Message types used by the DHCP boot sequence
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
hlen
: Hardware address length, in octets.
hops
: Value set to zero by DHCP clients. Optionally used to count the number of relay agents that
forwarded the message.
xid
: A random number used to associate messages and responses between a client and a server.
secs
: Seconds elapsed since client began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags
: Flags set by client. The Broadcast flag is set if the client cannot receive unicast IP datagrams
(for example, before it is configured with an IP address).
ciaddr
: Used if the client has an IP address and can respond to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
requests.
yiaddr
: Address given to the DHCP client by the DHCP server.
siaddr
: IP address of the server that is offering a lease.
giaddr
: DHCP relay agent IP address.
chaddr
: Client hardware address.
sname
: Optional server host name. Not used in Windows Server 2008.
file
: The name of the file containing the boot image for a BOOTP client.
options
: Optional parameters field. In the DHCP protocol packet, each option begins with a single octet
tag, which holds the option code, and a second octet, which describes the option data length, in
bytes. For a complete list of the DHCP options available by default on a DHCP server running
on Windows Server 2008, see DHCP Tools and Options.
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
hlen
: Hardware address length, in octets.
hops
: Value set to zero by DHCP clients. Optionally used to count the number of relay agents that
forwarded the message.
xid
: A random number used to associate messages and responses between a client and a server.
secs
: Seconds elapsed since client began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags
: Flags set by client. The Broadcast flag is set if the client cannot receive unicast IP datagrams
(for example, before it is configured with an IP address).
ciaddr
: Used if the client has an IP address and can respond to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
requests.
yiaddr
: Address given to the DHCP client by the DHCP server.
siaddr
: IP address of the server that is offering a lease.
giaddr
: DHCP relay agent IP address.
chaddr
: Client hardware address.
sname
: Optional server host name. Not used in Windows Server 2008.
file
: The name of the file containing the boot image for a BOOTP client.
options
: Optional parameters field. In the DHCP protocol packet, each option begins with a single octet
tag, which holds the option code, and a second octet, which describes the option data length, in
bytes. For a complete list of the DHCP options available by default on a DHCP server running
on Windows Server 2008, see DHCP Tools and Options.
Solution
Message types used by the DHCP boot sequence
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used to assign IP address To various Clients Requesting it. It uses BOOTP protocol but it also provides dynamic configurations..Various Uses Are mentioned In the slide..This u will find helpful and find interesting..
DHCP Stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
DHCP is a protocol that automatically provides an IP host with its IP address and other related configuration information ( subnet mask, default gateway,DNS etc. )
Works on Protocol UDP port no 67 and 68.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used to assign IP address To various Clients Requesting it. It uses BOOTP protocol but it also provides dynamic configurations..Various Uses Are mentioned In the slide..This u will find helpful and find interesting..
DHCP Stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
DHCP is a protocol that automatically provides an IP host with its IP address and other related configuration information ( subnet mask, default gateway,DNS etc. )
Works on Protocol UDP port no 67 and 68.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network service that enables clients to obtain network settings (IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS Server, Hostname and Domain) automatically from a central server.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
provides a framework for passing configuration information
to hosts on a UDP network. Computers that are connected to
IP networks must be configured before they can communicate
with other hosts. The most essential information needed is
an IP address. DHCP eliminates the manual task by a network
administrator. DHCP is based on the Bootstrap Protocol
(BOOTP), adding the capability of automatic allocation of
reusable network addresses and additional configuration
options. DHCP captures the behavior of BOOTP relay agents,
and DHCP participants can interoperate with BOOTP
participants. Proposed system, i.e., Customized DHCP aims
to give the security for DHCP, which was not present in the
older one and it uses UDP instead of TCP thus reducing the
number of fields as compared to the old DHCP, in turn which
decreases the execution time and still providing the basic
functionality of the usual DHCP.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a standardized network protocol used on Internet
Protocol (IP) networks for dynamically distributing network configuration parameters, such as IP
addresses for interfaces and services. With DHCP, computers request IP addresses and networking
parameters automatically from a DHCP server, reducing the need for a network administrator or a user
to configure these settings manually.
