The Volga River

The Volga River
The Volga River is a riverine located in Europe, Russia in a federal subject of Russia, Astrakhan
Oblast. Its direct location is Longitude: 45°50′30″N Latitude: 47°58′17″E. Volgograd and Nizhny
Novgorod are important cities on the bank of the Volga. The Volga River is the largest river in
Europe in terms of length of length, discharge, and watershed. It starts in the Valdai Hills of north–
western Russia and flows approximately 3,685 km before creating this delta and pouring into the
Caspian Sea. The Volga River also contains a wide variety of flora and fauna. The river is split into
4 different sections: upper, middle, lower and the delta. The Volga basin is divided into four major
sections, including the Upper Volga, Middle Volga, Lower Volga, and delta. The delta is within the
Volga Delta–Northern Caspian Drainages ecoregion and had a length of about 160 km.
The Volga River is under investigation because dams upstream have altered the natural flow regime
of the river. Another reason is the mass amount of fishing and lastly the river is under investigation
because of the poor water quality.
The Volga River had its beginnings in the glacial Valdai Hills (225 meters above sea level), which is
located near Moscow in the northwest. During the 13th century, the southern part of the Volga River,
below Nizhny Novgorod, saw the invasion of Mongols, whose influence is evident in cities like
Astrakhan and Kazan. Along with the establishment of cities, dams and reservoirs, the
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Tall Grass Research Paper
The location of tall grass prairies is between the Mississippi River and Nebraska.the climate change
of tall grasses is 10 inches in the west and 30 inches in the east of rain per year. Which means it
helps the plants and wildflowers to grow and it provides for the food chain because it helps rivers
and lakes get more water. Growing season late spring to early fall 50 degree F° to 70 degree on
average. Dormant season which is late fall to early spring, – 40 degree F to 50 degree F, tall trees are
not able to grow there because there is not enough precipitation. The soil is dark brown or black in
color, also soil have formed under grassland vegetation, heavily influenced by the closely matted
roots in the dense sod of the thick growing grasses. Roots eventually decay underground putting
nutrients back into the soil, making it richer. Plants and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Big bluestem grass (Turkey food) adapted to growing into growing in dense stands allows for less
competition of sunlight generally, the key to survival are thick deep roots. Anchor into the soil to
prevent being blown away in the wind. Animals in short grasses. The prairie dogs essentially are the
squirrel of the prairies normally, squirrels inhabit trees, but in the prairies there aren't any trees.
Therefore they burrow underground. Adapted to creating guard systems some stay outside the
burrow to watch for predators while others mate and connect burrows . Adapted to semi–arid, windy
environment with few trees or shrubs. Many Of the animals are thankful for the rodent populations
and steal their burrows to survive the freezing to the sweltering hot temperatures. They can also
withstand a great range in temperature from well below freezing in the winter to sweltering heat in
the

Sid Traits Essay
Traits:
Height at shoulder:– 10 to 16" average
Length:– roughly 2' 0"
Weight:– roughly 50lbs
Found:– North America and Europe
Curved spine with long limbs relative to body indicating good for running.
Front legs had five toes, of which four were equipped with small proto–hooves (neither nails nor
hooves but a cross); the large fifth toe was off the ground.
Rear legs had small hooves on three of the five toes and the first and fifth toes did not touch the
ground.
Each toe padded similar to a dogs paw except hooves instead of claws..
Short head and springy neck.
Short space between front and cheek teeth.
Archeological evidence points to the jaws having 44 low crowned teeth with characteristic horse
like ridges on molars
Teeth arrangement of an omnivorous (Eats both vegetation and meat) browsing mammal: three
molars, four premolars, one canine and three incisors on each ... Show more content on
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Eohippus evolved into Orohippus through a gradual series of changes.
Spine less curvy than that of Hyracotherium / Eohippus.
Slimmer than the Eohippus. Slimmer fore limbs and longer hind limbs making it more suitable for
jumping.
4 padded toes on front legs and 3 padded toes on rear legs. Each toe padded similar to a dogs paw.
Short face but longer skull which had centralized eyes.
The most dramatic change between Eohippus and Orohippus was in the teeth: the first premolar
teeth were dwarfed. The ridges became more noticeable on the teeth.
Both of these factors gave the Orohippus greater grinding ability, suggesting it consumed tougher
plant material and not grass.
45 – 37 million years BC – Epihippus (Upon Horse)
(http://rockingltaz.com/uploads/3/6/0/9/3609746/3786750.jpg)
Traits:

Height at shoulder:– 14 to 22" average
Found:– North

Pine Rocklands
Pine Rocklands grow on the coastal Miami Rock Ridge, a limestone rock outcropping that extends
south and west from North Miami Beach to Long Pine Key in Everglades National Park. Over 225
types of native plants occur here and more than 20% of the plant species are found here and
nowhere else in the world. Five of these plant species are federally listed as threatened or
endangered ( http://www.miamidade.gov/environment/pine–rocklands.asp). Florida's Pine
Rocklands are characterized by outcroppings with a low understory of tropical and temperate
shrubs, palms, vines, grasses and herbaceous wildflowers – as well as a single species of over story
tree, the slash pine. With very little soil substrate and a dependence on fire, these ecosystems are ...
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Due to only 2% of the south Florida pine Rocklands remaining, making it one of the most
endangered of ecoregions (Noss and Peters 1995). Besides Long Pine Key in Everglades National
Park, conversion of pine Rocklands communities on the Miami Rock Ridge has left perhaps
2percent intact within the other major block of this ecoregion. Hardwood hammocks are under much
greater threat of development in the Keys, where they are mostly privately owned. Other reasons for
habitat loss include conversion to agriculture through the use of rock plows to break up the
limestone for planting, fire suppression, and introduction of exotic species such as Brazilian pepper
(Schinus). The increase in water table from agricultural irrigation, beetle epizootics, and the effects
of Hurricane Andrew damaged part of the remaining stands (A. Mack, pers. comm.) According to
www.tropicalaudubon.org/conservation/pine–rocklands) In 2014, major parcels in the Richmond
Pine Rockland, the largest privately owned tract in Florida, were slated to become the site of a new
Walmart shopping center and 408 apartments ("Coral Reef Commons"), as well as a new theme park
(Miami Wilds). The proposed projects for the parcels surrounding Zoo Miami galvanized TAS and
its conservation partners to form

Chaparral Biome In Southern California
A chaparral biome is a plant community shaped by a specific climate characterized by hot, dry
summers, and rainy winters. This climate is known as the Mediterranean climate and it occurs in
regions located within the Mediterranean Basin. Although Mediterranean climate is common within
the Mediterranean Basin, it is not exclusive to this area. It can also be experienced in many other
areas throughout the world including Cape Town located in South Africa, the western coast of South
America, and the western coast of the United States of America. These area's specific climate are
what allows them to be categorized them as chaparral biomes. This essay will focus on the latter of
these aforementioned chaparral biomes, specifically the chaparral biome found in Southern
California. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A biome can be best described as a group of flora and fauna in a specified habitat that live together
and occur naturally. Meanwhile, a chaparral, which roots from the Spanish word chaparro (meaning
scrub oak), is a community of plants that mainly consist of dense trees and shrubs that have adapted
to the Mediterranean climate. This climate is an essential characteristic of this biome. Another
essential characteristic of this biome is its susceptibility to droughts and wildfires. This is caused by
the lack of rainfall it receives per year. For comparison's sake, the average yearly amount of rainfall
the contiguous United States receives is 30.21 inches (or 767 millimeters) while chaparral biomes
receive a mere 10 to 15 inches of rainfall a year. Wildfires are a major aspect to the chaparral cycle
because they clear the land of dead vegetation in order to make room for new

