, alcohol and their health effects. The conclusion emphasizes that drug use causes significant disease and disability and recent research may help reduce harm from substance abuse.
Drug use is still a concern in the Philippines. According to a 2008 study, Filipino males are 10 times more likely to use drugs than females. Teenagers are vulnerable to drug use due to several risk factors. While some drugs have medical purposes, others can lead to abuse, addiction, illness and death when misused. Drugs alter brain function and how a person thinks and processes information. There are healthy alternatives to drugs such as sports, hobbies and other activities. Commonly abused drugs in the Philippines include shabu, marijuana and inhalants.
E-cigarettes, also known as vapes, are electronic devices that heat a liquid and produce an aerosol. Most e-cigarettes contain nicotine, which is highly addictive. Nicotine can harm brain development in children and teenagers. Vaping can also cause tooth decay and long-term lung damage. Additionally, defective e-cigarette batteries have caused fires and explosions that have resulted in injuries. Children have been poisoned from swallowing or absorbing e-cigarette liquid. The law prohibits vaping under age 18 due to health risks from nicotine.
Technology Addiction, internet addiction, online, social networkingSamin Sameed
A comprehensive presentation regarding the most relevant problem of today's world- Addiction to technology, covering the neural principles, different types, and various associated problems with addiction, the current treatment options and what the future holds in this regard,
The document discusses internet addiction, defining it as excessive internet use that interferes with daily life. It outlines types of internet addiction like gaming and social media and symptoms like neglecting responsibilities. Consequences can be physical, like eyestrain, as well as issues in relationships, academics, and work. The document also provides a survey to self-assess levels of internet addiction.
ANTI-SMOKING-HEALTH-EDUCATION-CAMPAIGN.pptx This slide talks about Anti Smoking health Education Campaign . Common Risk Factors of Smoking and its Long Term Effects. In this slide you will also know what is smoking, what is tobacco smoking, the chemicals in the cigarettes, Most dangerous compound found in a cigarette, Kind of tobacco smoke.
What is second hand smoke?
What is Third hand smoke?
What is Mainstream smoke?
What is nicotine and its effect?
What's the difference between healthy lungs and smoking lungs?
1) The document reports on a survey of 50 students across 5 classes (HUMMS 11, ABM 11, STEM 11, GAS 11, GAS 12) on their sun protection habits.
2) The results show that 94% of students prefer using umbrellas for protection, while only 50% use lotion with SPF and 30% take vitamins.
3) The conclusion is that most students are aware of using umbrellas but not as aware of the benefits of lotion and vitamins for skin protection from the sun.
This document discusses drug addiction, including its causes, stages, effects, and strategies for overcoming it. Drug addiction is characterized as a chronic disease that affects the brain differently in each person. It progresses through stages as the user's life becomes increasingly centered around drug use. Addiction can cause a wide range of health problems, injuries, behavioral issues, and birth defects. Overcoming addiction requires deciding to change one's life and environment, building a sober social network, avoiding triggers, and developing a meaningful drug-free life.
Drugs refer to substances that can affect mental processes and cause dependence. They include narcotics, psychotropic substances, and other addictive substances. Drugs are commonly misused by adolescents due to their desire to experiment and follow trends, despite the health risks of addiction and damage to development. Preventing drug misuse requires education about risks, law enforcement against distribution, strong family values, and parental supervision of children.
The document discusses substance abuse, including tobacco, alcohol, and drug use among teens. It provides definitions and health risks associated with each substance. It notes that while fewer teens are using tobacco due to increased regulations, smoking still poses severe health risks. Alcohol and drug use among teens can lead to accidents, injuries, STDs, and long-term health problems. Prenatal exposure to these substances often results in birth defects and developmental issues. The document outlines signs of dependence and addiction, as well as steps to seeking treatment and recovery.
Alcohol Addiction Treatment - An Ultimate Guide to Overcome Your AddictionInspire Change Wellness
>> Psychological Conditions Depicting Alcohol Addiction.
>> Alcohol Addiction Treatment in 3 steps.
>> Alcohol Addiction Treatment through Group Therapies.
>> Social Life and Alcohol Addiction Treatment.
