The whole idea behind chromatography is trying to.pdf
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The whole idea behind chromatography is trying to separatecompounds based on a certain property. For example, for thin layerchromatography, you have a solvent (mobile phase) and a TLC plate(stationary phase). You spot your compound at the bottom of theplate, and let the solvent run upward. Depending on the affinity ofthe different compounds to either the stationary or mobile phase,you\'d see different compounds travelling up the plate at differentrates (Rf values). If, for example, you had a solvent that washighly nonpolar, and a stationary phase that is highly polar, thatmeans that nonpolar stuff would move more with the mobile phase,while polar stuff would move very little, since it likes thestationary phase better. Solution The whole idea behind chromatography is trying to separatecompounds based on a certain property. For example, for thin layerchromatography, you have a solvent (mobile phase) and a TLC plate(stationary phase). You spot your compound at the bottom of theplate, and let the solvent run upward. Depending on the affinity ofthe different compounds to either the stationary or mobile phase,you\'d see different compounds travelling up the plate at differentrates (Rf values). If, for example, you had a solvent that washighly nonpolar, and a stationary phase that is highly polar, thatmeans that nonpolar stuff would move more with the mobile phase,while polar stuff would move very little, since it likes thestationary phase better..
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Thin layer chromatography
The document discusses various chromatography techniques, including thin layer chromatography (TLC). It defines the partition coefficient K as the ratio of the concentration of a substance in the stationary phase to its concentration in the mobile phase. A K value of 0.2 means the concentration in the mobile phase is 5 times higher than in the stationary phase. TLC involves coating a stationary phase such as silica gel or alumina gel in a thin layer on a plane surface. The Rf value in chromatography indicates how far a substance has traveled up the plate relative to the solvent front. Detection methods for spots separated via TLC include chemical reagents and ultraviolet light.
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Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. A small amount of liquid sample is injected into a column and the components are separated as they travel through, with each one reaching the end of the column at a characteristic retention time.
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Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by exploiting differences in how components interact with stationary and mobile phases. It was discovered in 1906 by Tswett and is commonly used for separation, purification, identification, and quantification of mixture components. The key components are a stationary phase, mobile phase, and sample mixture. Different types of chromatography exist depending on the phase types, including solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, and liquid-solid. Common applications include analyzing pharmaceuticals, detecting substances in blood/tissue, forensic analysis, and environmental monitoring.
Hi!The chlorphylls having lower Rf values indicates that they inte.pdf
Hi!
The chlorphylls having lower Rf values indicates that they interact more strongly with the
solvent. Both chlorophylls are polar while carotenes are non-polar. If the solvent being used for
TLC is mostly non-polar, we would expect the carotenes to interact more strongly and have
lower Rf values and vice versa. Other variations in Rf values (such as those between chlorophyll
a and b) may indicate slight differences in polarity (perhaps there are nonpolar regions on the
molecule even though it is polar overall) or differences in molecular weight (the heavier, the
slower the molecule moves up the plate.)
I hope this helps! Please don\'t forget to rate : )
Solution
Hi!
The chlorphylls having lower Rf values indicates that they interact more strongly with the
solvent. Both chlorophylls are polar while carotenes are non-polar. If the solvent being used for
TLC is mostly non-polar, we would expect the carotenes to interact more strongly and have
lower Rf values and vice versa. Other variations in Rf values (such as those between chlorophyll
a and b) may indicate slight differences in polarity (perhaps there are nonpolar regions on the
molecule even though it is polar overall) or differences in molecular weight (the heavier, the
slower the molecule moves up the plate.)
I hope this helps! Please don\'t forget to rate : ).
Retention factor (Rƒ) is the distance travelled b.pdf
Retention factor (Rƒ) is the distance travelled by the sample or analyte divided by
distance travelled by the solvent front in chromatography, so it is ratio of the distance travelled
by the substance to the distance travelled by the solvent. During thin layer chromatography, less
polar compound moves higher up the plate, resulting in a higher Rf value. The more polar
compound has a stronger interaction with the silica and has higher capablity to dispel the mobile
phase from the binding places. So, if the Rf of these substances are same, they have traveled
same distance, so they are chemically identical i.e. either polar or nonpolar depending on where
the spots appeared in your result. So if the spots appeared higher up the plate, these substances
are polar and so on. I hope that helps!
Solution
Retention factor (Rƒ) is the distance travelled by the sample or analyte divided by
distance travelled by the solvent front in chromatography, so it is ratio of the distance travelled
by the substance to the distance travelled by the solvent. During thin layer chromatography, less
polar compound moves higher up the plate, resulting in a higher Rf value. The more polar
compound has a stronger interaction with the silica and has higher capablity to dispel the mobile
phase from the binding places. So, if the Rf of these substances are same, they have traveled
same distance, so they are chemically identical i.e. either polar or nonpolar depending on where
the spots appeared in your result. So if the spots appeared higher up the plate, these substances
are polar and so on. I hope that helps!.
Chromatography
Chromatography is a method used to separate mixtures by distributing components between a stationary and mobile phase. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is commonly used in synthetic chemistry to identify compounds, determine purity, and monitor reactions. It requires small amounts of sample and is faster than column chromatography. Column chromatography can isolate compounds from mixtures through selective adsorption to a stationary phase and elution with a mobile phase. Gas chromatography separates volatile analytes in a gas phase using an inert carrier gas and either a solid or liquid stationary phase.