This presentation Briefly Describe the DHCP Protocol operations in General . It Will Be more beneficial to Computer Science Engineering Students who Studies Advanced Computer Networks in their .DHCP is one of their topic in the prescribed Syllabus
Slides supporting the "Computer Networking: Principles, Protocols and Practice" ebook. The slides can be freely reused to teach an undergraduate computer networking class using the open-source ebook.
steps are as follows Dissolve the (pressumably.pdfLalkamal2
steps are as follows : Dissolve the (pressumably solid) mixture in an organic
solven,,,,,,, Then, in a seperating funnel, add an (Aqueous) solution of sodium hydroxide. The
Phenol, and benzoic acid, as acids, will react with the base to form phenolate and benzenoate
ions, which will dissolve into the water layer. Collect this layer, and re-precipitate the organic
molecules by adding concentrated Hydrochloric acid. The phenol and Benzoic acid can be
seperated via their varying solubilities, (8.3g/100ml vs 0.34g/100ml. respectively) by heating the
mixture in water to dissolve the phenol, and then filtering of the (practically) insoluble benzoic
acid. The solution can then be acidified (with HCl) to return the phenol..,,,,,,,,,,,,, Now add a
solution of hydrochloric acid to the seperating funnel, which (as before) will react with the basic
anniline dossilving it into the water. Collect the aqueous layer and re-precipitate the anniline
with excess sodium hydroxide. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, finally boil off the remaining organic solvent to obtain
the napthalene, which was left untouched by all the acids and bases.,,,,,,,,, Flow chart : Mixture
+ xs HCl ----> anilinium(aq) Mixture - aniline + weak base (Na2CO3) ---> benzoate(aq)
Mixture - aniline - benzoic acid + base (NaOH) ---> p-bromophenoxide(aq) Mixture - aniline -
benzoic acid - p-bromophenol = naphthalene
Solution
steps are as follows : Dissolve the (pressumably solid) mixture in an organic
solven,,,,,,, Then, in a seperating funnel, add an (Aqueous) solution of sodium hydroxide. The
Phenol, and benzoic acid, as acids, will react with the base to form phenolate and benzenoate
ions, which will dissolve into the water layer. Collect this layer, and re-precipitate the organic
molecules by adding concentrated Hydrochloric acid. The phenol and Benzoic acid can be
seperated via their varying solubilities, (8.3g/100ml vs 0.34g/100ml. respectively) by heating the
mixture in water to dissolve the phenol, and then filtering of the (practically) insoluble benzoic
acid. The solution can then be acidified (with HCl) to return the phenol..,,,,,,,,,,,,, Now add a
solution of hydrochloric acid to the seperating funnel, which (as before) will react with the basic
anniline dossilving it into the water. Collect the aqueous layer and re-precipitate the anniline
with excess sodium hydroxide. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, finally boil off the remaining organic solvent to obtain
the napthalene, which was left untouched by all the acids and bases.,,,,,,,,, Flow chart : Mixture
+ xs HCl ----> anilinium(aq) Mixture - aniline + weak base (Na2CO3) ---> benzoate(aq)
Mixture - aniline - benzoic acid + base (NaOH) ---> p-bromophenoxide(aq) Mixture - aniline -
benzoic acid - p-bromophenol = naphthalene.
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiv.pdfLalkamal2
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiver to stay in sync with the
incoming data stream are the start bit and short frame connections . asynchronus connection are
asynchronus serial communications in which the communicating end points interfaces are not
continously synchronized by common clock signal and the data stream contains synchronization
in the form of start and stop signals before and after each unit of transmission .asynchronus start
and stop signals was widley used for dial up modem sources to time sharing computers and bbs
systems asynchronus start stop is the physical layer is used to connect computers to modems for
many dial up internet access applications using data link frame protocol such as ppp to create
packets made upto out of asynchronous serial characters .the examples that would benefit from
asynchronous connection are modems and usb that are connectedd to interfaces
Solution
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiver to stay in sync with the
incoming data stream are the start bit and short frame connections . asynchronus connection are
asynchronus serial communications in which the communicating end points interfaces are not
continously synchronized by common clock signal and the data stream contains synchronization
in the form of start and stop signals before and after each unit of transmission .asynchronus start
and stop signals was widley used for dial up modem sources to time sharing computers and bbs
systems asynchronus start stop is the physical layer is used to connect computers to modems for
many dial up internet access applications using data link frame protocol such as ppp to create
packets made upto out of asynchronous serial characters .the examples that would benefit from
asynchronous connection are modems and usb that are connectedd to interfaces.
More Related Content
Similar to Message types used by the DHCP boot sequenceop Message type.h.pdf
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network service that enables clients to obtain network settings (IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS Server, Hostname and Domain) automatically from a central server.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
provides a framework for passing configuration information
to hosts on a UDP network. Computers that are connected to
IP networks must be configured before they can communicate
with other hosts. The most essential information needed is
an IP address. DHCP eliminates the manual task by a network
administrator. DHCP is based on the Bootstrap Protocol
(BOOTP), adding the capability of automatic allocation of
reusable network addresses and additional configuration
options. DHCP captures the behavior of BOOTP relay agents,
and DHCP participants can interoperate with BOOTP
participants. Proposed system, i.e., Customized DHCP aims
to give the security for DHCP, which was not present in the
older one and it uses UDP instead of TCP thus reducing the
number of fields as compared to the old DHCP, in turn which
decreases the execution time and still providing the basic
functionality of the usual DHCP.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a standardized network protocol used on Internet
Protocol (IP) networks for dynamically distributing network configuration parameters, such as IP
addresses for interfaces and services. With DHCP, computers request IP addresses and networking
parameters automatically from a DHCP server, reducing the need for a network administrator or a user
to configure these settings manually.