The effectiveness of lemon grass as natural insect repellentJohn Daniel Gumban
This study investigated the effectiveness of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) as a natural insect repellent. The researcher extracted lemon grass's natural oils and compounds using steam distillation. Two candies were observed - one treated with lemon grass extract and one without. After 14 minutes, ants approached the untreated candy but ignored the candy with lemon grass extract. The results showed that lemon grass is an effective natural insect repellent due to compounds like citral and citronella that repel insects.
Lemongrass extract was tested as a natural insect repellent. Two candies were observed, one treated with lemongrass extract and one without. After 20 minutes, many more ants approached the untreated candy compared to the lemongrass-treated candy, which few ants approached. This suggests that lemongrass extract is an effective natural insect repellent, likely due to its citral and citronella content, which have been shown to repel insects.
Video game addiction can occur when the brain's reward system is activated by gaming, releasing dopamine and sustaining interest. People become addicted for various reasons, including using games to cope with problems or feel a sense of achievement. Video game addiction can negatively impact one's life by causing issues like obesity, poor sleep, eye strain, depression, loss of social skills, and school/work difficulties. To address addiction, it is important to set time limits for gaming, keep devices out of the bedroom, balance screen time with real-world activities, and ensure regular exercise and social interaction.
This presentation covers about drug abuse and its prevention & the RA 9165. No copyright allowed. Please don't forget to like and write your comments below. Thanks and God Bless!
This document is a table of contents for a project on alcohol that was created by Tom Oates in 2012. It contains 14 sections that discuss what alcohol is, why people drink it, how it affects the body and mood, the dangers of binge drinking and drunk driving, and the short and long term effects of alcohol consumption. The project was intended to educate Tom's classmates James, Oliver, Andrew, and Callum about the risks and impacts of alcohol use.
Drug education aims to provide information about drugs and teach skills for living in a world where drugs are common. It covers what drugs are, their history and effects. The document discusses different types of drugs like marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. It provides statistics on drug use and deaths in the Philippines. It explains reasons why people use drugs, signs of drug addiction, and how drugs affect the brain and life. Treatment for drug addiction is also discussed.
The document is a biology project report on drug addiction. It discusses how drug addiction begins through factors like curiosity, peer pressure, depression. It classifies drugs into sedatives, opiates, stimulants and hallucinogens. It describes various commonly abused drugs like tobacco, alcohol and their health effects. The conclusion emphasizes that drug use causes significant disease and disability and recent research may help reduce harm from substance abuse.
Drug use is still a concern in the Philippines. According to a 2008 study, Filipino males are 10 times more likely to use drugs than females. Teenagers are vulnerable to drug use due to several risk factors. While some drugs have medical purposes, others can lead to abuse, addiction, illness and death when misused. Drugs alter brain function and how a person thinks and processes information. There are healthy alternatives to drugs such as sports, hobbies and other activities. Commonly abused drugs in the Philippines include shabu, marijuana and inhalants.
E-cigarettes, also known as vapes, are electronic devices that heat a liquid and produce an aerosol. Most e-cigarettes contain nicotine, which is highly addictive. Nicotine can harm brain development in children and teenagers. Vaping can also cause tooth decay and long-term lung damage. Additionally, defective e-cigarette batteries have caused fires and explosions that have resulted in injuries. Children have been poisoned from swallowing or absorbing e-cigarette liquid. The law prohibits vaping under age 18 due to health risks from nicotine.
Technology Addiction, internet addiction, online, social networkingSamin Sameed
A comprehensive presentation regarding the most relevant problem of today's world- Addiction to technology, covering the neural principles, different types, and various associated problems with addiction, the current treatment options and what the future holds in this regard,
The document discusses internet addiction, defining it as excessive internet use that interferes with daily life. It outlines types of internet addiction like gaming and social media and symptoms like neglecting responsibilities. Consequences can be physical, like eyestrain, as well as issues in relationships, academics, and work. The document also provides a survey to self-assess levels of internet addiction.
ANTI-SMOKING-HEALTH-EDUCATION-CAMPAIGN.pptx This slide talks about Anti Smoking health Education Campaign . Common Risk Factors of Smoking and its Long Term Effects. In this slide you will also know what is smoking, what is tobacco smoking, the chemicals in the cigarettes, Most dangerous compound found in a cigarette, Kind of tobacco smoke.