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Chromatography is a technique used to separate chemical mixtures by exploiting differences in how components interact with stationary and mobile phases. It was first developed in 1900 to separate plant pigments. The key is separation of components to simplify analysis of unknown substances. Chromatography can be classified based on the physical means of contact between phases, the type of mobile and stationary phases used, and the type of interactions that occur. The efficiency of separation depends on column resolution, which is improved by increasing the difference in retention times and decreasing peak widths. Migration rates are determined by distribution constants between phases and affect retention times.
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Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures that was invented in 1901 by Mikhail Tswett. It works by transporting a sample in a mobile phase through a column containing a stationary phase, which causes different components to interact and move at different rates. Common types of chromatography include paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and ion chromatography. Thin layer chromatography in particular involves spotting a sample on a plate coated with silica gel or alumina, which allows components to travel at different distances based on interactions with the mobile solvent and stationary phase material.
Recommended
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The document discusses various chromatography techniques, including thin layer chromatography (TLC). It defines the partition coefficient K as the ratio of the concentration of a substance in the stationary phase to its concentration in the mobile phase. A K value of 0.2 means the concentration in the mobile phase is 5 times higher than in the stationary phase. TLC involves coating a stationary phase such as silica gel or alumina gel in a thin layer on a plane surface. The Rf value in chromatography indicates how far a substance has traveled up the plate relative to the solvent front. Detection methods for spots separated via TLC include chemical reagents and ultraviolet light.
Chromatography (1)
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. A small amount of liquid sample is injected into a column and the components are separated as they travel through, with each one reaching the end of the column at a characteristic retention time.
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Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by exploiting differences in how components interact with stationary and mobile phases. It was discovered in 1906 by Tswett and is commonly used for separation, purification, identification, and quantification of mixture components. The key components are a stationary phase, mobile phase, and sample mixture. Different types of chromatography exist depending on the phase types, including solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, and liquid-solid. Common applications include analyzing pharmaceuticals, detecting substances in blood/tissue, forensic analysis, and environmental monitoring.
Hi!The chlorphylls having lower Rf values indicates that they inte.pdf
Hi!
The chlorphylls having lower Rf values indicates that they interact more strongly with the
solvent. Both chlorophylls are polar while carotenes are non-polar. If the solvent being used for
TLC is mostly non-polar, we would expect the carotenes to interact more strongly and have
lower Rf values and vice versa. Other variations in Rf values (such as those between chlorophyll
a and b) may indicate slight differences in polarity (perhaps there are nonpolar regions on the
molecule even though it is polar overall) or differences in molecular weight (the heavier, the
slower the molecule moves up the plate.)
I hope this helps! Please don\'t forget to rate : )
Solution
Hi!
The chlorphylls having lower Rf values indicates that they interact more strongly with the
solvent. Both chlorophylls are polar while carotenes are non-polar. If the solvent being used for
TLC is mostly non-polar, we would expect the carotenes to interact more strongly and have
lower Rf values and vice versa. Other variations in Rf values (such as those between chlorophyll
a and b) may indicate slight differences in polarity (perhaps there are nonpolar regions on the
molecule even though it is polar overall) or differences in molecular weight (the heavier, the
slower the molecule moves up the plate.)
I hope this helps! Please don\'t forget to rate : ).
Retention factor (Rƒ) is the distance travelled b.pdf
Retention factor (Rƒ) is the distance travelled by the sample or analyte divided by
distance travelled by the solvent front in chromatography, so it is ratio of the distance travelled
by the substance to the distance travelled by the solvent. During thin layer chromatography, less
polar compound moves higher up the plate, resulting in a higher Rf value. The more polar
compound has a stronger interaction with the silica and has higher capablity to dispel the mobile
phase from the binding places. So, if the Rf of these substances are same, they have traveled
same distance, so they are chemically identical i.e. either polar or nonpolar depending on where
the spots appeared in your result. So if the spots appeared higher up the plate, these substances
are polar and so on. I hope that helps!
Solution
Retention factor (Rƒ) is the distance travelled by the sample or analyte divided by
distance travelled by the solvent front in chromatography, so it is ratio of the distance travelled
by the substance to the distance travelled by the solvent. During thin layer chromatography, less
polar compound moves higher up the plate, resulting in a higher Rf value. The more polar
compound has a stronger interaction with the silica and has higher capablity to dispel the mobile
phase from the binding places. So, if the Rf of these substances are same, they have traveled
same distance, so they are chemically identical i.e. either polar or nonpolar depending on where
the spots appeared in your result. So if the spots appeared higher up the plate, these substances
are polar and so on. I hope that helps!.
Chromatography
Chromatography is a method used to separate mixtures by distributing components between a stationary and mobile phase. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is commonly used in synthetic chemistry to identify compounds, determine purity, and monitor reactions. It requires small amounts of sample and is faster than column chromatography. Column chromatography can isolate compounds from mixtures through selective adsorption to a stationary phase and elution with a mobile phase. Gas chromatography separates volatile analytes in a gas phase using an inert carrier gas and either a solid or liquid stationary phase.
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Chromatography is a technique used to separate chemical mixtures by exploiting differences in how components interact with stationary and mobile phases. It was first developed in 1900 to separate plant pigments. The key is separation of components to simplify analysis of unknown substances. Chromatography can be classified based on the physical means of contact between phases, the type of mobile and stationary phases used, and the type of interactions that occur. The efficiency of separation depends on column resolution, which is improved by increasing the difference in retention times and decreasing peak widths. Migration rates are determined by distribution constants between phases and affect retention times.
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4_20115_PM.ppt
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. There are different types of chromatography classified according to the mobile phase, stationary phase, and separation force used. Thin layer chromatography and column chromatography are two common techniques. TLC uses a thin layer of adsorbent coated on a plate as the stationary phase, while column chromatography uses a column packed with the stationary phase.