Environmental Constraints In The Food Security Of Ethiopia
Food Security of Ethiopia
Ethiopia is a country located in east central Africa. Its area is approximately 1.1 million square
kilometres, with a population of around 102 million (2016). Ethiopia's capitol, Addis Baba is located
at 8.9806° N, 38.7578° E. Addis Baba is situated in central Ethiopia, it is approximately 2464
kilometres south south East of Cairo the capitol of Egypt. The country is bordered by 6 other
countries;
– Sudan
– South Sudan
– Eritrea
– Djibouti
– Kenya
– Somalia
Ethiopia does not have a coast line it is a land locked country.
Agriculture is a major industry in Ethiopia's economy. It accounts for 80% of employment, 50% of
gross domestic product and 84% of Ethiopia's Exports. The main agricultural products that get ...
Ethiopia is plagued by constant drought, robbing canals communities and most importantly crops of
their water. Thus, making water very valuable and precious to remote farming communities. Second
to drought is soil degradation and erosion. This is caused through the overgrazing of livestock,
deforestation, lack of rest and poor farming practices. Soil lacking nutrients make plants hard to
grow and are essential to maintaining a healthy crop. In addition, the loss of wild biodiversity, the
loss of food crop genetic diversity and climate change are all factors in contributing to
environmental constraints in the food security of Ethiopia. The lack of water in canals and rivers due
to drought causes strife all through out Ethiopia as water is vital to grow crops. Farmers further up
the canal or rivers over use the water leaving next to no water for farmes further down the canal/
river. Contamination of soil and already rare water makes things even worse, increasing crop failure.
The emergence of new pests and diseases among crops is not an uncommon thing throughout
Ethiopia. However, the pesticides used to protect crops are having side on affects with the natural
wildlife of Ethipoia. Many authentic species are dying through the use of pesticides.
There are numerous constraints that affect the development of crops grown in Ethiopia that are not
environmental. Many of which come down to the farmers and their poor farming practises. Conflict
arises between

Reflection On Service Learning Activities
Introduction For my service learning project I completed hours at Holiday Brook Farm. Within this
paper I will relate my internship to my bioregion. An overview of the business itself is included
along with why it is important to my bioregion. An inquiry of what was done at the farm for my
project. This includes my expectations, if those expectations were met, how it's related to class, etc.
An abbreviated review of literature that includes background information, history, etc. related to my
project. A log of hours along with field notes and Kate's signature is included. A section of my
possible resume is included describing tasks that I was responsible for throughout the service
learning. Finally, a wrap up of the project, if it was beneficial, what I enjoyed or did not enjoy, and
how it's related to my bioregion to conclude.
Bioregion Paper
Introduction to My Bioregion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bioregionalism gives the large–scale geographical boundaries to determine an area, such as the
peaks of a mountain. Bioregionalism is, "the idea that societies should be organized on the basis of
local communities, which attempt to provide for their basic needs on the basis of resources available
at the local level" (Evanoff, R., & O'Neil, E.). Evanoff and O'Neil prove societies strive more when
they are divided by their natural barriers. Determining the bioregion of an area allows us to know
our watersheds, soil type(s), and mountain ranges. Bioregions are important because it allows us to
know the features of our area. Knowing our soil type allows farmers to know where their crops will
strive or not. Knowing the watersheds allows us to learn how to preserve our water resource and
know where it's coming from. The history of the area, or native culture helps us see how the region
has evolved throughout other human cultures in the

Crossing The Western Desert Of Iraq
crossing the western desert of Iraq to the Euphrates. The stony desert carries only a sparse herb
growth, and only in the valley where there are temporary pools and springs is there more abundant
vegetation. The Expressway No. 1 passes 2 km to the North of the ecologically important site
boundary within the Mesopotamian Shrub Desert Ecoregion of the Habbaniyah Lake. Sand dunes
are very common which cause many accidents; there should be special equipment at Al Rutbah
Centre to avoid these accidents. [38] [39] 4.7 Economic Vision The benefits and impacts transport
corridors bring to a national economy are greater than those of mere transport infrastructure.
Transport infrastructure deals with basic connections among regions or cities and achieves the start
of trade and the development of such other social side effects as an increase in employment, access
to education, healthcare, etc. transport corridors go one step further: They refine the transport and
logistics services and make trading far more competitive as it is by definition aims to link provinces
countries and regions main strategies and mechanisms that are being implemented in transport
corridors and their effects and impacts on trade. They are also important for security and territorial
integrity of countries and regions, and for tourism or movement of people in general. In addition, if
not properly managed, transport corridors development can involve negative externalities such as
the spread of diseases and

Coral Ocean Trade
Summary:
The international trade in corals today mainly focuses on live corals for the marine reef aquarium
trade. The purpose of this study is to understand the overall trends over time (in this instance, 21
years between 1990–2010) as coral species enter the trade and become more commercially popular.
Another reason was to assess the impact that increased aquaculture production of corals has on the
trade, and predict how changes in the trade of live corals may impact coral reef ecosystems. Trade
increased over 8% per year between 1990 to mid–2000s, and then decreased by 9% each year. The
aquarium and trade for corals is associated with positive and negative impacts to ecosystems and
societies. The timing of the peak and decline varies among

Hispaniolan Solenodon Essay
The Hispaniolan Solenodon The hispaniolan solenodon is a shrew like mammal with bad eyesight
and toxic saliva. It lives underground and deep in the island of Hispaniola. Humans have caused its
near–extinction. Listed below are its habitat, food, amount of reproduction. Also listed are the
conservative activities, its physical description, man's impact, and how many are left and other
unique facts. The hispaniolan solenodon is located on the island of Hispaniola. It is most commonly
found in Northern Hispaniola. Being nocturnal, during the day, it hides in tunnels and sleeps. It may
also hide in hollow logs, trees, and cracks in rocks, and caves. The female constructs a nest to live in
before mating. Found in brush country, wooded area, and culturally developed land, such as
plantations and farms. The hispaniolan solenodon consumes mostly ... Show more content on
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It is related to the mole and shrew, more closely resembling an overgrown shrew. It has small eyes
and terrible vision. It has a long, mobile snout, with specialized teeth for poisoning prey. Though it
does not possess many anti–predator defenses, all of its limbs have claws and its forelimbs are
considerably more developed than its hind legs. The male's' sex organ is normally hidden, residing
in the abdominal cavity. Though normally .31m long, they can be anywhere from .28–.33m long.
Newborn hispaniolan solenodons can weigh from 40–55g, are 15.2–16.3cm in length and are born
with little hair and closed eyes. The hispaniolan solenodon is hunted by mongoose, domestic cats,
and domestic dogs, but to this day it lacks any natural predators. It barely contributes to the
ecosystem, due to small numbers. It used to destroy crops, by tunneling. It was not classified as
endangered in 1960. It is going extinct due to forest decline, increased human activity in their
habitat, and the introduction of new