What is second hand smoke?
What is Third hand smoke?
What is Mainstream smoke?
What is nicotine and its effect?
What's the difference between healthy lungs and smoking lungs?
1) The document reports on a survey of 50 students across 5 classes (HUMMS 11, ABM 11, STEM 11, GAS 11, GAS 12) on their sun protection habits.
2) The results show that 94% of students prefer using umbrellas for protection, while only 50% use lotion with SPF and 30% take vitamins.
3) The conclusion is that most students are aware of using umbrellas but not as aware of the benefits of lotion and vitamins for skin protection from the sun.
This document discusses drug addiction, including its causes, stages, effects, and strategies for overcoming it. Drug addiction is characterized as a chronic disease that affects the brain differently in each person. It progresses through stages as the user's life becomes increasingly centered around drug use. Addiction can cause a wide range of health problems, injuries, behavioral issues, and birth defects. Overcoming addiction requires deciding to change one's life and environment, building a sober social network, avoiding triggers, and developing a meaningful drug-free life.
Drugs refer to substances that can affect mental processes and cause dependence. They include narcotics, psychotropic substances, and other addictive substances. Drugs are commonly misused by adolescents due to their desire to experiment and follow trends, despite the health risks of addiction and damage to development. Preventing drug misuse requires education about risks, law enforcement against distribution, strong family values, and parental supervision of children.
The document discusses substance abuse, including tobacco, alcohol, and drug use among teens. It provides definitions and health risks associated with each substance. It notes that while fewer teens are using tobacco due to increased regulations, smoking still poses severe health risks. Alcohol and drug use among teens can lead to accidents, injuries, STDs, and long-term health problems. Prenatal exposure to these substances often results in birth defects and developmental issues. The document outlines signs of dependence and addiction, as well as steps to seeking treatment and recovery.
Alcohol Addiction Treatment - An Ultimate Guide to Overcome Your AddictionInspire Change Wellness
>> Psychological Conditions Depicting Alcohol Addiction.
>> Alcohol Addiction Treatment in 3 steps.
>> Alcohol Addiction Treatment through Group Therapies.
>> Social Life and Alcohol Addiction Treatment.
The effectiveness of lemon grass as natural insect repellentJohn Daniel Gumban
This study investigated the effectiveness of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) as a natural insect repellent. The researcher extracted lemon grass's natural oils and compounds using steam distillation. Two candies were observed - one treated with lemon grass extract and one without. After 14 minutes, ants approached the untreated candy but ignored the candy with lemon grass extract. The results showed that lemon grass is an effective natural insect repellent due to compounds like citral and citronella that repel insects.
Lemongrass extract was tested as a natural insect repellent. Two candies were observed, one treated with lemongrass extract and one without. After 20 minutes, many more ants approached the untreated candy compared to the lemongrass-treated candy, which few ants approached. This suggests that lemongrass extract is an effective natural insect repellent, likely due to its citral and citronella content, which have been shown to repel insects.
This document presents research on an organic insecticide made from ginger and vinegar. The researchers tested different mixtures of ginger, vinegar, and water in 4 trials to determine the most effective formulation. Their findings showed that the trial with the highest ginger concentration killed insects the fastest, in under 20 seconds. The researchers concluded that this organic insecticide provides an effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. They recommend its use to reduce populations of disease-carrying insects like mosquitoes.
This document is a science project investigating the use of lemon grass, chili, pepper, and ginger extracts as natural insect repellents against fire ants. The study tested lemon grass extract alone and lemon grass extract combined with chili, pepper, and ginger to determine which was more effective and long-lasting. Candies treated with each extract were observed in an open field to count the number of fire ants attracted over time. The results showed that the combination extract was effective at repelling fire ants for 40-45 minutes, while lemon grass alone only worked for 25-30 minutes, demonstrating that the combined extract provided a more effective and longer-lasting natural insect repellent.
Preparation and Development of Polyherbal Natural Hand SanitizerBRNSSPublicationHubI
This document describes the preparation and development of a polyherbal natural hand sanitizer using neem, eucalyptus, and cinnamon extracts. It discusses extracting the active compounds from the plant materials using liquid extraction methods. The extracts were tested for physiochemical parameters, stability, and antimicrobial activity. The formulated polyherbal hand sanitizer showed good results for these tests. The use of natural plant extracts is a promising alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents in hand sanitizers.
