This document summarizes a study that investigated using Moringa oleifera seed powder as a natural coagulant for water purification. Jar tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosage, which was found to be 90mg/L. Various physiochemical parameters like turbidity, pH, hardness, and dissolved oxygen were analyzed before and after treatment and mostly met WHO standards at the optimum dosage. Heavy metal analysis found some metal concentrations increased after treatment while magnesium decreased. The study concluded Moringa oleifera seed shows potential as an affordable and environmentally-friendly water treatment method, though more research is needed on certain parameters and metal concentrations.
Water treatment using moringa oleifera seeds and kernals in stream watereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Purifying water from water source that has contaminated by using natural ingredients that do not harm the environment with easy steps to do and affordable to all people.
Use of Moringa oleifera in water treatmentJac Emanuel
Water treatment in cities and villages can be made easy by application of natural methods which are affordable and easy.
One of them is the use of Moringa oleifera as water treatment agent rather than commercial sold chemicals
Biocoagulation Activity of Moringa oleifera Seeds for Water Treatmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
To develop a water purification system especially designedKanhaiya Kumar
This is the report of purification of water system.I had given a presentation on this report in national level techfest in 2015.This report may help those student who want to make purification of water system for rural area and also for mini project.
Water treatment using moringa oleifera seeds and kernals in stream watereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Purifying water from water source that has contaminated by using natural ingredients that do not harm the environment with easy steps to do and affordable to all people.
Use of Moringa oleifera in water treatmentJac Emanuel
Water treatment in cities and villages can be made easy by application of natural methods which are affordable and easy.
One of them is the use of Moringa oleifera as water treatment agent rather than commercial sold chemicals
Biocoagulation Activity of Moringa oleifera Seeds for Water Treatmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
To develop a water purification system especially designedKanhaiya Kumar
This is the report of purification of water system.I had given a presentation on this report in national level techfest in 2015.This report may help those student who want to make purification of water system for rural area and also for mini project.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on utilization of moringa oleifera as coagulationeSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, use of Moringa Oleifera seeds to improve the quality of drinking water was investigated. A study was carried out to
know the efficiency of Moringa Oleifera seed suspension for removal of turbidity of water. Turbid water sample of low turbidity (50
mg/L) was prepared in the laboratory using bentonite clay, kaolin clay and black cotton soil. Moringa Oleifera seed suspension was
added as coagulant in concentration of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/L The dosages of Moringa Oleifera seed suspension were 125, 250, 375
and 500 mg/L. Moringa Oleifera seed suspension was found to be effective in treating the water.
Keywords: Moringa Oleifera Seed, Turbidity, Hardness and Extraction
Study On dehydration of Papaya Slices Using Osmotic Dehydration Mediated Hot ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
. The extract was again transferred at 70 oC in 1000 ml for another 1 hour and filtered, and then this filtrate was mixed with first filtrate. This filtrate was used for dyeing without any addition of water. The optical density of the filtrate was measured using absorbent type UV-vis spectrophotometer. The optical density of the filtrate was found to be 0.7969 (Tea extract) & 2.235 (Turmeric extract). 4. Dyeing of premordanted bamboo fibres Dyeing conditions used: Dyes used = Turmeric & Tea NaCl = 5 % (owf) Dye concentration = The extracted liquor was used keeping the M :: L ratio at 1 : 30 Temperature = 70 oC Time = 60 min
Colour is most sensitive part of any commodity it enhances the consumer acceptability. It indicates freshness and safety of the food commodity .The demand for natural source of colorant is increasing day by day because of awareness s about the help.
Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluentijtsrd
As we know 71% of Earths Surface is covered with water. Water is one of the most essential element for the persistence of life on this planet. Pure and contamination free water is the dire necessity of every living being present on Earth but today water pollution has posed great threat to the existence of life. The discharge of effluents from various industries into the water bodies are mainly responsible for water pollution specially effluents from leather industry are the most contaminating as along with the harmful chemicals they contain organic matter as well. The dyes disposed by the leather industry are the most harmful for the environment. The conventional physicochemical methods used for the treatment of leather dyes in the contaminated water i.e. coagulation, precipitation, oxidation etc have disadvantages and limitations. This study presents microbial decolorization of leather dye effluents from Shigella sp. isolated from effluent samples collected from leather industry. Different parameters such as temperature and pH were optimized for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, EosinYellow, Safranine dyes by using bacterial isolates. Optimum temperature for decolorization was observed to be 300c, the optimum pH range for decolorization was found to be from pH6-pH8. All the samples were incubated at 30-°C 150 rpm. The decolorization was measured as decrease in absorbance maxima at 663 nm, 590 nm, 518nm, 530 nm for mehtylene blue, crystal violet, eosin yellow, safranine respectively. Dr. Jitender Kumar | Navleen Kaur Chopra"Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2405.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/2405/microbial-decolorization-of-leather-dye-effluent/dr-jitender-kumar
Fluoride is a typical component of natural waters and its concentration varies depending on the water resource. Water may be contaminated by natural sources like more alkaline ions (CO32-+HCO3->10.4 meq/l water) reacts with halite which comes from industrial effluents. This is ensuing in fluoride concentrations up to 12.7 mg F–/l where ground level of water is low. WHO standards and BIS: 105000, 1991 permit only 0.5-1.5 mg/dl as the upper permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water for the Indian context. Fluoride in excess of the permissible limits in drinking water causes a number of endemic conditions referred to collectively as “fluorosis”. This paper explores the sorptive answer of a recently developed adsorbent, Activated alumina finely grinded with coconut shell powder. The efficiency of the sorption of fluoride ion is affected by pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, type and size of adsorbents. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Freundlich and Langmuir models
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on utilization of moringa oleifera as coagulationeSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper, use of Moringa Oleifera seeds to improve the quality of drinking water was investigated. A study was carried out to
know the efficiency of Moringa Oleifera seed suspension for removal of turbidity of water. Turbid water sample of low turbidity (50
mg/L) was prepared in the laboratory using bentonite clay, kaolin clay and black cotton soil. Moringa Oleifera seed suspension was
added as coagulant in concentration of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/L The dosages of Moringa Oleifera seed suspension were 125, 250, 375
and 500 mg/L. Moringa Oleifera seed suspension was found to be effective in treating the water.