PM PPT.ppt
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. There are different types of chromatography classified according to the mobile phase used and the nature of the stationary phase. Thin layer chromatography is a common technique that uses a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel as the stationary phase. Paper chromatography also separates mixtures based on differences in how components partition between a mobile liquid phase and water held in cellulose fibers of the paper. Column chromatography uses a column packed with adsorbent or porous material
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steps are as follows Dissolve the (pressumably.pdf
steps are as follows : Dissolve the (pressumably solid) mixture in an organic
solven,,,,,,, Then, in a seperating funnel, add an (Aqueous) solution of sodium hydroxide. The
Phenol, and benzoic acid, as acids, will react with the base to form phenolate and benzenoate
ions, which will dissolve into the water layer. Collect this layer, and re-precipitate the organic
molecules by adding concentrated Hydrochloric acid. The phenol and Benzoic acid can be
seperated via their varying solubilities, (8.3g/100ml vs 0.34g/100ml. respectively) by heating the
mixture in water to dissolve the phenol, and then filtering of the (practically) insoluble benzoic
acid. The solution can then be acidified (with HCl) to return the phenol..,,,,,,,,,,,,, Now add a
solution of hydrochloric acid to the seperating funnel, which (as before) will react with the basic
anniline dossilving it into the water. Collect the aqueous layer and re-precipitate the anniline
with excess sodium hydroxide. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, finally boil off the remaining organic solvent to obtain
the napthalene, which was left untouched by all the acids and bases.,,,,,,,,, Flow chart : Mixture
+ xs HCl ----> anilinium(aq) Mixture - aniline + weak base (Na2CO3) ---> benzoate(aq)
Mixture - aniline - benzoic acid + base (NaOH) ---> p-bromophenoxide(aq) Mixture - aniline -
benzoic acid - p-bromophenol = naphthalene
Solution
steps are as follows : Dissolve the (pressumably solid) mixture in an organic
solven,,,,,,, Then, in a seperating funnel, add an (Aqueous) solution of sodium hydroxide. The
Phenol, and benzoic acid, as acids, will react with the base to form phenolate and benzenoate
ions, which will dissolve into the water layer. Collect this layer, and re-precipitate the organic
molecules by adding concentrated Hydrochloric acid. The phenol and Benzoic acid can be
seperated via their varying solubilities, (8.3g/100ml vs 0.34g/100ml. respectively) by heating the
mixture in water to dissolve the phenol, and then filtering of the (practically) insoluble benzoic
acid. The solution can then be acidified (with HCl) to return the phenol..,,,,,,,,,,,,, Now add a
solution of hydrochloric acid to the seperating funnel, which (as before) will react with the basic
anniline dossilving it into the water. Collect the aqueous layer and re-precipitate the anniline
with excess sodium hydroxide. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, finally boil off the remaining organic solvent to obtain
the napthalene, which was left untouched by all the acids and bases.,,,,,,,,, Flow chart : Mixture
+ xs HCl ----> anilinium(aq) Mixture - aniline + weak base (Na2CO3) ---> benzoate(aq)
Mixture - aniline - benzoic acid + base (NaOH) ---> p-bromophenoxide(aq) Mixture - aniline -
benzoic acid - p-bromophenol = naphthalene.
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiv.pdf
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiver to stay in sync with the
incoming data stream are the start bit and short frame connections . asynchronus connection are
asynchronus serial communications in which the communicating end points interfaces are not
continously synchronized by common clock signal and the data stream contains synchronization
in the form of start and stop signals before and after each unit of transmission .asynchronus start
and stop signals was widley used for dial up modem sources to time sharing computers and bbs
systems asynchronus start stop is the physical layer is used to connect computers to modems for
many dial up internet access applications using data link frame protocol such as ppp to create
packets made upto out of asynchronous serial characters .the examples that would benefit from
asynchronous connection are modems and usb that are connectedd to interfaces
Solution
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiver to stay in sync with the
incoming data stream are the start bit and short frame connections . asynchronus connection are
asynchronus serial communications in which the communicating end points interfaces are not
continously synchronized by common clock signal and the data stream contains synchronization
in the form of start and stop signals before and after each unit of transmission .asynchronus start
and stop signals was widley used for dial up modem sources to time sharing computers and bbs
systems asynchronus start stop is the physical layer is used to connect computers to modems for
many dial up internet access applications using data link frame protocol such as ppp to create
packets made upto out of asynchronous serial characters .the examples that would benefit from
asynchronous connection are modems and usb that are connectedd to interfaces.
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Here are the key principles of the different chromatography techniques covered in the document:
- Paper chromatography relies on the differential migration rates of compounds through a stationary phase (filter paper) based on their varying interactions with the mobile phase solvent. Components separate based on differences in solubility and affinity for the mobile vs. stationary phases.
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HPLC is a type of chromatography that uses high pressure to force a liquid mobile phase through a column packed with solid particles. This allows for faster analysis times and better separation of components compared to traditional liquid chromatography. HPLC systems include a pump to deliver the mobile phase, an injector for samples, a column inside an oven, a detector, and a data processor. The interaction of sample components with the stationary and mobile phases causes separation as components move through the column at different speeds.
CHROMATOGRAPHY - PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS.pdf
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. There are different types of chromatography classified according to the mobile phase, stationary phase, and separation force used. Thin layer chromatography and column chromatography are two common techniques. TLC uses a thin layer of adsorbent as the stationary phase, while column chromatography uses a packed column.