This study aims to determine the feasibility of using oregano extract and lemon juice as natural air fresheners. It hypothesizes that different treatments of oregano and lemon spray will have varying levels of effectiveness in freshening air and differing durations of effectiveness. An experimental research design will be used to test treatments of oregano and lemon spray against a control with respondents evaluating the treatments. The results could provide households, teachers, students, and others with affordable natural options for improving indoor air quality and scent.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
This document summarizes research on the antibacterial activity of lemon juice (Citrus limon) on Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria that causes acne vulgaris (pimples). Samples were collected from patients and tested against lemon juice and a conventional cleanser at various concentrations. Both lemon juice and the cleanser were found to inhibit the bacteria, with lemon juice showing stronger antibacterial effects at lower concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration of lemon juice was found to be 60%, compared to 60% for the cleanser. At concentrations of 80% or higher, both lemon juice and the cleanser showed bactericidal effects, completely killing the bacteria. The study concludes that lemon juice is more effective than conventional clean
This document presents an investigatory project on creating an organic insecticide using ginger and vinegar. The project was conducted by 7 researchers from Diaz College in the Philippines to fulfill course requirements in physics, math, and English. It details the background of ginger and vinegar, the methodology used to create 4 different mixtures of ginger and vinegar, and plans to test their effectiveness on insects. The goal is to produce a natural and environmentally-friendly insecticide as an alternative to toxic chemical insecticides.
This document presents an investigatory project on creating an organic insecticide using ginger and vinegar. The project was conducted by 7 researchers from Diaz College in the Philippines to fulfill course requirements in Physics, Math, and English. It details the background of ginger and vinegar, the methodology used to create 4 different mixtures, and plans to test their effectiveness on various insects. The goal is to produce a natural and environmentally-friendly insecticide as an alternative to toxic chemical pesticides.
Effects of manually processed bio pesticides on crop production and pest mana...Alexander Decker
1) The study tested different botanical extracts as biopesticides on okra crops to determine their effects on pest management and crop production.
2) The extracts tested were neem leaf, garlic bulb, and papaya leaf extracts at various concentrations. Neem leaf extracts at 5ml/l performed the best, inhibiting pests without compromising crop growth or fruit production.
3) Higher concentrations of biopesticides were generally more effective at pest control than lower concentrations. Neem leaf extracts in particular provided outstanding pest management and maintained high crop yields.
This study tested the efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a hand-washing product. Fifteen volunteers had their hands artificially contaminated with E. coli, then washed their hands with various preparations of Moringa powder or a control soap. The results showed that 2-3g of dried or wet Moringa powder was less effective than the control soap. However, 4g of dried or wet Moringa powder had similar antibacterial effects as the control soap, reducing E. coli levels on hands. An inert powder was also tested and found to be less effective than 4g of Moringa, indicating Moringa's antibacterial effects are not solely due to mechanical hand rubbing.
1) The document describes an investigatory project that aims to create a natural mosquito coil using oregano as the main ingredient.
2) Recent studies have shown that commercial mosquito coils release chemicals like formaldehyde that can harm health, especially for asthmatics.
3) The project aims to develop a mosquito repellent using dried oregano leaves and extract that does not pose health risks but still effectively repels mosquitoes.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
The document analyzes the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of aerial parts of Cynodon dactylon. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. dactylon were tested against bacterial and fungal strains. The ethanol extract showed larger inhibition zones against bacterial strains like Salmonella paratyphi compared to the aqueous extract. Both extracts inhibited the growth of pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethanol extract was more effective against Candida albicans while the aqueous extract worked better against Aspergillus niger. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like terpenoids, tannins and flavonoids in C. dactylon, which could
This document presents a student project investigating homemade mosquito repellent. It introduces mosquitoes as transmitters of diseases and the health and environmental hazards of commercial repellents. The project aims to develop a plant-based repellent as a safer alternative. The methodology describes preparing repellent by boiling citronella grass in coconut oil. Testing showed the repellent lessened mosquitoes in a room. Citronella oil is an effective natural repellent due to masking odors mosquitoes use to find victims. The project recommends using plant-based repellents for their safety.