This presentation Briefly Describe the DHCP Protocol operations in General . It Will Be more beneficial to Computer Science Engineering Students who Studies Advanced Computer Networks in their .DHCP is one of their topic in the prescribed Syllabus
Slides supporting the "Computer Networking: Principles, Protocols and Practice" ebook. The slides can be freely reused to teach an undergraduate computer networking class using the open-source ebook.
steps are as follows Dissolve the (pressumably.pdfLalkamal2
steps are as follows : Dissolve the (pressumably solid) mixture in an organic
solven,,,,,,, Then, in a seperating funnel, add an (Aqueous) solution of sodium hydroxide. The
Phenol, and benzoic acid, as acids, will react with the base to form phenolate and benzenoate
ions, which will dissolve into the water layer. Collect this layer, and re-precipitate the organic
molecules by adding concentrated Hydrochloric acid. The phenol and Benzoic acid can be
seperated via their varying solubilities, (8.3g/100ml vs 0.34g/100ml. respectively) by heating the
mixture in water to dissolve the phenol, and then filtering of the (practically) insoluble benzoic
acid. The solution can then be acidified (with HCl) to return the phenol..,,,,,,,,,,,,, Now add a
solution of hydrochloric acid to the seperating funnel, which (as before) will react with the basic
anniline dossilving it into the water. Collect the aqueous layer and re-precipitate the anniline
with excess sodium hydroxide. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, finally boil off the remaining organic solvent to obtain
the napthalene, which was left untouched by all the acids and bases.,,,,,,,,, Flow chart : Mixture
+ xs HCl ----> anilinium(aq) Mixture - aniline + weak base (Na2CO3) ---> benzoate(aq)
Mixture - aniline - benzoic acid + base (NaOH) ---> p-bromophenoxide(aq) Mixture - aniline -
benzoic acid - p-bromophenol = naphthalene
Solution
steps are as follows : Dissolve the (pressumably solid) mixture in an organic
solven,,,,,,, Then, in a seperating funnel, add an (Aqueous) solution of sodium hydroxide. The
Phenol, and benzoic acid, as acids, will react with the base to form phenolate and benzenoate
ions, which will dissolve into the water layer. Collect this layer, and re-precipitate the organic
molecules by adding concentrated Hydrochloric acid. The phenol and Benzoic acid can be
seperated via their varying solubilities, (8.3g/100ml vs 0.34g/100ml. respectively) by heating the
mixture in water to dissolve the phenol, and then filtering of the (practically) insoluble benzoic
acid. The solution can then be acidified (with HCl) to return the phenol..,,,,,,,,,,,,, Now add a
solution of hydrochloric acid to the seperating funnel, which (as before) will react with the basic
anniline dossilving it into the water. Collect the aqueous layer and re-precipitate the anniline
with excess sodium hydroxide. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, finally boil off the remaining organic solvent to obtain
the napthalene, which was left untouched by all the acids and bases.,,,,,,,,, Flow chart : Mixture
+ xs HCl ----> anilinium(aq) Mixture - aniline + weak base (Na2CO3) ---> benzoate(aq)
Mixture - aniline - benzoic acid + base (NaOH) ---> p-bromophenoxide(aq) Mixture - aniline -
benzoic acid - p-bromophenol = naphthalene.
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiv.pdfLalkamal2
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiver to stay in sync with the
incoming data stream are the start bit and short frame connections . asynchronus connection are
asynchronus serial communications in which the communicating end points interfaces are not
continously synchronized by common clock signal and the data stream contains synchronization
in the form of start and stop signals before and after each unit of transmission .asynchronus start
and stop signals was widley used for dial up modem sources to time sharing computers and bbs
systems asynchronus start stop is the physical layer is used to connect computers to modems for
many dial up internet access applications using data link frame protocol such as ppp to create
packets made upto out of asynchronous serial characters .the examples that would benefit from
asynchronous connection are modems and usb that are connectedd to interfaces
Solution
the two features of the asynchronus connection that allow the receiver to stay in sync with the
incoming data stream are the start bit and short frame connections . asynchronus connection are
asynchronus serial communications in which the communicating end points interfaces are not
continously synchronized by common clock signal and the data stream contains synchronization
in the form of start and stop signals before and after each unit of transmission .asynchronus start
and stop signals was widley used for dial up modem sources to time sharing computers and bbs
systems asynchronus start stop is the physical layer is used to connect computers to modems for
many dial up internet access applications using data link frame protocol such as ppp to create
packets made upto out of asynchronous serial characters .the examples that would benefit from
asynchronous connection are modems and usb that are connectedd to interfaces.
Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length o.pdfLalkamal2
Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of
guanine-rich repetitive sequences, (Zvereva, 2010). Thus Telomerase, is a Specialized
Polymerase That Carries Its Own RNA Template. Thus it accounts for a faithful replication of
chromosomal ends as theTelomerase contains an RNA molecule that acts as a template for
extending the leading strand.
Solution
Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of
guanine-rich repetitive sequences, (Zvereva, 2010). Thus Telomerase, is a Specialized
Polymerase That Carries Its Own RNA Template. Thus it accounts for a faithful replication of
chromosomal ends as theTelomerase contains an RNA molecule that acts as a template for
extending the leading strand..
Suppose Bob sends an encrypted document to Alice. To be verifiable, .pdfLalkamal2
Suppose Bob sends an encrypted document to Alice. To be verifiable, Alice must be able to
convince herself that Bob sent the encrypted document. To be non-forgeable, Alice must be able
to convince herself that only Bob could have sent the encrypted document Alice must be able to
convince someone else that only Bob could have sent the document. To illustrate the latter
distinction, suppose Bob and Alice share a secret key, and they are the only ones in the world
who know the key. If Alice receives a document that was encrypted with the key, and knows that
she did not encrypt the document herself, then the document is known to be verifiable and non-
forgeable (assuming a suitably strong encryption system was used). However, Alice can not
convince someone else that Bob must have sent the document, since in fact Alice knew the key
herself and could have encrypted/sent the document.
Solution
Suppose Bob sends an encrypted document to Alice. To be verifiable, Alice must be able to
convince herself that Bob sent the encrypted document. To be non-forgeable, Alice must be able
to convince herself that only Bob could have sent the encrypted document Alice must be able to
convince someone else that only Bob could have sent the document. To illustrate the latter
distinction, suppose Bob and Alice share a secret key, and they are the only ones in the world
who know the key. If Alice receives a document that was encrypted with the key, and knows that
she did not encrypt the document herself, then the document is known to be verifiable and non-
forgeable (assuming a suitably strong encryption system was used). However, Alice can not
convince someone else that Bob must have sent the document, since in fact Alice knew the key
herself and could have encrypted/sent the document..
Platinum complexes like Asplastin are powerful antitumor medications.pdfLalkamal2
Platinum complexes like Asplastin are powerful antitumor medications and they are having
ability to cross the cell membrane and then reaches the nucleus and will attach to DNA and stop
cell growth. The transfer of this Asplastin is facilitated by a copper transporter (Ctr1-membrane-
dwelling protein which main function is to bring copper into cells). The |Ctr1 structure has of
three helical segments which appears to sit in the membrane, and one end can be seen protruding
into the cell, while the other end will be seen on the outside and a channel like structure will be
formed when three such molecules assemble together.
When Asplastin is injected in the body of a cancer patient, the Asplastin which have a central
platinum ion and four ligands (which includes two neighboring chloride ions and two
neighboring amino groups). The Ctr1 will displaces these four ligands from Asplastin and will
bind to the platinum ion itself and it will transfer it through the channel and released in the
cytosol of the cell. In addition to this few amount of Asplastin molecules will interact with the
methionine-rich extracellular end of the copper transporter to form a trimeric channel structure to
get transported as a little interior bubble filled with the outer medium and will released into
various organelles including nucleus.
How it acts on cancer cells: The 4 steps how Asplastin will act is (i) Cellular uptake of drug, (ii)
aquation/activation of Asplastin, (iii) Drug binding to DNA and (iv) Lesions formed on DNA
will make the cell to opt for apoptosis.
N7 sites of deoxyguanosine residues on the DNA are the most nucleophilic positions and are
preferentially platinated. Asplastin will form a monofunctional adducts on DNA (You can see
only one covalent bond to the genomic polymer). Like in second reaction second guanine base
will get substituted by chloride ligand, thus forming a cross-link on the DNA (either on the same
strand or it may be on different strands). The most common lesion are formed from 1,2-d(GpG)
intrastrand cross-links and finally due to drug action we can see bending and unwinding of the
double helix and cells with damaged DNA will be arrested at the G2/M transition of the cell
cycle and undergoes apoptosis.
Solution
Platinum complexes like Asplastin are powerful antitumor medications and they are having
ability to cross the cell membrane and then reaches the nucleus and will attach to DNA and stop
cell growth. The transfer of this Asplastin is facilitated by a copper transporter (Ctr1-membrane-
dwelling protein which main function is to bring copper into cells). The |Ctr1 structure has of
three helical segments which appears to sit in the membrane, and one end can be seen protruding
into the cell, while the other end will be seen on the outside and a channel like structure will be
formed when three such molecules assemble together.
When Asplastin is injected in the body of a cancer patient, the Asplastin which have a central
platinum ion and f.