Essay On Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone is the worlds first national park. It was origanally home to Native Americans who lived
in the Yellowstone area for at least 11,000 years.The U.S. Army was first commissioned to oversee
the park just after its establishment in late 1960. In 1917, administration of the park was transferred
to the National Park Service. Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles
(8,983 km2), mostly comprising lakes, rivers canyons and mountain ranges. The national park is
located primarily in the state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. It was
established by the U.S. Congressand signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1,
1872. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Located in the southwest corner of Yellowstone park lays the Old Faithful Geyser. A cone shaped
geyser that erupts "faithfully" every 35 to 120 minutes. "Eruptions can shoot 3,700 to 8,400 US
gallons (14,000 to 32,000 L) of boiling water to a height of 106 to 185 feet (32 to 56 m) lasting from
1.5 to 5 minutes. The average height of an eruption is 145." There is evidence of many other geysers
on thw floorof Yellowstone lake, and have been doing so approximately 1300 years ago. The
Yellowstone volcano is very active volcanic system which requires much observation. The geysers,
mudd pots, hotsprings and steam vents are all examples of the heat from molten rock of a volcano.
For many years the Yellowstone volcano could not be located. There is not obvious signs of a
volcano, but scientists looked for other clues. Rhyolite is present in a location that has pinetress and
many mosquitoes can be found due to the lakes that have formed. Rhyolite is a very violent
eruption, due to the high silica content, it flows slowly, like honey, and tends to pile up and form
lava

Smooth Bromus Inerme Research Paper
Effects of different mowing treatment on bud banks of invasive Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis
Leyss.) in northern Great Plains
Abstract:
Smooth brome is an introduced cool–season rhizomatous perennial grass known to invade
throughout northern Great Plains. During the spring of 2013, we implemented an experimental study
at the smooth brome invaded mixed grass prairie site of eastern South Dakota to evaluate mowing as
an effective management tool for controlling smooth brome. Unlike earlier studies, our research
focused on exploring the response of smooth brome below ground bud bank size, composition, and
tiller establishment under different mowing frequency. Experiments were conducted using four
specific types of treatment– Control (no mowing), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It comprised of 231 hectares of mixed woodlands, tall–and mixed–grass prairie, and developed land
bordering Oak Lake in Brookings County, South Dakota (Bedford, Burkard, Crider, Barnett, &
Troelstrup Jr, 2013). Sited in the Prairie Pothole region at an elevation of 556m, Oak Lake Field
Station experiences a mid–continental climate with a mean annual precipitation of 583 mm and a
mean annual temperature of 5.9 ◦C. The Oak Lake field composed of approximately 66% rangeland
and pasture, 12% cropland, 13% forest, 8% wetlands, and 1% roads and developed areas. In order to
maintain historically natural landscape, the field station uses prescribed burning to maintain
vegetation and promote native plant diversity. Grassland within the Field Station have been burned
17 times between 1995 and 2011. The main soil types are mollisols (Westin, 1959). Sites of this
study consist of the areas of native tallgrass and mixed prairie never been plowed and but infested
and dominated by smooth brome or Kentucky

Desert Tortoise Research Paper
Desert tortoises are one of the most iconic animals when it comes to associating it with the Mojave
Desert. Unfortunately, these animals are on the threatened species list, as they face everyday threats
that humans pose towards them. For example, One of the biggest issues the tortoise's face is the
destruction of their natural lands. One of the main reasons why the tortoises are under threat of
losing their habitats is due to the "urbanization and suburbanization from Los Angeles and Las
Vegas", resulting in "the increasing demand for landfill space" ("Mojave Desert"). Loss of habitat
has an enormous impact on the species, as it can lead to fragmentation in the species, meaning the
population would be broken up ("Threats To Desert Tortoises"). ... Show more content on
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When vehicles roam where they are not supposed to, they are potentially destroying the delicate
habitat of the desert tortoise. This loss of habitat leads to a decline in species numbers. For example,
"the number of desert tortoises has decreased by 90% due primarily to human activity" in select
areas of the Mojave Desert ("Threats to Mojave"). While a loss and decline of one species in the
desert may seem insignificant, the potential loss of the desert tortoise would be devastating to the
ecosystem. All organisms in an ecosystem play a specific role, and when an organism is removed,
that act alters the entire ecosystem.
Finally, the desert tortoises face threats through camping, shooting, and other human activities. With
these activities comes the "threats associated with increased human presence" ("Threats To Desert
Tortoises"). These threats include loss of habitat due to the development of recreational facilities,
mishandling and disturbing tortoises, killing of tortoises on roads, and the destruction and
degradation of vegetation. All of these threats lead to a decline in the tortoise population, which does
not bode well for the Mojave

Rainforests of the Atsinanana, Madagascar Essay
Rainforests of the Atsinanana, Madagascar
Christy Haakenson
SCI230
Introduction to Life Science
Paula Roberts
March 27, 2011
The Rainforests of the Atsinanana is a place like no other. The continent of Madagascar can be
found 200 miles off the east coast of Africa and completed full separation from all other land masses
more than 60 million years ago (Staff W., 2001). The island of Madagascar has lived in isolation and
with isolation gives the Rainforests of Atsinanana an abundance of plants and animals found
nowhere else in the world. This unique place is made up of six national parks and was approved by
UNESCO committee in New Zealand (WWF, n.d.). The Rainforests of Atsinanana is currently on
the list of world heritage sites in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One type of lemur is nocturnal and is only active in the night and the other type is diurnal and
spends the days eating, mating, and playing (2005). Some are large in size like the indri, and others
such as the Berthe's mouse lemur is the smallest in the world (2005). Although these creatures are
different in characteristics, they have one similarity and that is there home in Madagascar. Aside
from many types of lemurs, there are many other unique creatures found in the Rainforests of the
Atsinanana in Madagascar. Other species include the Flying fox bats, Fossa, Fanaloka, Tenrece,
spear–nosed snake, and more than 3,000 endemic butterflies (Ward M, 2008). The isolation of this
island and history has made primate extinction real. At this time there are at least 15 species of
lemur that have gone extinct (2005). The main cause of these primates going extinct is because of
the habitat loss from deforestation only leaving 8.5% of the original forests. The Rainforests of the
Atsinanana Madagascar is not only unique for many types of species it is home to, but also for the
unique plant life. Atsinanana has more than 12,000 plant species known in Madagascar, which are
also endemic. Six of eight baobab trees that are endemic to Madagascar. Baobabs are bottle–shaped
trees with large bases and branches that make a flat appearance to the top. The different types of
baobab trees include