Effect of Nitrobenzene granules and Seaweed extracts on biochemical contents ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of organic extracts (benzene, diethyl ether and water) of seaweeds (Halimeda gracilis, Ceramium rubrum and Cystophyllum muricatum) and nitrobenzene granuleson biochemical contents of Arachishypogea L. callusunder in vitro conditions. The callus of Arachishypogea L. was obtained from the leaf explants on MS medium containing 2, 4-D (1 mgL-1) and BAP (0.5 mg L-1). The mass multiplication of callus was achieved at 1mg L-1 of 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 of GA3. The calli were then treated with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg L-1) of seaweed extracts and Nitrobenzene granules. Total carbohydrate, total protein and total chlorophyll contents were analyzed at 5, 10 and 15 days intervals. The total carbohydrate content was high (3.7mg/100mg) in callus treated with Benzene extract of Ceramium rubrumat 1.5 mg L-1 on 15th day. The total protein content was increased (6.9mg/100 mg) in callus treated with Benzene extract of Cystophyllum muricatum at 0.5 mg L-1 on 5th day and the total chlorophyll content was lower (0.36mg/100mg) in Nitrobenzene granules at 0.5mg L-1 in 5th day when compare to control. The present study reveals the positive role of different extracts of seaweeds on increasing the biochemical contents of callus culture of A.hypogea. The extracts can be further evaluated for their role on enhanced regeneration of plants from callus culture.
Most of the synthetic colours are carcinogenic. Many
natural colours are thought to play- a significant role in preventing
or delaying the onset of many diseases. Optimized conditions were
arrived for the extraction of plant based biocolours based on the
literature survey. In the present study, extraction of bixin from
annatto seeds was carried out using ethyl acetate and ethanol. A
pure bixin is obtained by precipitating from petroleum ether. A
simple method for preparing butter colour from annatto seeds is
tested using castor oil and groundnut seed oil. Lycopene was
extracted from tomatoes using ethyl acetate as a solvent and
further purified by successive recrystallisation from ethyl acetate
and ethanol. A stable oleoresin of lycopene was prepared in
soybean oil. Purity of extracted colours is established from spectral
studies.
chức năng chống oxy hóa và kháng khuẩn của cây sảCong Tai
This document describes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts obtained using different solvents. Leaf extracts from C. citratus were tested against various human pathogens using disc diffusion assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of C. citratus exhibited maximum inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The extracts also demonstrated antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and protecting DNA from oxidative damage. The study suggests that lemongrass plant extracts have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that could offer health benefits.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
1. 1
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON GRASS (Cymbopogon citratus)
AS NATURAL INSECT REPELLENT
ABSTRACT
Insect repellents are important tools for prevention of insect-borne diseases as well as
painful or uncomfortable insect bites. And one of natural insect repellent is the lemon
grass (Cymbopogon citratus). Determining the effectiveness of lemon grass as insect
repellent is the main goal of the study. Specifically, it intends to apply the Steam
Distillation Technique in obtaining the natural elements and essential oil of lemon grass
such as citral and citronella. Using two candies as observation, one is with extract of
lemon grass and the other is without extract of lemon grass. In fourteen (14) minutes,
one candy that without lemon grass, approach by ants but the candy with lemon grass
is just ignored by ants. The study has found out that lemon grass is an effective and
alternative natural insect repellent. The result of the present study would provide
knowledge and information about lemon grass as insect repellent. Additionally, this
study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to
insect repellent.
I.
Background of the Study
Insect repellents are important public health tools for the prevention of vector-
borne infectious diseases (Goddard, 2002). Actions to reduce vector-borne diseases
2. 2
can result in major health gains and relieve an important constraint on development in
poor regions (Amerasinghe, 2006). And this insect repellents help to prevent and control
the outbreaks of insect-borne diseases such as malaria, lyme disease, dengue fever,
and bubonic plague (Wikipedia, 2011). Technically, an insect repellent is any chemical
or natural, that causes insects or other arthropods to make directed, oriented
movements away from the source of repellent. And lemon grass can use as natural
insect repellent (Helmenstine, 2011).