Part 1 1)#include stdio.hint testWhileLoop() ; int testFo.pdfLalkamal2
Part 1:
1)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int testForLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
printf(\"For loop test \ \");
testForLoop();
return 0;
}
Part 2:
1)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
}
}
2)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
3)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer between 5 and 20: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
while(n<5 || n>20)
{
printf(\"Error: You must enter a value between 5 and 20: please renter: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
}
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
Part 3:
#include
int testForLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"For loop test \ \");
testForLoop();
return 0;
}
int testForLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
for (count=0;count<10;count++)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
Solution
Part 1:
1)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int testForLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
printf(\"For loop test \ \");
testForLoop();
return 0;
}
Part 2:
1)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
}
}
2)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
3)
#include
int testWhileLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"While loop test \ \");
testWhileLoop();
return 0;
}
int testWhileLoop()
{
int count=0;
int n;
int sum=0;
while (count<10)
{
printf(\"Enter an integer between 5 and 20: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
while(n<5 || n>20)
{
printf(\"Error: You must enter a value between 5 and 20: please renter: \");
scanf(\"%d\",&n);
}
printf(\"You Entered: %d\ \",n);
count++;
sum=sum+n;
}
printf(\"Total sum of integers is: %d\ \",sum);
}
Part 3:
#include
int testForLoop() ;
int main()
{
printf(\"For loop test \ \");
testForLoop();
return 0;
}
int testForLoop()
{
int c.
Negative control plate with no DNA transforms competent cells withou.pdfLalkamal2
Negative control plate with no DNA transforms competent cells without any DNA on selection
media. , If more colonies are produced, shows the problem with antibiotic in the agar plate.
No ligase control plates provide information about digestion efficiency. it transform competent
cells withdigested plasmid or DNA. If several colonies are found, it shows that digestion did not
completed properly.
Solution
Negative control plate with no DNA transforms competent cells without any DNA on selection
media. , If more colonies are produced, shows the problem with antibiotic in the agar plate.
No ligase control plates provide information about digestion efficiency. it transform competent
cells withdigested plasmid or DNA. If several colonies are found, it shows that digestion did not
completed properly..
Modifications highlighted in bold lettersDropOutStack.javaim.pdfLalkamal2
//Modifications highlighted in bold letters
//DropOutStack.java
import java.util.Arrays;
public class DropOutStack {
/**
* Defines the interface to a stack collection.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public interface StackADT {
/**
* Adds the specified element to the top of this stack.
*
* @param element
* element to be pushed onto the stack
*/
public void push(T element);
/**
* Removes and returns the top element from this stack.
*
* @return the element removed from the stack
*/
public T pop();
/**
* Returns without removing the top element of this stack.
*
* @return the element on top of the stack
*/
public T peek();
/**
* Returns true if this stack contains no elements.
*
* @return true if the stack is empty
*/
public boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this stack.
*
* @return the number of elements in the stack
*/
public int size();
/**
* Returns a string representation of this stack.
*
* @return a string representation of the stack
*/
public String toString();
}
/**
* Represents the situation in which a collection is empty.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public static class EmptyCollectionException extends RuntimeException {
/**
* Sets up this exception with an appropriate message.
*
* @param collection
* the name of the collection
*/
public EmptyCollectionException(String collection) {
super(\"The \" + collection + \" is empty.\");
}
}
/**
* Program entry point for stack testing.
*
* @param args
* Argument list.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayDropOutStack stack = new ArrayDropOutStack(4);
System.out.println(\"DROP-OUT STACK TESTING\");
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(4);
System.out.println(\"Stack : \"+stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"pushing 5 element \");
stack.push(5);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"The size of the stack is: \" + stack.size());
if (!stack.isEmpty())
System.out.println(\"The stack contains:\ \" + stack.toString());
stack.pop();
System.out.println(\"poping element 5\"+stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"The size of the stack is: \" + stack.size());
System.out.println(\"pushing 7 element \");
stack.push(7);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"pushing 8 element \");
stack.push(8);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
if (!stack.isEmpty())
System.out.println(\"The stack contains:\ \" + stack.toString());
}
/**
* An array implementation of a stack in which the bottom of the stack is
* fixed at index 0.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public static class ArrayDropOutStack implements StackADT {
private final static int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 100;
private int top;
private T[] stack;
/**
* Creates an empty stack using the default capacity.
*/
public ArrayDropOutStack() {
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
}
/**
* Creates an empty stack using.
Law of conservation of matter(mass)In any closed system subjected .pdfLalkamal2
Law of conservation of matter(mass)
In any closed system subjected to no external forces,the mass is constant irrespective of its
changes in different form. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It only
changes from one form into another.
Solution
Law of conservation of matter(mass)
In any closed system subjected to no external forces,the mass is constant irrespective of its
changes in different form. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It only
changes from one form into another..