Various References of the Congo Essay
"The Congo" refers to several different areas of Africa, all in the same general area but in different
settings. Congo can refer to the political regions of The Democratic Republic of Congo or the
Republic of Congo, it's also possible to refer to the Congo as a geographical location varying as a
general location, a rainforest, a river, or a river basin. The Congo River is also known as the Zaire
river and the world's deepest river and due to its depth, it gives the wildlife plenty of places to live
but the main use for the Congo River was for hydro power.
The Congo river, also known as the Zaire river, originates from an ancient society dubbed,
"Kingdom of Kongo" where the river receives its name. The reasoning behind it's second name ...
Originally the French Congo and the Belgian Congo, the left bank houses the Democratic Republic
of Congo and on the opposite, right bank, is where the Republic of Congo is located.
With all of the space provided, the Congo river is home to a vast majority of African wildlife that
include a very high variety of different species including around 700 species of fish, various types of
reptiles with the majority of the such Crocodiles, around 265 species of birds, and rarely but still
occur, water mammals. The Congo River is actually the site of many concentrated endemics, or
species that are exclusive to the region. But the Congo is still a vast river, so large that ecosystems
are split into different sections of the river instead of prioritizing it into one single ecoregion. The
problem with this is that scientists have not studied large portions of the Congo, leaving many other
inhabitants of the river undiscovered. Wherever humans occur near the water, fishing will also
occur. Fishings occurrence is generally for two reasons: Either as a food source, or a source of
payment. Although methods may be questionable, different techniques are implemented in different
areas. Downstream of the Malebo pool, traps are put to use by attaching them to stakes or dams in
the middle of rapids. In marshy areas, fishermen utilize poisons, which is questionable as if

Research Paper On Hispaniola
The total amount of islands, including islets, coral reefs and cays is about seven thousand, including
a majority of the area known as The Antilles. Of those islands, the four largest among them include
the island nations of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (composed of the countries Haiti and the Dominican
Republic) and Puerto Rico. Cuba is the 16th largest island by land area and is the largest island of
the Caribbean. Its coastline is about 3,735 km (1.86 miles) and a total of 110,860 km (42, 803 square
miles) of land and sea. Its horizontal width is 1202 km (747 miles) and its vertical length is 80 km
(50 miles). Cuba's land is flat, flowing gradually into hills and its coastlines are mostly
mountainous. The country has about 200 small rivers as well as narrow streams that run dry during
the summer. As for vegetation, Cuba's forests only cover about ten percent of the island and most of
its ecoregion has been converted into a savannah. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The former occupies one–third of the island while the latter controls the balance of land. According
to Christopher Columbus, he declared Hispaniola as "the most beautiful island in the world." As a
whole, Hispaniola consists primarily of pine trees. The Dominican Republic has four significant
mountain ranges, including the Pico Duarte the country's highest point and the highest of the
Caribbean. The lowlands of the Dominican Republic are exceptionally dry with very little plant
growth. Coincidentally, Haiti is a mountainous land dominated by three mountain ranges and is
dependent on its agricultural farms. However due to natural disasters such as the 2010 earthquake
and 2008 hurricanes, Haiti faces multiple environmental concerns. These environmental include
deforestation for agriculture, soil erosion and scarce supplies of

California Coast Case Study
AUDIENCE Problem? Solution? So What? Audience 1: Scientists / Environmental Professionals
Land–use change will likely pose a greater threat to biodiversity than climate change in this century.
For the California Coastline, poorly planned extensive development will likely result in land use
changes that will further fragment the coastline, posing a direct threat to continued conservation. In
a recent spatial analysis, the California coast ecoregions had the lowest percentage of formally
protected land and ranked highest in the conversion threat index (CTI). Continued conservation of
the California Coast, involves preservation of areas that are not currently developed. The California
Coastal Commission (CCC) currently has jurisdiction over the ... Show more content on
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You're tucking your hood into your wetsuit, and a security officer tells you can no longer enter the
water at this point, because it is a private beach. Is this a forthcoming reality? Unfortunately, it may
become a reality if the California Coastal Commission (CCC) fails to fight development the way it
has in the past. Recently, Charles Lester, a longtime advocate against development and historic
guardian of the California coastline was fired from his position as the Executive Director at the
CCC, on grounds that he was not doing a good job of balancing development needs with coastal
preservation. Prior to his dismissal, the social media newsfeeds of surfers and ocean lovers alike was
inundated with the news. Thousands made the pilgrimage to Morro Bay, to support Lester. Despite
efforts, Lester was fired and the news faded–the coast could now become developed in areas where
it never was before. While the firing of Charles Lester is over, ocean–lovers, surfers, and beach
lovers alike cannot just let the new CCC have its way. We cannot let the bottomless pockets of
developers speak too loudly to CCC members. We have to speak just as loudly, and remain aware of
the actions taking place in our local areas. Write to your representatives; join action organizations
such as Surfrider, if you have not already. Be aware of the events

Research Paper: How Mining Is Ruining Our Lakes
How Mining is Ruining Our Lakes and Rivers For numerous years, mining has been a great source
of income both inside and outside the continental United States. Nevertheless, the effects of this
profitable process have been slowly destroying America's lakes and streams. While few have already
researched this topic, most overlook it and do not spend much time considering the negative effects
that it has on our natural resources. If examined closely, one would notice the importance of mining
regulations both to mitigate the damage done to the aquatic life residing in streams, as well as
prevent pollution which could cause the water to be undrinkable. Mining should be stopped near
America's lakes and streams because it has been scientifically proven ... Show more content on
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This is a great question that is easily answered. Many economist have been prone to saying that
mining, whether near lakes and rivers or not, is the single greatest industry for the economy and
should not be stopped for any reason whatsoever (International Council of Mining and Metals).
While this statement is true in the fact that the economy revolves around mining, or at least the
result of mining, it is false that mining should take precedence over natural resources. Statistically
speaking, is was found that the mining industry, both directly and indirectly, employed 1,903,440
people in 2012 (National Mining Association). That same study found that mining industry paid
around $45.8 billion in taxes that same year. These facts alone are what the opposition presents as
the reason mining should not be regulated, and definitely not stopped all together in a particular
region. While the economic positives that mining bring to the table are undeniable, what it comes
down to is protecting that land we take from. Scientists have been saying for centuries that we will
eventually ruin our natural resources to the extent of no return, and we are definitely not protecting
our natural resources. While mining does stimulate and support the United States economy, if we do
not protect our natural resources, we will not longer have the means to survive as a