Chromatography.pptx
Chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate mixtures based on differences in physical properties of constituents. It involves a stationary phase and mobile phase. In chromatography, mixtures are separated as they travel through the stationary phase at different rates depending on interactions with the phases. Common types include paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography which uses high pressure to enhance separation.
Chromatography
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. There are different types of chromatography classified according to the mobile phase used and the packing of the stationary phase. Chromatography techniques include thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. These techniques find application in various fields to analyze sample mixtures.
chromatography and its application.ppt
This document provides an introduction to chromatography, including its history and essential features. It discusses the basic components and process of chromatography, including the stationary and mobile phases. It also describes different types of chromatography techniques based on the stationary phase, such as partition chromatography, adsorption chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, molecular exclusion chromatography, and affinity chromatography. Finally, it discusses applications of chromatography in qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, and preparative purposes.
Chromatography lecture2.pptx
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. There are different types of chromatography classified according to the mobile phase used and the nature of the stationary phase. Thin layer chromatography and column chromatography are two important techniques used. Chromatography has wide applications in science and helped win several Nobel prizes for work using this separation technique.
Thin Layer Chromatography and Paper chromatography.ppt
Thin Layer Chromatography and Paper chromatography
4_20115_PM.ppt
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. There are different types of chromatography classified according to the mobile phase, stationary phase, and separation force used. Thin layer chromatography and column chromatography are two common techniques. TLC uses a thin layer of adsorbent coated on a plate as the stationary phase, while column chromatography uses a column packed with the stationary phase.
PM PPT.ppt
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. There are different types of chromatography classified according to the mobile phase used and the nature of the stationary phase. Thin layer chromatography is a common technique that uses a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel as the stationary phase. Paper chromatography also separates mixtures based on differences in how components partition between a mobile liquid phase and water held in cellulose fibers of the paper. Column chromatography uses a column packed with adsorbent or porous material
PM PPT.ppt
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. There are different types of chromatography classified according to the mobile phase used and the nature of the stationary phase. Thin layer chromatography is a common technique that uses a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel as the stationary phase. Paper chromatography also separates mixtures based on differences in how components partition between a mobile liquid phase and water held in cellulose fibers of the paper. Column chromatography uses a column packed with adsorbent or porous material
Similar to The whole idea behind chromatography is trying to.pdf (20)
Introduction to chromatography and its applications 2
Introduction to chromatography and its applications 2
Thin Layer Chromatography and HighPerformance Thin Layer chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography and HighPerformance Thin Layer chromatography
Pharmacognosy-complete (chromatography,carbohydrates,glycosides,lipids,Vos,ro...
Pharmacognosy-complete (chromatography,carbohydrates,glycosides,lipids,Vos,ro...
Thin Layer Chromatography and Paper chromatography.ppt
Thin Layer Chromatography and Paper chromatography.ppt
More from Lalkamal2
steps are as follows Dissolve the (pressumably.pdf
steps are as follows : Dissolve the (pressumably solid) mixture in an organic
solven,,,,,,, Then, in a seperating funnel, add an (Aqueous) solution of sodium hydroxide. The
Phenol, and benzoic acid, as acids, will react with the base to form phenolate and benzenoate
ions, which will dissolve into the water layer. Collect this layer, and re-precipitate the organic
molecules by adding concentrated Hydrochloric acid. The phenol and Benzoic acid can be
seperated via their varying solubilities, (8.3g/100ml vs 0.34g/100ml. respectively) by heating the
mixture in water to dissolve the phenol, and then filtering of the (practically) insoluble benzoic
acid. The solution can then be acidified (with HCl) to return the phenol..,,,,,,,,,,,,, Now add a
solution of hydrochloric acid to the seperating funnel, which (as before) will react with the basic
anniline dossilving it into the water. Collect the aqueous layer and re-precipitate the anniline
with excess sodium hydroxide. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, finally boil off the remaining organic solvent to obtain
the napthalene, which was left untouched by all the acids and bases.,,,,,,,,, Flow chart : Mixture
+ xs HCl ----> anilinium(aq) Mixture - aniline + weak base (Na2CO3) ---> benzoate(aq)
Mixture - aniline - benzoic acid + base (NaOH) ---> p-bromophenoxide(aq) Mixture - aniline -
benzoic acid - p-bromophenol = naphthalene
Solution
steps are as follows : Dissolve the (pressumably solid) mixture in an organic
solven,,,,,,, Then, in a seperating funnel, add an (Aqueous) solution of sodium hydroxide. The
Phenol, and benzoic acid, as acids, will react with the base to form phenolate and benzenoate
ions, which will dissolve into the water layer. Collect this layer, and re-precipitate the organic
molecules by adding concentrated Hydrochloric acid. The phenol and Benzoic acid can be
seperated via their varying solubilities, (8.3g/100ml vs 0.34g/100ml. respectively) by heating the
mixture in water to dissolve the phenol, and then filtering of the (practically) insoluble benzoic
acid. The solution can then be acidified (with HCl) to return the phenol..,,,,,,,,,,,,, Now add a
solution of hydrochloric acid to the seperating funnel, which (as before) will react with the basic
anniline dossilving it into the water. Collect the aqueous layer and re-precipitate the anniline
with excess sodium hydroxide. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, finally boil off the remaining organic solvent to obtain
the napthalene, which was left untouched by all the acids and bases.,,,,,,,,, Flow chart : Mixture
+ xs HCl ----> anilinium(aq) Mixture - aniline + weak base (Na2CO3) ---> benzoate(aq)
Mixture - aniline - benzoic acid + base (NaOH) ---> p-bromophenoxide(aq) Mixture - aniline -
benzoic acid - p-bromophenol = naphthalene.