It is a unit of measurement for the amount of substance.The mole is .pdfLalkamal2
It is a unit of measurement for the amount of substance.The mole is defined as the amount of
substance that contains as many elementary entities (e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) as
there are atoms in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12. The experimentally determined value of a mole
as adopted 6.02 × 1023.
Solution
It is a unit of measurement for the amount of substance.The mole is defined as the amount of
substance that contains as many elementary entities (e.g., atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) as
there are atoms in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12. The experimentally determined value of a mole
as adopted 6.02 × 1023..
In insurance, the term risk pooling refers to the spreading of f.pdfLalkamal2
In insurance, the term \"risk pooling\" refers to the spreading of financial risks evenly among a
large number of contributors to the program. Insurance is the transference of risks from
individuals or corporations who cannot bear a possible unplanned financial catastrophe to the
capital markets, which can bear them easily -- at least in theory.
Pure risk is a category of risk in which loss is the only possible outcome, which is the opposite of
speculative risk. There are products that can be purchased to mitigate pure risk, such as home
insurance being used to protect homeowners against their homes being destroyed. Other
examples of pure risk events include premature death, identity theft and career-ending
disabilities.1) in cases of home insurance and health insurance risk pooling can be effectively
used as of all the individuals who invest in the insurance by the law of large number a miniscule
probability of the people actually suffer the real risk. 2) Risk pooling is an important concept in
supply chain management . It suggests that demand variability is reduced if one aggregates
demand across locations because, as demand is aggregated across different locations, it becomes
more likely that high demand from one customer will be offset by low demand from another.
However,consider the 1)\"high risk pools\", which simply means separating out the sickest, most
expensive people in the country and dumping them into a separate program.With the \"bad
apples\" (ie, human beings with terrible medical problems) safely tucked out of the way, the
average cost of treating everyone else supposedly suddenly becomes less pricey.This is the exact
opposite of the entire point of health insurance in the first place...spreading the risk and hence
risk pooling fails here.
2)Liability risk includes economic losses from being held responsible for harming others or their
property. This cannot be covered by risk pooling.
Solution
In insurance, the term \"risk pooling\" refers to the spreading of financial risks evenly among a
large number of contributors to the program. Insurance is the transference of risks from
individuals or corporations who cannot bear a possible unplanned financial catastrophe to the
capital markets, which can bear them easily -- at least in theory.
Pure risk is a category of risk in which loss is the only possible outcome, which is the opposite of
speculative risk. There are products that can be purchased to mitigate pure risk, such as home
insurance being used to protect homeowners against their homes being destroyed. Other
examples of pure risk events include premature death, identity theft and career-ending
disabilities.1) in cases of home insurance and health insurance risk pooling can be effectively
used as of all the individuals who invest in the insurance by the law of large number a miniscule
probability of the people actually suffer the real risk. 2) Risk pooling is an important concept in
supply chain management . It suggests that.
Some CO is Added The Pressure of CH4 and H2O will.pdfLalkamal2
Some CO is Added The Pressure of CH4 and H2O will Increase Equilibrium will
shift to the Left Some CH4 is Removed Pressure of H2O will Increase Pressure of CO will
Decrease Equilibrium will shift to the Left The Volume of Vessel is Reduced Pressure of CH4
will Increase Pressure of H2O will Increase Equilibrium will shift to the Left
Solution
Some CO is Added The Pressure of CH4 and H2O will Increase Equilibrium will
shift to the Left Some CH4 is Removed Pressure of H2O will Increase Pressure of CO will
Decrease Equilibrium will shift to the Left The Volume of Vessel is Reduced Pressure of CH4
will Increase Pressure of H2O will Increase Equilibrium will shift to the Left.
Comments Figures are not properly numbered. Further signal of figur.pdfLalkamal2
Comments: Figures are not properly numbered. Further signal of figure 1 is not shown and hence
the above figure (assumed to figure 2) can not be simulated.
Solution
Comments: Figures are not properly numbered. Further signal of figure 1 is not shown and hence
the above figure (assumed to figure 2) can not be simulated..