A Feedback Loop Is A Section Of A Control System Inside An...
A feedback loop is a section of a control system inside an organisms body, that can self–correct to
then change a section of the control system according to difference between the actual/desired set
point. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/feedback+loop There are two types of feedback loops
negative and positive, .They are both occur due to the Stimuli. However negative feedback loops
operate differently then they do in a positive feedback loop. A negative feedback loop is used to
suppress or discontinue the effect of a stimuli. A negative feedback loop occurs when the stimuli
(change in the environment) is detected and a response occurs, to discontinue the Stimuli. For
example the temperature of the human body increases above it's set ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Biology book, class notes.
Progesterone is a steroid hormone most commonly found in the female reproductive cycle. The
following diagram represents three feedback loops for the menstrual cycle. The blue feedback loop
shows two hormones, FSH and LH, secretion as to begin the growth of the follicle then the
hormones work together to start the estrogen secretion the estrogen then has a negative feedback
from FSH causing it to stop been desecrate. The red feedback loop shows, increased levels of
estrogen occur midpoint in the cycle causing positive feedback to respond on the LH cells in the
pituitary. As LH levels rise ovulation will occur. The purple feedback loop concludes after ovulation
and shows the follicle cells transform into corpus luteum which secrets then builds up progesterone
and estrogen levels forming the endometrial lining the hormones work together and a second
negative feedback signal is sent to allow the release of FSH and LH. The corpus luteum then
deteriorates dropping the production of estrogen and progesterone allowing menstruation to occur.
https://sbi4u2013.wordpress.com/2013/03/03/the–menstrual–cycle–feedback–loop/
The mammal that is equipped to live in dry water conditions (e.g. desert) is mammal 1. Mammal 1
shows the lowest excreation of water through evaporation, urine and faeces. It is

Human Impacts Toward Soil Biodiversity
METHODS
Data Collation
Data was collected from published studies or in–press studies that focused on human impacts toward
soil biodiversity. Potential relevant studies must compare multiple sites which having different land
use type and/or intensity. In addition, species abundance, richness, occurrence, or other diversity
metrics must be present in the study, so that diversity can be estimated. Furthermore, the information
of the sites location is also very important, studies which have the sites coordinates are more
preferable. The coordinates are very useful not just to pinpoint the exact location on the map, but
also to help us acquire other information, e.g. climate, biome, and ecoregion (all paper criteria
similar to Newbold et al. 2015). To find these potential relevant studies, I used Web of Science
(http://webofknowledge.com/) and Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.co.uk) as the search engine
with "soil invertebrate", "land–use", "pitfall trap", and "ground invertebrate" as my search term.
The corresponding authors of the suitable studies were contacted, asking whether they are willing to
share their raw data (which were not usually made fully available in the paper or supplementary
files). From the total of 24 authors contacted, five of them agreed to give me the raw data. After
receiving the data, they were coded into a structured pdf form and excel spreadsheet. The pdf form
captured the site– and species–specific information provided by the papers or

North America Vs South America
Did you know that there are two Americas? North America and South America are two of the seven
continents on Earth. We live in North America, while a Brazilian is from South America. These two
continents have more things in common than their names, yet they are two vastly different
continents. North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly
within the Western Hemisphere.South America is a continent located in the Western Hemisphere,
mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
North America is 9.54 million square miles in area while South America is just 6.88 million square
miles in area. The physical geography of North America is diverse and can be divided

Conservation Ethic Research Paper
Conservation Ethics Conservation is a key component in the preservation of Earth's wildlife,
resources and overall sustainability. Our ethics and respect for the environment make an everlasting
impact on not just our lives but the many other organisms that inhabit this planet with us. Well, what
are conservation ethics exactly? "The conservation ethic is an ethic of resource use, allocation,
exploitation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural world:
its forests, fisheries, habitats, and biological diversity" (Conservation Ethic). Actions as small as
picking up garbage strewn across the landscape can be a form of preservation and a great ethic to
possess and pass on to future generations. Our generation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example, one could just recycle cans and plastic bottles lessening their chance of ending up on
the landscape and or in a landfill. We have all seen those commercials of people rescuing sea
creatures from plastic and or human waste of some form and in some cases this could be prevented
just by recycling. Another conservation ethic that is needed quite dearly involves lessening our
overall water consumption. States such as California and Nevada have been experiencing water
shortages do to droughts, and who is to say that this cannot happen worldwide if proactive measures
are not acted upon. From taking shorter showers to turning off the water when you stop to brush
your teeth can really help make a difference. I myself as well, have many different conservation
ethics that I live my life by. For example, plastic is abundant enough on the landscape, so I avoid
buying bottled water and stick to filtered tap water. I as well monitor my water usage and recycle
whenever possible. When grocery shopping, I tend to try and get paper when possible to avoid any
unnecessary plastic consumption. Many other important aspects of conservation ethics have to do
with sustainability, animal welfare, endangered species and environmental advocacy groups and
agencies. We share this planet with some amazing creatures and it is important to preserve and
cherish this wonderful place we all call

Wildfires And Its Effects On Our Environment
All too often in the Western U.S., we hear things like, "Fire danger is extremely high" or, "We are in
a tinder box right now." By mid–summer, our surroundings 'dry–out ' and it seems conditions
become perfect as we segue into a fifth season. Wildfire Season. Wildfires can wreak havoc!
Millions of dollars are spent annually, preparing for Wildfires. Money is allocated for education,
training, and preparing to fight Wildfires. Money is spent fighting them and protecting structures
that might be in the way. Wildfires can be costly, but they also impact us in other ways. Wildfires tax
our resources. They impact our structures and influence where we build and how we build. Wildfires
affect our health, especially for those who have health concerns. Wildfires impact our weather and
overall environment. Wildfires can even be deadly, impacting our communities. Over the past 30
years, Wildfires have become more frequent and have increased in size. Records show that all
vegetated continents have experienced uncontrolled fires. (Science Magazine) According to the
American Geophysical Union, "The total area these fires burned increased at a rate of nearly 90,000
acres a year –– an area the size of Las Vegas. Individually, the largest wildfires grew at a rate of 350
acres a year." (Science Daily, 2014) After taking a more in depth look at the ecoregions, it was
discovered that "The rise in fire activity was the strongest in certain regions of the United States:
across the Rocky

Why Are Red Wolves Endangered
Red Wolves have no natural predators. The Red Wolves have been endangered since the 1960s,
which has affected history and the environment ("Red Wolves–History"– Red Wolves Conservation
Center). The red wolf's main threat is breeding with the eastern coyotes, but can helped by having
specialists set up camp to breed red wolves together. The Red Wolves, which are also known as the
Canis Rufus, are the world's most endangered canid (Red Wolf Habitat). The length of a red wolf is
four to five feet, weigh from fifty to eighty pounds, and a height of about twenty–six inches. Their
fur is black and brown on the top of their body and yam (brown, orange, red) on the stomach area.
These beautiful creatures live in swamps, forests, and coastal prairies from Southeastern Texas to
Central Pennsylvania. Canis Rufus hunt and live in a pack of five to eight. In the pack, there is an
alpha wolf, which is a wolf which breeds adult duplets and progeny. Wolves are known to only have
a partner throughout its life. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Red Wolves are originally from Southeastern USA. Because of habitat loss and the control predator
programs, red wolves, that were left, migrated to the Northeastern part of USA. Which was harmful
to them, because of the vast populations of coyotes in Northeastern USA. The incorporation of small
Red Wolf population, vast Coyotes population, and small area causes the two species to interbreed.
This interbreeding causes the breakdown of natural barriers ("Red Wolves and Coyotes" USFWS).
The minor threats, such as vehicle and illegal mortality and diseases such as hookworms and
heartworms, are also extremely bad for Red Wolves. They happen to them when they are in the wild.
These blessed animals should be saved from the threats of habitat loss, predator control programs,
reproduction with coyotes, and other minor

Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Northern Canada
Topic: impacts of climate change on biodiversity in Northern Canada
Climate change, as a change in weather like global warming, has attracted the attention of the
public. The issue of climate change has been becoming a global focus of attention for people around
the world. Most scientists think that climate change is primarily caused by human activities.
Temperature and precipitation shifts directly affect biota, and scientists think that as the climate
continues to change, the biodiversity in Northern Canada is particularly at risk. Because global
warming can result in the decreasing of marine, freshwater and terrestrial communities, climate
change has negative influences on biodiversity in Northern Canada. In order to conserve the ...
As a result, the biodiversity of freshwater species is seriously affected by climate change.
Not only the marine environment and the freshwater communities, but the terrestrial species are also
impacted by climate change. The number of plant species has been decreasing. Prowse et. al,
(2009b, p.284) report that temperature and precipitation change will lead to the change in the
composition of flora communities, and this can result in the loss of plant species. Also, Lemieux
& Scott (2005, p.393) state that there is a wide decline in the taiga biome, thus, the global
warming directly impact the biodiversity of plant species. Climate change can also influence the
birds ' growth rate as well. Lower birds ' growth rates and adult body mass occurred in the north
(Prowse et. al, 2009b, p.286). Additionally, the caribou activities are threatened by climate change as
well. According to the report from Prowse et. al. (2009b, p.285), owing to global warming, the
incidence of parasitic infection happens more frequently and the forage has been decreasing in
winter; these trends result in the decline in numbers of caribou. Moreover, the impact of climate
change on the permafrost seems to be serious. Discontinuous permafrost will disappear at the
southern boundaries of these permafrost zones, and the continuous permafrost will degrade to the
discontinuous permanent; that can result in some lakes and wetlands turning to drain (Prowse et. al,
2009a, p.268). The

Glass Frog Research Paper
Real Life Kermit: New Discovery of Glass Frog
A glass frog that closely resembles Kermit the Frog has been found! Hyalinobatrachium dianae was
recently found in the tropical wet forests and premontane rainforests in Costa Rica by researchers
from the Costa Rican Amphibian Research Center in April 2015. H. dianae is a type of glass frog
that belongs to the genus Hyalinobatrachium and the family Centrolenidae, which consists of about
150 different glass frog species. Senior researcher Dr. Brian Kubicki named the glass frog in honor
of his mother, Janet Diane Kubicki, who passionately supported natural history, fishes and
amphibians. Today, a very small population of H. dianae can be found at elevations between 400–
800 meters in Central and South America. H. dianae has the unique ability to show its internal
organs through translucent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
dianae. This educational display will make the knowledge of rainforests and frogs easily accessible.
In addition, the inclusion of R. temporaria will provide the visitors with extra educational
information about the most common and familiar frog species in the biodiversity.
The display will be strategically placed near the entrance of a tropical rainforest exhibit concerning
rainforest preservation and animal conservation. The display of the new discovery of H. dianae is
used to trigger visitors to think seriously and be concerned about the tropical rainforest ecology,
diversity, and conservation. The most important lesson is that it is crucial to save the remarkable
tropical rainforest, and the present existing and future new discovered beautiful species before they
become extinct.
Further Reading:
Ghazoul, J. and Sheil, D. (2010). Tropical Rain Forest Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation.
Oxford University Press.
Guayasamin, J., Bustamante, M., Almeida–Reinoso, D., and Funk, C. (2006). Glass

Polar Bear Challenges
Polar bear is the largest land carnivore in the world, it is an animal native to the Arctic. They live
without definite residence but migrate across the ice and through the seas from Russia to Alaska,
Canada to Greenland and onto the Svalbard archipelago. Adequate food and energy are the key for
polar bear to survival in the harsh arctic environment. In recent years, however, the polar bears have
faced enormous challenges in arctic, where they have no natural enemy. It is well known that the
normal temperature of human body is around 36.5 degree centigrade, sometimes, sudden illness
causes a rise in body temperature. Every sudden increase in temperature of human body is a threat to
human health. The same is happening with the global climate system. On the surface, the
temperature is just a fraction of degree centigrade but the air temperature can be changed very
severe during a certain period and it also causes a chain reaction of weather and climate. The
Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that since the industrial revolution, the
average temperatures of Earth surface has risen by 0.6 degree centigrade (Lisa V. Alexander).
Moreover, the rise in temperature is concentrated in recent decades, there has been an upward trend
of about 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade. Global warming has already affecting the Earth's
ecosystems. The polar bear was the first species be listed as a threatened species in the US under the
Endangered Species because of the threats

Analysis Of Watersheds
2. Methodology 2.1 Study Area The water quality data used in this study comes from the six
watersheds that drain to Lake Erie: Maumee, Cuyahoga, Muskingum, Raisin, Grand, and Sandusky
(Figure 1). These six basins are close in spatial proximity (e.g., similar climate, ecoregion, and
cropping systems), and have publicly available long–term, daily time–series datasets (14–35 years).
The soil in Sandusky, the northern reaches of Maumee, and Raisin watersheds were clayey soil
which formed from beach sediments and glacial till associated with the glacial lakes. The central
part of Maumee and the southern part of Sandusky watersheds are characterized by coarse–textured
soils formed from glacial deposits. Muskingum watershed is characterized by ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
With 52% agricultural and 43% forest land, Muskingum was considered the mixed watershed, while
Grand is a forested (52%) watershed. Urban, agricultural, and forest categories are herein
characterized as having high, medium, and low anthropogenic impact, respectively. (Table 1)
(Figure 1) 2.2 Data Mining Techniques The Weka software package (Hall et al., 2009) was used to
implement the four classical data mining methods: multilayer perceptrons, K–nearest neighbor,
REPTree, and random forest. The linear regression was used as the reference method to predict the
nitrate concentrations in a multiyear time–series. 2.2.1 Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) Multilayer
Perceptron (MLP) is an artificial neural network that learns nonlinear function mappings. An MLP
can be viewed as a logistic regression classifier where the input is first transformed using a learned
non–linear transformation. This transformation projects the input data into space where it becomes
linearly separable. This intermediate layer is referred to as a hidden layer. A single hidden layer is
sufficient to make MLPs a universal approximator. Formally, a one–hidden–layer MLP is a function
f: RD→ RL, where D is the size of input vector x and L is the size of the output vector f(x), such
that, in matrix notation: (Equation 1) with bias vectors , weight matrices and activation functions G
and s. The vector constitutes the

Desert Desert Environment
The deserts of central Australia make up a unique ecoregion. As it may be properly assumed, an arid
desert environment is not easy to adapt to. Many different species, including birds, reptiles,
mammals, and various plants are able to thrive in such conditions. Human impacts on the island
continent have interrupted the success of some of these species. One group of species that have been
very negatively impacted by human interaction are small digging mammals. These mammals are
typically small and almost rodent–like. Although small, digging mammals, such as Macrotis lagotis
(the Greater Bilby), have a large impact on the vegetation biodiversity of the ecoregion. They use
their front paws to dig into the ground while they search for food. In the process, diggings capture
organic matter, provide habitat for a diversity of microscopic and macroscopic organisms, and
increase nutrient cycling. Diggings also capture plant seeds, increasing seedling germination,
recruitment, and plant growth. The overall effect of mammal diggings is therefore increased plant
vigor and resilience, increased biodiversity and consequently improved ecosystem functioning
(Fleming et al 2014). Due to various impacts by human, these small mammals have quickly been
declining. The large impact humans have had on the small mammals is the introduction of invasive
species. Felis catus (feral cat) and Vulpes vulpes (fox) are overpopulated invaders who prey on
species such as Macrotis lagotis and other small