According to an article of new tech bio, lemon grass is a very popular and used
for medicinal, food and insect repellent products. The lemon grass oils are used in
cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, dyes and odorizes along with thousands of other products.
Lemon grass has thin stems, and the flowers are white, cream or green. It grows around
8 feet in height in some cases with the majority of species tapering off at 4 feet. Lemon
grass is mainly found in tropical Asia in countries such as India, Ceylon, Brazil,
Philippines, Malaysia, Myanmar, Guatemala, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Guinea and
countries in Africa and South America. In the Philippines, it has a local named known as
“tanglad”.
Many repellent products pertaining chemical compound like DEET (N,N-Diethylmeta-toluamide) used as active chemical ingredient in insect repellent, are now turn to
all natural ingredients as more and more negative data is released. Lemon grass is
extremely safe and is listed on the EPA’s GRAS list (generally regarded as safe).
People all over the world have come to rely on the potent insect repellent properties of
lemon grass and utilize it as a personal and area spray.
3. 3
II.
Problem of the Study
This study was conducted to answer the following problem:
Will extract of lemon grass is an effective way of natural insect
repellant?
III.
Hypothesis of the Study
If lemon grass will be extracted its natural components, and observe it by applying the
lemon grass over a subject that can easily approach by insects, then if it repel the insect
away, it is to be an effective natural insect repellent.
IV.
Objectives of the Study
A. General Objective:
The general objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of lemon
grass as natural insect repellent.
B. Specific Objective:
1. To get the time (minutes) using stop watch to observe the time and duration of
the effectiveness lemon grass.
2. To observe the effectiveness of lemon grass using two candies, one candy is
treated with lemon grass and the other candy without lemon grass.
V.
Significance of the Study
The study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of lemon grass as
natural insect repellent. Extraction of lemon grass is through Steam Distillation
4. 4
Technique. The children will benefit the most because knowledge of insect repellent
will enable them to prevent possible disease. Through this study, the knowledge of
parents regarding lemon grass as insect repellent would be increased and
prevention could be done to avoid more serious damage to their children’s health.
VI.
Scope and Limitation
The focus of this study is to determine the effectiveness of lemon grass as
insect repellent. Investigating the performance of these will be described by
observation of two candies. One candy will be treated with lemon grass and another
candy is without lemon grass. The study is performed during Christmas vacation.
The data used in the research is gathered through observation and Steam
Distillation Technique.
VII.
Design of the Study
A. Variable
Independent variables/manipulated variable
1. Ice
2. Water
Dependent variable/responding variable
1. 20 pieces of lemon grass leaves
B. Materials
1. Stainless pot with an integral strainer
2. Curve pot cover
5. 5
3. Stainless or steel glass receiving vessel
VIII.
Methodology
A. Collecting of Lemon Grass
About twenty (20) pieces of lemon grass leaves was collected near in the
house of the researcher in a vacant lot. Only green and fresh leaves were collected.
Additionally, this leaves is clean and dry to prevent the other organic substance to
be extract in extraction process. If the lemon grass is wet, let it be air dry first before
doing the extraction process.
Figure 1: Fresh and clean dry lemon grass
B. Procedure
The extraction process will be done through Steam Distillation Technique.
Due to lack of laboratory apparatus, the researcher intends to use an improvised
apparatus. It requires a stainless pot with an integral strainer, a curve pot cover, and
a stainless or steel glass receiving vessel. The Consumables are water, ice, and
lemon grass leaves to be extracted.
6. 6
Most essential oils available today are extracted using a steam distillation
process. It is believed by many to be the only way oils should be extracted. This
distillation process really is quite simple as long as this extraction process is closely
monitored, the steam will remain at a temperature that won’t damage the lemon
grass (essential of aromatherapy, 2011).
First, set the pot on the heat source and fill with purified water to level just
below the strainer bottom when it is in place. A strainer will be inserted and fill it with
lemon grass leaves. Clear the space in the center of the strainer to set the receiving
vessel. Position the pot cover on the top in vertically. Make sure that the drip tip is
centered over the receiving vessel. Fill the pot cover as much ice as it can hold. It is
not necessary to add water to the pot cover. Boil it up to 15-30 minutes. Get the
extract of lemon grass in the receiving vessel (Ragan, 2005).