Change the value of jug1 and jug 2 accordingly. 1 File WaterJugBSF.j.pdfLalkamal2
Change the value of jug1 and jug 2 accordingly. 1 File WaterJugBSF.java
import java.util.*;
import java.util.LinkedList;
class Test {
HashSet uniqueStates;
void letsRoll() {
/*
* The capacity of jug1(jug1 capacity is greater than jug2 capacity)
*/
int jug1 = 3;
/*
* The capacity of jug two
*/
int jug2 = 2;
/*
* Final Amount needed in jug1
*/
int amtNeeded = 2;
State initialState = new State(0, 0);
State finalState = new State(amtNeeded, 0);
State finalPath = null;
uniqueStates = new HashSet();
/*
* Change queue to stack to convert to DFS
*/
LinkedList queue = new LinkedList();
queue.add(initialState);
while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
State currState = queue.poll();
if (currState.equals(finalState)) {
finalPath = currState;
break;
}
// if x is zero fill it
if (currState.x == 0) {
State nextState = new State(jug1, currState.y, currState);
//System.out.println(currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// if y is empty fill it
if (currState.y == 0) {
State nextState = new State(currState.x, jug2, currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// if x is not empty , empty it
if (currState.x > 0) {
State nextState = new State(0, currState.y, currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// if y is not empty, empty it
if (currState.y > 0) {
State nextState = new State(currState.x, 0, currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// transfer from x to y, when x non empty and y is not full
if (currState.x > 0 && currState.y < jug2) {
int amtToTransfer = Math.min(currState.x, jug2 - currState.y);
State nextState = new State(currState.x - amtToTransfer, currState.y
+ amtToTransfer,
currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
// transfer from y to x, when y is not empty and x is not full
if (currState.y > 0 && currState.x < jug1) {
int amtToTransfer = Math.min(currState.y, jug1 - currState.x);
State nextState = new State(currState.x + amtToTransfer, currState.y
- amtToTransfer,
currState);
checkUniqueStates(uniqueStates, nextState, queue);
}
}
if (finalPath != null) {
System.out.println(\"Final Result\");
System.out.println(\"J1 J2\");
System.out.println(finalPath);
}
else{
System.out.println(\"Not Possible\");
}
}
/*
* Checks whether State toCheck has been generated before, if not it is
* added to queue and uniqueStates Set
*/
void checkUniqueStates(HashSet uniqueStates, State toCheck,
LinkedList queue) {
if (!uniqueStates.contains(toCheck)) {
uniqueStates.add(toCheck);
queue.add(toCheck);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Test().letsRoll();
}
}
2 State.java
class State {
/*
* Amount in jug1 for current State
*/
int x;
/*
* Amount in jug2 for current State
*/
int y;
/*
* Parent of current State
*/
State pre;
public State(int x, int y) {
super();
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
public State(int x, int y, State pre) {
super();
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.pre = pre;
System.out.println(\"(\"+x+\",\"+y+\")\");
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int .
Balance sheetBalance sheet is the statement of financial position .pdfLalkamal2
Balance sheet
Balance sheet is the statement of financial position which reports all the assets, liabilities and
equity held by the company at a specific date. It helps in telling about the investments, resources,
claims and owner’s equity of the company. It revolves around the equation i.e. Assets =
Liabilities + equity.
What is shown in balance sheet:
The balance sheet has three major categories which includes Assets, liabilities and equity. All
these are calssified on the basis of their nature.
Assets can be said as the resources of the company and are classified as: Current assets, long
term investment, property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and other assets
Assets includes:
•Current assets – Cash, accounts receivables, prepaid expenses, inventories
•Long term investments – investment in stock
•Plant property and equipment – Land, building, equipment
•Intangible assets – Goodwill, patents, trademarks
Liabilities are the claims and can be classified as current liabilities, long term liabilities
Liabilities includes:
•Current liabilities: Accounts payable, income tax payable. Salaries payable, accrued expenses,
unearned revenue, current portion of long term debt due
•Long term liabilities- bonds payable, notes payable
Owner;s equity can be classified as the Capital stock which includes common stock and
preferred stock
It also includes Additional paid in capital, Retained earnings
Retained earnings are the accumulated earnings of the company. It is calculated as Beginning
balance, Add: Net income less: Dividends
Importance:
Balance sheet is important in every business. Considering the hospitality firm, it is important to
analyze different aspects of teh firm to know its financial postion. As the hospitality firm
emphasize on services, it is important to know the financial position of the company through its
financial statements. the hospitality firms like hotel needs to report their assets (building) held by
the company along with other assets, liabilities and equity.
Balance sheet is the statement which helps in analysing the financial position of the company, it
can also help in predicting the cash flows and the financial position of the company. With the
help of the balance sheet we can help in analysing the ability of the firm to pay off its short term
and long term debts.
Balance sheet reports its assets and liabilities on historical basis and uses different estimates to
analyse the amounts like uncollectibles
Solution
Balance sheet
Balance sheet is the statement of financial position which reports all the assets, liabilities and
equity held by the company at a specific date. It helps in telling about the investments, resources,
claims and owner’s equity of the company. It revolves around the equation i.e. Assets =
Liabilities + equity.
What is shown in balance sheet:
The balance sheet has three major categories which includes Assets, liabilities and equity. All
these are calssified on the basis of their nature.
Assets can be .
Answer BaSO4K+ is always soluble because it is an alkaline metal..pdfLalkamal2
Answer: BaSO4
K+ is always soluble because it is an alkaline metal. NO3- is also always soluble.