Great Victoria Desert Analysis
Nearly all–large deserts are found away from the coasts, in areas where the oceans moisture rarely
reaches. For many of us, the word "desert" invokes thoughts of a hot and sandy environment.
However, not all deserts may be sandy and hot, they do have one thing on common...they are dry.
One type of desert we are focusing on, are the subtropical deserts, which sand dunes are a typical
feature, along with the low vegetation and scarcity of water (KDE). Subtropical deserts are the
hottest deserts, which are dry in the summer and cooler but still dry during the winter (Nature
Works, 2015). In fact, most deserts receive less than 300mm of water a year (Paleontology U, 2013),
much like the Great Victoria Desert in Australia where annual rainfall ranges from below 150mm to
over 250mm (Fund, 2014). Great Victoria desert is the largest desert in Australia ranging to about
163,900 square miles (Hastwell) and during summer temperatures can reach between 32 – 35
degrees Celsius, whereas come winter it falls to about 18 – 23 degrees Celsius. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much of Great Victoria is occupied by many small sand dunes and mostly consists of underlying
granite beds thought to be some of the oldest rock in Australia (KDE). The desert is also scattered
with limestone caves and dried up lakebeds called salted lakes where sedimentary rock is mostly
made up of sandstone, siltstone, and shale (Fund, 2014) that make up little pebbles pack the surface
of the ground. This desert is known to be the least populated in the continent of Australia due to its
lack of agriculture opportunities. Before Great Victoria was a desert it was assumed that it was a
moderately mountainous area, though due to erosion the mountains were eventually worn down
(Nature Works,

Global Warming On Polar Bears Research Paper
Brenda Ceja
Block G: Biology
May 24, 2015
The Effects of Global Warming on Polar Bears
Introduction
Global warming is the recent and ongoing rise of temperature on a global scale. Over the past
century, the Earth's average temperature has risen 1.4°F (Carlowicz, 2010). Global warming is the
effect of an excessive amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gasses trap heat
from escaping back into space to keep the Earth from freezing, this is called the Greenhouse Effect.
An excessive amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap too much heat, thus, causing
Earth's temperature to rise. The Earth's rise in temperature is melting ice in its colder regions. Many
animals who live in the Arctic Circle, the lands surrounding ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The melting sea ice is also affecting the polar bear's main prey, seals, forcing the bears to turn to
alternate, less nutritious food sources. Once sea ice forms in the winter, seals use the ice to create
dens to give birth to their pups. In these months, polar bears use sea ice as their hunting grounds to
find seal dens. Now that Seasonal Ice is forming later and melting earlier (IPCC, 2013), seals have
less time to build dens and give birth. Consequently, polar bears have less time to hunt their
preferred prey of seal pups. They must spend more time on land hunting other animals of less
nutritional value. Organizations like Sea World Parks have reported male polar bears occasionally
eating newly–born polar bear cubs because they cannot find other food to eat. Lack of nutritional
food leads to a reduced body size. Polar bears are becoming thinner and weaker from not eating
enough (Rode, Amstrup, & Regehr 2010). They have to swim longer distances to find ice to hunt
upon, causing many cubs to die because they are not yet strong enough. In the Hudson Bay, the
average polar bear weight has decreased by 15% and the population has decreased by 20% (National
Wildlife Federation). In the summer when there is no ice, polar bears in the Hudson Bay go onto
land to fast until the ice reforms. Now that ice is

The Environmental Impact Of The Borneo Lowland Rainforests
Borneo as an island is the third largest island in the world, being just 1% of the world's territory yet
holds approximately 6% of the world's biodiversity in its tropical rainforests. Borneo is a global
ecoregion made up of 2 terrestrial ecoregions; Borneo Lowland rainforests and Borneo Montane
rainforests. This environmental impact report is focused on the Borneo Lowland Rainforest. The
Borneo lowland rainforest is located in South–East Asia and routes through parts of Indonesia and
Malaysia, and is also located north of Australia. It includes a large diversity of habitats such as, large
areas of karst (barren limestone plateaus with caves, sinkholes, and gullies), and a high–altitude
swamp forest.
The Borneo lowland rainforests are defined as the areas that lie around mountains and below their
level. Borneo lowland rainforests contain 10,000 plant species, 380 bird species and 15,000
mammal species. There is no distinct 'borders' that would outline Borneo's Lowland Rainforests, but
an approximate estimate suggests the total area being around 420,000 km2. From those statistics it is
estimated the lowland forest takes up around 57% of Borneo's total land. It lies within the tropical
monsoon climate zone. The Borneo Lowland Rainforest is evidently a rainforest. Its features include
a stable climate throughout the year with a huge amount of rainfall, with the monthly rainfall being
beyond 200mm though out the year. The average daily temperature is 31 degrees Celsius

Claudette Colvin Pros And Cons
Claudette Colvin fought against with racism and social injustice and she fighting for her people for
her people (African American) And also Claudette colvin was tired of injustices all over
Montgomery so what she did was that she stand up for her people in the bus and not giving her
seatte to a white man. One way that Claudette Colvin fought for her people was by refusing to give
up her seat to the white people in the bus. "The news that a schoolgirl had been for refusing to
surrender her bus seat to a white passenger flashed through Montgomery's black community and
traveled far beyond. This Shows that Claudette Colvin was tired of this injustice so this is what she
did not giving her seat to a white man that wanted to seat there. And this

Yoho National Park : Research
Yoho National Park – Research
Basic Information
Yoho national park is located in Field, British Columbia.
It is situated in the Rocky Mountains, specifically in the Canadian Rockies, which is a mountain
range located in British Columbia and Alberta.
It was established in 1885 as Canada's 2nd protected area.
Banff national park is located in the eastern part of it and Kootenay national park is located in the
southern part of it.
Yoho national park was designated as a part of the United Nations World Heritage Site in 1984.
It consists of steep mountains and is sculpted by glaciers from the ice age.
Wildlife
Animals like Grizzly Bear, Cougar, Elk, and Moose are some of the animals that are found in Yoho
National Park.
Lynx ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The west side receives more rainfall than the east side due to orographic precipitation.
Precipitation increases as the elevation increases.
Average annual rainfall is 314 mm.
Average annual snowfall is 332 mm.
Located between the Prairie and Boreal regions of Canada.
Main air masses that influence the regional climate are the continental air mass from Yukon and
Alaska, and Maritimes air mass from the Pacific.
Hot and dry weather in summer and fall.
Vegetation
The 2 major vegetation groups of Yoho are: Upland Forest and Fluvial Forest.
Upland Forest o Moist Montane
 Vegetation Type: Western hemlock, White Spruce–Douglas, Fir Douglas, Fir western yew. o
Intermediate Montane
 Balsam Poplar, Douglas fir white spruce. o Dry Montane
 White birch aspen, Lodgepole pine–balsam poplar. o Montane Sub–alpine
 Lodge–pole pine, Spruce lodge–pole pine o Low–mid Subalpine
 Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir o High Subalpine
 Whitebark pine, Subalpine larch
Fluvial Forest