Figure 2: The strainer filled with lemon grass leaves and a receiving vessel.
7. 7
(A)
(B)
Figure 3: An improvised set up of Steam Distillation Technique. (A) The researchers actual set up of
steam distillation, where extraction of lemon grass is on-going. (B) Labeled different parts of improvised
set up of steam distillation technique.
8. 8
Figure 4: The extracted product from lemon grass.
IX.
Observation
Using two candies as observation, one candy is treated with lemon grass and
the other candy is without lemon grass. Put it in the area were ants are present for
faster observation in both candies. Using stopwatch, get the time that ants will
approach to both candies and observe what candy ants will go to.
X.
Results and Discussion
A.
Observation
As the result, in the observation of two candies, one is with lemon grass
and the other is without lemon grass. After fourteen (14) minutes, the candy
without lemon grass are now approaching by the ants, but the candy with lemon
grass still no ants, because of the lemon grass that repel the ants away.
9. 9
(A)
(B)
Figure 5: Observation of two candies after 14 minutes. (A) The candy with lemon grass has no
ants at all. It is because the lemon grass repel the ants. (B) The candy without lemon grass. As
you can see, ants are now approaching to the candy.
B.
Discussion
Lemon grass oil is an essential oil used in deodorants, herbal teas, skin
care products, fragrances, insect repellents, and for aromatherapy (Dutta, 2007).
Lemon grass and closely related species belonging to the genus Cymbopogon
are popular used as insect repellents (Trongtokit, 2005) and various experimental
studies support its use as an insecticide of insect repellant (Girgenti, et al., 2002;
Heimerdinger, et al., 2006; Magesa, et al., 2006; Yaday, et al., 2006; Cloyd, et
al., 2009; Sakulku, et al., 2009). Lemon grass is an important essential oil
yielding plant. The plant yields lemon grass oil of commerce after steam
distillation of its leaves. And this oil used as insect repellent. One of the important
constituent of the oil is citral (3,7-dimethy-2,6-octadienal) (Ghosh, 2005). Citral is
therefore an aroma compound used in perfumery for its citrus effect. Citral is also
used as a flavor and for fortifying lemon oil. It also has strong antimicrobial
qualities (Onawunmi, 1989), and pheromonal effects in insects (Wikipedia, 2011).
10. 10
Citral has a toxic effect on the sensory nervous system in insect antennae
(Hapke, 2001) that affect the behavior and physiology of insects. That is why the
candy that has treated by lemon grass can repel the ants because of its citral
content that when the ants smell it using their antennae, it will have a
pheromonal effect to it. And another important constituent of lemon grass oil is
the citronella. Citronella oil is also renowned plant-based insect repellent, and
has been registered for this use in the United States since 1948 (U.S. EPA
Citronella Factsheet, 2007). The United States Environmental Protection Agency
considers oil of citronella as a biopesticide with a non-toxic mode of action (EPA
Citronella Registration Factsheet, 1997). And this biopesticide are naturally
occurring substance that control or directly kill or inactive the insects or pests
especially the mosquito (Wikipedia, 2011). With these two constituents of lemon
grass, it can repel the insects away and protect us from insect bites and vectorborne disease.
XI.
Conclusion
The hypothesis was right. Lemon grass can repel insect away and can be an
effective and alternative way of natural insect repellent.
11. 11
XII.
References
A. Journal
Amerasinghe, F. et al., (2002). Ecosystems and Vector-Borne Disease
Control. Cliggott Publishing, Division of CMP Healthcare Media.
Dutta, B.K. (2007). Anticandidial Activity of Some Essential Oils of a Mega
Biodiversity Hotspot in India. Biotechnology Division, Defense Research
Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India. 50(2):121-4
Trongtokit, Y. (2005). Comparative Repellency of 38 Essential Oils Against
Mosquito Bites. Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical
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Cloyd, R.A. et al., (2009). Effect of Commercially Available Plant-Derived
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Heimerdinger, A. et al., (2006). Alcoholic Extract of Lemongrass
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http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howthingswork/a/aa050503a.htm
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Essential Oil Extraction Distillation Process. Essentials of Aromatherapy.
http://www.essentials-of-aromatherapy.com/distillation_process.html
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