SO4 is usually soluble except when it is paired with Sr, Ba, Ca, or Pb.
Solution
Answer: BaSO4
K+ is always soluble because it is an alkaline metal. NO3- is also always soluble.
SO4 is usually soluble except when it is paired with Sr, Ba, Ca, or Pb..
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Message types used by the DHCP boot sequenceop Message type.h.pdf
1. Message types used by the DHCP boot sequence
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
hlen
: Hardware address length, in octets.
hops
: Value set to zero by DHCP clients. Optionally used to count the number of relay agents that
forwarded the message.
xid
: A random number used to associate messages and responses between a client and a server.
secs
: Seconds elapsed since client began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags
: Flags set by client. The Broadcast flag is set if the client cannot receive unicast IP datagrams
(for example, before it is configured with an IP address).
ciaddr
: Used if the client has an IP address and can respond to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
requests.
yiaddr
: Address given to the DHCP client by the DHCP server.
siaddr
: IP address of the server that is offering a lease.
giaddr
: DHCP relay agent IP address.
chaddr
: Client hardware address.
sname
: Optional server host name. Not used in Windows Server 2008.
file
: The name of the file containing the boot image for a BOOTP client.
options
: Optional parameters field. In the DHCP protocol packet, each option begins with a single octet
tag, which holds the option code, and a second octet, which describes the option data length, in
2. bytes. For a complete list of the DHCP options available by default on a DHCP server running
on Windows Server 2008, see DHCP Tools and Options.
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
hlen
: Hardware address length, in octets.
hops
: Value set to zero by DHCP clients. Optionally used to count the number of relay agents that
forwarded the message.
xid
: A random number used to associate messages and responses between a client and a server.
secs
: Seconds elapsed since client began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags
: Flags set by client. The Broadcast flag is set if the client cannot receive unicast IP datagrams
(for example, before it is configured with an IP address).
ciaddr
: Used if the client has an IP address and can respond to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
requests.
yiaddr
: Address given to the DHCP client by the DHCP server.
siaddr
: IP address of the server that is offering a lease.
giaddr
: DHCP relay agent IP address.
chaddr
: Client hardware address.
sname
: Optional server host name. Not used in Windows Server 2008.
file
: The name of the file containing the boot image for a BOOTP client.
options
: Optional parameters field. In the DHCP protocol packet, each option begins with a single octet
tag, which holds the option code, and a second octet, which describes the option data length, in
3. bytes. For a complete list of the DHCP options available by default on a DHCP server running
on Windows Server 2008, see DHCP Tools and Options.
Solution
Message types used by the DHCP boot sequence
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
hlen
: Hardware address length, in octets.
hops
: Value set to zero by DHCP clients. Optionally used to count the number of relay agents that
forwarded the message.
xid
: A random number used to associate messages and responses between a client and a server.
secs
: Seconds elapsed since client began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags
: Flags set by client. The Broadcast flag is set if the client cannot receive unicast IP datagrams
(for example, before it is configured with an IP address).
ciaddr
: Used if the client has an IP address and can respond to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
requests.
yiaddr
: Address given to the DHCP client by the DHCP server.
siaddr
: IP address of the server that is offering a lease.
giaddr
: DHCP relay agent IP address.
chaddr
: Client hardware address.
sname
: Optional server host name. Not used in Windows Server 2008.
file
4. : The name of the file containing the boot image for a BOOTP client.
options
: Optional parameters field. In the DHCP protocol packet, each option begins with a single octet
tag, which holds the option code, and a second octet, which describes the option data length, in
bytes. For a complete list of the DHCP options available by default on a DHCP server running
on Windows Server 2008, see DHCP Tools and Options.
op
: Message type.
htype
: Hardware address type defined at Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
hlen
: Hardware address length, in octets.
hops
: Value set to zero by DHCP clients. Optionally used to count the number of relay agents that
forwarded the message.
xid
: A random number used to associate messages and responses between a client and a server.
secs
: Seconds elapsed since client began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags
: Flags set by client. The Broadcast flag is set if the client cannot receive unicast IP datagrams
(for example, before it is configured with an IP address).
ciaddr
: Used if the client has an IP address and can respond to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
requests.
yiaddr
: Address given to the DHCP client by the DHCP server.
siaddr
: IP address of the server that is offering a lease.
giaddr
: DHCP relay agent IP address.
chaddr
: Client hardware address.
sname
: Optional server host name. Not used in Windows Server 2008.
file
5. : The name of the file containing the boot image for a BOOTP client.
options
: Optional parameters field. In the DHCP protocol packet, each option begins with a single octet
tag, which holds the option code, and a second octet, which describes the option data length, in
bytes. For a complete list of the DHCP options available by default on a DHCP server running
on Windows Server 2008, see DHCP Tools and Options.