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiv.pdf
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiver to stay in sync with the
incoming data stream are the start bit and short frame connections . asynchronus connection are
asynchronus serial communications in which the communicating end points interfaces are not
continously synchronized by common clock signal and the data stream contains synchronization
in the form of start and stop signals before and after each unit of transmission .asynchronus start
and stop signals was widley used for dial up modem sources to time sharing computers and bbs
systems asynchronus start stop is the physical layer is used to connect computers to modems for
many dial up internet access applications using data link frame protocol such as ppp to create
packets made upto out of asynchronous serial characters .the examples that would benefit from
asynchronous connection are modems and usb that are connectedd to interfaces
Solution
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiver to stay in sync with the
incoming data stream are the start bit and short frame connections . asynchronus connection are
asynchronus serial communications in which the communicating end points interfaces are not
continously synchronized by common clock signal and the data stream contains synchronization
in the form of start and stop signals before and after each unit of transmission .asynchronus start
and stop signals was widley used for dial up modem sources to time sharing computers and bbs
systems asynchronus start stop is the physical layer is used to connect computers to modems for
many dial up internet access applications using data link frame protocol such as ppp to create
packets made upto out of asynchronous serial characters .the examples that would benefit from
asynchronous connection are modems and usb that are connectedd to interfaces.
Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length o.pdf
Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of
guanine-rich repetitive sequences, (Zvereva, 2010). Thus Telomerase, is a Specialized
Polymerase That Carries Its Own RNA Template. Thus it accounts for a faithful replication of
chromosomal ends as theTelomerase contains an RNA molecule that acts as a template for
extending the leading strand.
Solution
Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of
guanine-rich repetitive sequences, (Zvereva, 2010). Thus Telomerase, is a Specialized
Polymerase That Carries Its Own RNA Template. Thus it accounts for a faithful replication of
chromosomal ends as theTelomerase contains an RNA molecule that acts as a template for
extending the leading strand..
Suppose Bob sends an encrypted document to Alice. To be verifiable, .pdf
Suppose Bob sends an encrypted document to Alice. To be verifiable, Alice must be able to
convince herself that Bob sent the encrypted document. To be non-forgeable, Alice must be able
to convince herself that only Bob could have sent the encrypted document Alice must be able to
convince someone else that only Bob could have sent the document. To illustrate the latter
distinction, suppose Bob and Alice share a secret key, and they are the only ones in the world
who know the key. If Alice receives a document that was encrypted with the key, and knows that
she did not encrypt the document herself, then the document is known to be verifiable and non-
forgeable (assuming a suitably strong encryption system was used). However, Alice can not
convince someone else that Bob must have sent the document, since in fact Alice knew the key
herself and could have encrypted/sent the document.
Solution
Suppose Bob sends an encrypted document to Alice. To be verifiable, Alice must be able to
convince herself that Bob sent the encrypted document. To be non-forgeable, Alice must be able
to convince herself that only Bob could have sent the encrypted document Alice must be able to
convince someone else that only Bob could have sent the document. To illustrate the latter
distinction, suppose Bob and Alice share a secret key, and they are the only ones in the world
who know the key. If Alice receives a document that was encrypted with the key, and knows that
she did not encrypt the document herself, then the document is known to be verifiable and non-
forgeable (assuming a suitably strong encryption system was used). However, Alice can not
convince someone else that Bob must have sent the document, since in fact Alice knew the key
herself and could have encrypted/sent the document..
probablity = 212 100 = 16.6 Solutionprobablity = 212 10.pdf
The document calculates a probability as 2 out of 12 possibilities, which equals 16.6% when expressed as a percentage. It shows the work to calculate the probability as 2/12 and then multiplying that fraction by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Platinum complexes like Asplastin are powerful antitumor medications.pdf
Platinum complexes like Asplastin are powerful antitumor medications and they are having
ability to cross the cell membrane and then reaches the nucleus and will attach to DNA and stop
cell growth. The transfer of this Asplastin is facilitated by a copper transporter (Ctr1-membrane-
dwelling protein which main function is to bring copper into cells). The |Ctr1 structure has of
three helical segments which appears to sit in the membrane, and one end can be seen protruding
into the cell, while the other end will be seen on the outside and a channel like structure will be
formed when three such molecules assemble together.
When Asplastin is injected in the body of a cancer patient, the Asplastin which have a central
platinum ion and four ligands (which includes two neighboring chloride ions and two
neighboring amino groups). The Ctr1 will displaces these four ligands from Asplastin and will
bind to the platinum ion itself and it will transfer it through the channel and released in the
cytosol of the cell. In addition to this few amount of Asplastin molecules will interact with the
methionine-rich extracellular end of the copper transporter to form a trimeric channel structure to
get transported as a little interior bubble filled with the outer medium and will released into
various organelles including nucleus.
How it acts on cancer cells: The 4 steps how Asplastin will act is (i) Cellular uptake of drug, (ii)
aquation/activation of Asplastin, (iii) Drug binding to DNA and (iv) Lesions formed on DNA
will make the cell to opt for apoptosis.
N7 sites of deoxyguanosine residues on the DNA are the most nucleophilic positions and are
preferentially platinated. Asplastin will form a monofunctional adducts on DNA (You can see
only one covalent bond to the genomic polymer). Like in second reaction second guanine base
will get substituted by chloride ligand, thus forming a cross-link on the DNA (either on the same
strand or it may be on different strands). The most common lesion are formed from 1,2-d(GpG)
intrastrand cross-links and finally due to drug action we can see bending and unwinding of the
double helix and cells with damaged DNA will be arrested at the G2/M transition of the cell
cycle and undergoes apoptosis.