 Vegetation Type: White spruce Douglas fir–lodgepole pine on old alluvial fans, White spruce–
western red cedar on damp alluvial fan, white spruce on permanently water–logged soil, aspen–
balsam poplar on moist alluvium
3 ecoregions defined on the basis of vegetation in this park are: Montane, subalpine, and alpine
ecoregions.
An ecoregion is a large area

The Influence Of Temperature On The Galapagos Islands
The Galapagos Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean at 960 km to the west of mainland South
America. The total area of the ecoregion is 7,882 km2 and encompasses 13 islands larger than 10
km2, 19 larger than 1 km2, 42 islets smaller than 1 km2 and at least 26 emergent rocks. The water
currents that surround the islands influence in the climate. From May to December prevails the
Garúa (misty) or dry season as a result of the cool Humboldt Current influence. In this season the
temperature is cool, there are mist and drizzling rain called garúa. The hot and wet season is in the
rest of the year and are the result of the influence of the warm Panama current. Heavier rainfall and
warmer temperatures appear in this season. The precipitations in

Louisiana State Research Paper
Louisiana State Paper
Louisiana is a state consisting of about 4,523,628 people. This number taken prior to Hurricane
Katrina that occurred in 2005. As of 2015, the estimated population of Louisiana is 4,670, 724. The
area of the state of Louisiana is about 43, 562 square miles. With its neighboring states of Texas,
Arkansas, and Mississippi, Louisiana is located within the southeast part of the United States. The
state's first geologist was Francis V. Hopkins. Along with his assistant, Colonel Charles H. Lockett,
Hopkins published the first topographical and geological maps of Louisiana. Louisiana has a variety
of natural resources. Some examples of these natural resources are forests, salt, oil reserves, natural
gas, and sulfur.
Louisiana has many wetlands, rivers, lakes, and coastal plains. One river that stretches over a great
part of Louisiana is the Mississippi River. Lake Pontchartrain is the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some examples of rocks and minerals found in Louisiana are Agate, Louisiana Opal, Cabochon, and
Petrified Wood. Agate is a mineral found in Louisiana. Agate is the official state mineral. This
mineral is often found in the gravel. Agate can be classified as a mineral and a rock. It is formed by
precipitation of silica–rich solution chemicals in rock cavities. Agate is a classified as a
microcrystalline assortment of Silica and Chalcedony, and it is characterized by its fine grains and
color brightness. In Vernon Parrish, Louisiana the Louisiana Opal can be found. Small amounts of
this has been traced from mining in the Catahoula Formation. Louisiana Opal is a mixture of
sandstone and cement clear precious opal. In 2011, Cabochon became the state's official gemstone.
The gemstone is derived from Crassotrea Virginica Mollusk. The most commonly known gem in
Louisiana is the Petrified–Wood. Found in the Catahoula Formation, this gem is a sedimentary rock
formed in the plains and swamps in the Oligocene Gulf

The Forest Of The Rumpi Hills
The forests of the Rumpi Hills also contain what is commonly referred to as the Rumpi Hills Forest
Reserve or previously known as the Rumpi Hills Native Administration Forest Reserve created by
Forestry Ordinance No 38 of 1937 and approved by Forestry Ordinance No 16756/79 of 2nd July,
1941 (SWPA, 2016). The North Boundary is the road from Lipenja Mukete through Ikoi and
Dikome Ngolo to Madie; the South Boundary goes through Nalende, Monyange, Itoki and Ilor to
Moko. Whereas the East Boundary, goes through Dikome Balue, Mofako, Itende to Bisoro; the West
Boundary goes through Dibonda and Ndian and Ituka to Lipenja which is also the starting point of
the reserve (SWPA, 2016). These boundaries give the Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve a characteristic
inverted letter "C" shape and structure, see figure 7.
The reserve is composed of land belonging to the Ngolo, Bima and Balue tribes, the first two form
part of the North West while the latter, forms part of the South East area. Most of the villages are on
top of the hills, so that, a more or less vertical climb of anything up to 400 meters has to be faced
before reaching a village or settlement.
The proposal that, part of the Rumpi Hills forests should be made a forest reserve was first made by
Mr Rosevear in a memorandum written in 1933 on the potential forest reserves of the Kumba
Division, Cameroon (SWPA, 2016). The actual preliminary survey of the area was done by Mr F.S
Collier in 1937, after a tour round the approximate

Research Paper On Golden Buckwheat
Golden buckwheat (Eriogonum chrysops) is a low, matted perennial plant that flowers, and is
usually between 2 and 10 cm tall and is 5–20 cm in diameter. It grows from a woody caudex. The
stems have leaf bases and reach up to 1/5 the height of the plant. Leaves are basal and arranged in
tight clusters. The flowers are yellow, 2.5–3 mm long, and sparsely glandular or infrequently
glabrous. Individual flowers are small, less than 3 mm, with 6 petals each. Fruits form within the
flowers and are inconspicuous and seed–like. They have leafless flowering stems, 3–8 cm tall, bear
ball–like clusters of yellow flowers in late spring and early summer (from May–June).
Golden buckwheat (Eriogonum chrysops) is currently known from five scattered occurrences

What Do You Understand by the Term Deep & Shallow Ecology
Deep ecology is a contemporary ecological philosophy that recognizes the inherent worth of other
beings aside from their utility. The philosophy emphasizes the interdependent nature of human and
non–human life as well as the importance of the ecosystem and natural processes. It provides a
foundation for the environmental, ecology and green movements and has fostered a new system of
environmental ethics.
According to deep ecologists, the root, or "deep" cause of environmental destruction is
anthropocentrism, the worldview that holds humans are (1) that which has highest or the only
intrinsic value, (2) are fundamentally different and separate from nature, and (3) the dominant focus
of our attention. This anthropocentric worldview has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deep ecologists also tend to criticize the reformist environmentalism exemplified by large,
mainstream environmental organizations that work within the political system to gain policy
victories without challenging society's main assumptions and values that are the ultimate cause of
environmental degradation. Some deep ecologists also have criticized the animal rights movement
as maintaining an implicitly anthropocentric view that extends human rights to at least some
animals, and in so doing upholding a hierarchical view of nature (animals are more important than
plants). They also object to the individualist approach common among animal liberationists, which
they believe neglects the importance of whole systems.
There has been a vigorous, and at times shrill, debate between proponents of deep ecology and other
schools of radical environmental thought. Ecofeminism has criticized deep ecology for neglecting
the close ties between environmental thought and social ideology, especially the long–standing
tendency to associate nature with the female and then devaluing and oppressing both. Similarly, it
has criticized deep ecology's general neglect of social problems that are caused by the logic of
domination, in which some social groups are assumed to have more value and have the right to
control and use others, the same logic of domination that fuels

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