Solution
Platinum complexes like Asplastin are powerful antitumor medications and they are having
ability to cross the cell membrane and then reaches the nucleus and will attach to DNA and stop
cell growth. The transfer of this Asplastin is facilitated by a copper transporter (Ctr1-membrane-
dwelling protein which main function is to bring copper into cells). The |Ctr1 structure has of
three helical segments which appears to sit in the membrane, and one end can be seen protruding
into the cell, while the other end will be seen on the outside and a channel like structure will be
formed when three such molecules assemble together.
When Asplastin is injected in the body of a cancer patient, the Asplastin which have a central
platinum ion and f.
Part 1 1)#include stdio.hint testWhileLoop() ; int testFo.pdf
Part 1:
1)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int testForLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
printf(\"For loop test \ \");
testForLoop();
return 0;
}
Part 2:
1)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
}
}
2)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
3)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer between 5 and 20: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
while(n<5 || n>20)
{
printf(\"Error: You must enter a value between 5 and 20: please renter: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
}
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
Part 3:
#include
int testForLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"For loop test \ \");
testForLoop();
return 0;
}
int testForLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
for (count=0;count<10;count++)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
Solution
Part 1:
1)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int testForLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
printf(\"For loop test \ \");
testForLoop();
return 0;
}
Part 2:
1)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
}
}
2)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
3)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer between 5 and 20: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
while(n<5 || n>20)
{
printf(\"Error: You must enter a value between 5 and 20: please renter: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
}
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
Part 3:
#include
int testForLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"For loop test \ \");
testForLoop();
return 0;
}
int testForLoop()
{
int c.
none of them are correct!Solutionnone of them are correct!.pdf
This 1 sentence document states that none of the potential solutions or answers are correct. It provides a concise but incomplete message without further context or explanation.
Negative control plate with no DNA transforms competent cells withou.pdf
Negative control plate with no DNA transforms competent cells without any DNA on selection
media. , If more colonies are produced, shows the problem with antibiotic in the agar plate.
No ligase control plates provide information about digestion efficiency. it transform competent
cells withdigested plasmid or DNA. If several colonies are found, it shows that digestion did not
completed properly.
Solution
Negative control plate with no DNA transforms competent cells without any DNA on selection
media. , If more colonies are produced, shows the problem with antibiotic in the agar plate.
No ligase control plates provide information about digestion efficiency. it transform competent
cells withdigested plasmid or DNA. If several colonies are found, it shows that digestion did not
completed properly..
Modifications highlighted in bold lettersDropOutStack.javaim.pdf
//Modifications highlighted in bold letters
//DropOutStack.java
import java.util.Arrays;
public class DropOutStack {
/**
* Defines the interface to a stack collection.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public interface StackADT {
/**
* Adds the specified element to the top of this stack.
*
* @param element
* element to be pushed onto the stack
*/
public void push(T element);
/**
* Removes and returns the top element from this stack.
*
* @return the element removed from the stack
*/
public T pop();
/**
* Returns without removing the top element of this stack.
*
* @return the element on top of the stack
*/
public T peek();
/**
* Returns true if this stack contains no elements.
*
* @return true if the stack is empty
*/
public boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this stack.
*
* @return the number of elements in the stack
*/
public int size();
/**
* Returns a string representation of this stack.
*
* @return a string representation of the stack
*/
public String toString();
}
/**
* Represents the situation in which a collection is empty.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public static class EmptyCollectionException extends RuntimeException {
/**
* Sets up this exception with an appropriate message.
*
* @param collection
* the name of the collection
*/
public EmptyCollectionException(String collection) {
super(\"The \" + collection + \" is empty.\");
}
}
/**
* Program entry point for stack testing.
*
* @param args
* Argument list.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayDropOutStack stack = new ArrayDropOutStack(4);
System.out.println(\"DROP-OUT STACK TESTING\");
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(4);
System.out.println(\"Stack : \"+stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"pushing 5 element \");
stack.push(5);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"The size of the stack is: \" + stack.size());
if (!stack.isEmpty())
System.out.println(\"The stack contains:\ \" + stack.toString());
stack.pop();
System.out.println(\"poping element 5\"+stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"The size of the stack is: \" + stack.size());
System.out.println(\"pushing 7 element \");
stack.push(7);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"pushing 8 element \");
stack.push(8);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
if (!stack.isEmpty())
System.out.println(\"The stack contains:\ \" + stack.toString());
}
/**
* An array implementation of a stack in which the bottom of the stack is
* fixed at index 0.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public static class ArrayDropOutStack implements StackADT {
private final static int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 100;
private int top;
private T[] stack;
/**
* Creates an empty stack using the default capacity.
*/
public ArrayDropOutStack() {
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
}
/**
* Creates an empty stack using.
Message types used by the DHCP boot sequenceop Message type.h.pdf
Message types used by the DHCP boot sequence
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
hlen
: Hardware address length, in octets.
hops
: Value set to zero by DHCP clients. Optionally used to count the number of relay agents that
forwarded the message.
xid
: A random number used to associate messages and responses between a client and a server.
secs
: Seconds elapsed since client began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags
: Flags set by client. The Broadcast flag is set if the client cannot receive unicast IP datagrams
(for example, before it is configured with an IP address).
ciaddr
: Used if the client has an IP address and can respond to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
requests.
yiaddr
: Address given to the DHCP client by the DHCP server.
siaddr
: IP address of the server that is offering a lease.
giaddr
: DHCP relay agent IP address.
chaddr
: Client hardware address.
sname
: Optional server host name. Not used in Windows Server 2008.
file
: The name of the file containing the boot image for a BOOTP client.
options
: Optional parameters field. In the DHCP protocol packet, each option begins with a single octet
tag, which holds the option code, and a second octet, which describes the option data length, in
bytes. For a complete list of the DHCP options available by default on a DHCP server running
on Windows Server 2008, see DHCP Tools and Options.
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
hlen
: Hardware address length, in octets.
hops
: Value set to zero by DHCP clients. Optionally used to count the number of relay agents that
forwarded the message.
xid
: A random number used to associate messages and responses between a client and a server.
secs
: Seconds elapsed since client began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags
: Flags set by client. The Broadcast flag is set if the client cannot receive unicast IP datagrams
(for example, before it is configured with an IP address).
ciaddr
: Used if the client has an IP address and can respond to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
requests.
yiaddr
: Address given to the DHCP client by the DHCP server.
siaddr
: IP address of the server that is offering a lease.
giaddr
: DHCP relay agent IP address.
chaddr
: Client hardware address.
sname
: Optional server host name. Not used in Windows Server 2008.
file
: The name of the file containing the boot image for a BOOTP client.
options
: Optional parameters field. In the DHCP protocol packet, each option begins with a single octet
tag, which holds the option code, and a second octet, which describes the option data length, in
bytes. For a complete list of the DHCP options available by default on a DHCP server running
on Windows Server 2008, see DHCP Tools and Options.
Solution
Message types used by the DHCP boot sequence
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
Law of conservation of matter(mass)In any closed system subjected .pdf
Law of conservation of matter(mass)
In any closed system subjected to no external forces,the mass is constant irrespective of its
changes in different form. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It only
changes from one form into another.
Solution
Law of conservation of matter(mass)
In any closed system subjected to no external forces,the mass is constant irrespective of its
changes in different form. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It only
changes from one form into another..
It is a unit of measurement for the amount of substance.The mole is .pdf
It is a unit of measurement for the amount of substance.The mole is defined as the amount of
substance that contains as many elementary entities (e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) as
there are atoms in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12. The experimentally determined value of a mole
as adopted 6.02 × 1023.
Solution
It is a unit of measurement for the amount of substance.The mole is defined as the amount of
substance that contains as many elementary entities (e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) as
there are atoms in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12. The experimentally determined value of a mole
as adopted 6.02 × 1023..
In insurance, the term risk pooling refers to the spreading of f.pdf
In insurance, the term \"risk pooling\" refers to the spreading of financial risks evenly among a
large number of contributors to the program. Insurance is the transference of risks from
individuals or corporations who cannot bear a possible unplanned financial catastrophe to the
capital markets, which can bear them easily -- at least in theory.
Pure risk is a category of risk in which loss is the only possible outcome, which is the opposite of
speculative risk. There are products that can be purchased to mitigate pure risk, such as home
insurance being used to protect homeowners against their homes being destroyed. Other
examples of pure risk events include premature death, identity theft and career-ending
disabilities.1) in cases of home insurance and health insurance risk pooling can be effectively
used as of all the individuals who invest in the insurance by the law of large number a miniscule
probability of the people actually suffer the real risk. 2) Risk pooling is an important concept in
supply chain management . It suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates
demand across locations because, as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes
more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another.
However,consider the 1)\"high risk pools\", which simply means separating out the sickest, most
expensive people in the country and dumping them into a separate program.With the \"bad
apples\" (ie, human beings with terrible medical problems) safely tucked out of the way, the
average cost of treating everyone else supposedly suddenly becomes less pricey.This is the exact
opposite of the entire point of health insurance in the first place...spreading the risk and hence
risk pooling fails here.
2)Liability risk includes economic losses from being held responsible for harming others or their
property. This cannot be covered by risk pooling.
Solution
In insurance, the term \"risk pooling\" refers to the spreading of financial risks evenly among a
large number of contributors to the program. Insurance is the transference of risks from
individuals or corporations who cannot bear a possible unplanned financial catastrophe to the
capital markets, which can bear them easily -- at least in theory.
Pure risk is a category of risk in which loss is the only possible outcome, which is the opposite of
speculative risk. There are products that can be purchased to mitigate pure risk, such as home
insurance being used to protect homeowners against their homes being destroyed. Other
examples of pure risk events include premature death, identity theft and career-ending
disabilities.1) in cases of home insurance and health insurance risk pooling can be effectively
used as of all the individuals who invest in the insurance by the law of large number a miniscule
probability of the people actually suffer the real risk. 2) Risk pooling is an important concept in
supply chain management . It suggests that.
Some CO is Added The Pressure of CH4 and H2O will.pdf
Some CO is Added The Pressure of CH4 and H2O will Increase Equilibrium will
shift to the Left Some CH4 is Removed Pressure of H2O will Increase Pressure of CO will
Decrease Equilibrium will shift to the Left The Volume of Vessel is Reduced Pressure of CH4
will Increase Pressure of H2O will Increase Equilibrium will shift to the Left
Solution
Some CO is Added The Pressure of CH4 and H2O will Increase Equilibrium will
shift to the Left Some CH4 is Removed Pressure of H2O will Increase Pressure of CO will
Decrease Equilibrium will shift to the Left The Volume of Vessel is Reduced Pressure of CH4
will Increase Pressure of H2O will Increase Equilibrium will shift to the Left.
Comments Figures are not properly numbered. Further signal of figur.pdf
Comments: Figures are not properly numbered. Further signal of figure 1 is not shown and hence
the above figure (assumed to figure 2) can not be simulated.
Solution
Comments: Figures are not properly numbered. Further signal of figure 1 is not shown and hence
the above figure (assumed to figure 2) can not be simulated..
Change the value of jug1 and jug 2 accordingly. 1 File WaterJugBSF.j.pdf
Change the value of jug1 and jug 2 accordingly. 1 File WaterJugBSF.java
import java.util.*;
import java.util.LinkedList;
class Test {
HashSet uniqueStates;
void letsRoll() {
/*
* The capacity of jug1(jug1 capacity is greater than jug2 capacity)
*/
int jug1 = 3;
/*
* The capacity of jug two
*/
int jug2 = 2;
/*
* Final Amount needed in jug1
*/
int amtNeeded = 2;
State initialState = new State(0, 0);
State finalState = new State(amtNeeded, 0);
State finalPath = null;
uniqueStates = new HashSet();
/*
* Change queue to stack to convert to DFS
*/
LinkedList queue = new LinkedList();
queue.add(initialState);
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
State currState = queue.poll();
if (currState.equals(finalState)) {
finalPath = currState;
break;
}
// if x is zero fill it
if (currState.x == 0) {
State nextState = new State(jug1, currState.y, currState);
//System.out.println(currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// if y is empty fill it
if (currState.y == 0) {
State nextState = new State(currState.x, jug2, currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// if x is not empty , empty it
if (currState.x > 0) {
State nextState = new State(0, currState.y, currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// if y is not empty, empty it
if (currState.y > 0) {
State nextState = new State(currState.x, 0, currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// transfer from x to y, when x non empty and y is not full
if (currState.x > 0 && currState.y < jug2) {
int amtToTransfer = Math.min(currState.x, jug2 - currState.y);
State nextState = new State(currState.x - amtToTransfer, currState.y
+ amtToTransfer,
currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// transfer from y to x, when y is not empty and x is not full
if (currState.y > 0 && currState.x < jug1) {
int amtToTransfer = Math.min(currState.y, jug1 - currState.x);
State nextState = new State(currState.x + amtToTransfer, currState.y
- amtToTransfer,
currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
}
if (finalPath != null) {
System.out.println(\"Final Result\");
System.out.println(\"J1 J2\");
System.out.println(finalPath);
}
else{
System.out.println(\"Not Possible\");
}
}
/*
* Checks whether State toCheck has been generated before, if not it is
* added to queue and uniqueStates Set
*/
void checkUniqueStates(HashSet uniqueStates, State toCheck,
LinkedList queue) {
if (!uniqueStates.contains(toCheck)) {
uniqueStates.add(toCheck);
queue.add(toCheck);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Test().letsRoll();
}
}
2 State.java
class State {
/*
* Amount in jug1 for current State
*/
int x;
/*
* Amount in jug2 for current State
*/
int y;
/*
* Parent of current State
*/
State pre;
public State(int x, int y) {
super();
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
public State(int x, int y, State pre) {
super();
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.pre = pre;
System.out.println(\"(\"+x+\",\"+y+\")\");
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int .
Balance sheetBalance sheet is the statement of financial position .pdf
Balance sheet
Balance sheet is the statement of financial position which reports all the assets, liabilities and
equity held by the company at a specific date. It helps in telling about the investments, resources,
claims and owner’s equity of the company. It revolves around the equation i.e. Assets =
Liabilities + equity.
What is shown in balance sheet:
The balance sheet has three major categories which includes Assets, liabilities and equity. All
these are calssified on the basis of their nature.
Assets can be said as the resources of the company and are classified as: Current assets, long
term investment, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and other assets
Assets includes:
•Current assets – Cash, accounts receivables, prepaid expenses, inventories
•Long term investments – investment in stock
•Plant property and equipment – Land, building, equipment
•Intangible assets – Goodwill, patents, trademarks
Liabilities are the claims and can be classified as current liabilities, long term liabilities
Liabilities includes:
•Current liabilities: Accounts payable, income tax payable. Salaries payable, accrued expenses,
unearned revenue, current portion of long term debt due
•Long term liabilities- bonds payable, notes payable
Owner;s equity can be classified as the Capital stock which includes common stock and
preferred stock
It also includes Additional paid in capital, Retained earnings
Retained earnings are the accumulated earnings of the company. It is calculated as Beginning
balance, Add: Net income less: Dividends
Importance:
Balance sheet is important in every business. Considering the hospitality firm, it is important to
analyze different aspects of teh firm to know its financial postion. As the hospitality firm
emphasize on services, it is important to know the financial position of the company through its
financial statements. the hospitality firms like hotel needs to report their assets (building) held by
the company along with other assets, liabilities and equity.
Balance sheet is the statement which helps in analysing the financial position of the company, it
can also help in predicting the cash flows and the financial position of the company. With the
help of the balance sheet we can help in analysing the ability of the firm to pay off its short term
and long term debts.
Balance sheet reports its assets and liabilities on historical basis and uses different estimates to
analyse the amounts like uncollectibles
Solution
Balance sheet
Balance sheet is the statement of financial position which reports all the assets, liabilities and
equity held by the company at a specific date. It helps in telling about the investments, resources,
claims and owner’s equity of the company. It revolves around the equation i.e. Assets =
Liabilities + equity.
What is shown in balance sheet:
The balance sheet has three major categories which includes Assets, liabilities and equity. All
these are calssified on the basis of their nature.
Assets can be .
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