Keywords: Moringa Oleifera Seed, Turbidity, Hardness and Extraction
Study On dehydration of Papaya Slices Using Osmotic Dehydration Mediated Hot ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
. The extract was again transferred at 70 oC in 1000 ml for another 1 hour and filtered, and then this filtrate was mixed with first filtrate. This filtrate was used for dyeing without any addition of water. The optical density of the filtrate was measured using absorbent type UV-vis spectrophotometer. The optical density of the filtrate was found to be 0.7969 (Tea extract) & 2.235 (Turmeric extract). 4. Dyeing of premordanted bamboo fibres Dyeing conditions used: Dyes used = Turmeric & Tea NaCl = 5 % (owf) Dye concentration = The extracted liquor was used keeping the M :: L ratio at 1 : 30 Temperature = 70 oC Time = 60 min
Colour is most sensitive part of any commodity it enhances the consumer acceptability. It indicates freshness and safety of the food commodity .The demand for natural source of colorant is increasing day by day because of awareness s about the help.
Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluentijtsrd
As we know 71% of Earths Surface is covered with water. Water is one of the most essential element for the persistence of life on this planet. Pure and contamination free water is the dire necessity of every living being present on Earth but today water pollution has posed great threat to the existence of life. The discharge of effluents from various industries into the water bodies are mainly responsible for water pollution specially effluents from leather industry are the most contaminating as along with the harmful chemicals they contain organic matter as well. The dyes disposed by the leather industry are the most harmful for the environment. The conventional physicochemical methods used for the treatment of leather dyes in the contaminated water i.e. coagulation, precipitation, oxidation etc have disadvantages and limitations. This study presents microbial decolorization of leather dye effluents from Shigella sp. isolated from effluent samples collected from leather industry. Different parameters such as temperature and pH were optimized for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, EosinYellow, Safranine dyes by using bacterial isolates. Optimum temperature for decolorization was observed to be 300c, the optimum pH range for decolorization was found to be from pH6-pH8. All the samples were incubated at 30-°C 150 rpm. The decolorization was measured as decrease in absorbance maxima at 663 nm, 590 nm, 518nm, 530 nm for mehtylene blue, crystal violet, eosin yellow, safranine respectively. Dr. Jitender Kumar | Navleen Kaur Chopra"Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2405.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/2405/microbial-decolorization-of-leather-dye-effluent/dr-jitender-kumar
Fluoride is a typical component of natural waters and its concentration varies depending on the water resource. Water may be contaminated by natural sources like more alkaline ions (CO32-+HCO3->10.4 meq/l water) reacts with halite which comes from industrial effluents. This is ensuing in fluoride concentrations up to 12.7 mg F–/l where ground level of water is low. WHO standards and BIS: 105000, 1991 permit only 0.5-1.5 mg/dl as the upper permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water for the Indian context. Fluoride in excess of the permissible limits in drinking water causes a number of endemic conditions referred to collectively as “fluorosis”. This paper explores the sorptive answer of a recently developed adsorbent, Activated alumina finely grinded with coconut shell powder. The efficiency of the sorption of fluoride ion is affected by pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, type and size of adsorbents. The adsorption equilibrium is well correlated by Freundlich and Langmuir models
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Transition From Account Management To Success ManagementTotango
Transition From Account Management To Success Management
Presented by Brian Merritt, VP Customer Success at Trustpilot at Totango's Customer Success Roadshow event in NYC on 5/12/16.
Water softeners helps in removing hardness of water and make them fit for our daily decisive usages. For our work,
different water sources like surface water (Hebbal Lake), Bore well water (NPS School, Ozone Urbana, Bangalore) and
Corporation water (BWSSB) were selected and their respective hardness as CaCO3 were analysed before and after
treatment with Moringa oleifera seed extract. The seeds of Moringa oleifera, one of the best natural coagulants as per
the previous studies were used in this protocol. In normal water treatment scheme most preferably ion exchange
techniques were used for the removal of hardness, which would likely to be a resin based technology. Also the ion
exchange procedure was completely dependent on industrial resins, which were manufactured by major corporate
concerns (like Lancer, Toyota, Ion Exchange India Ltd, Thermax Ltd, LG etc.), hence incur huge cost. Industrial resins
have Na+
ions attached to the resin beads replaces Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in water during the ion exchange process.
The resin beads can be regenerated or recharged again with Na+
ion by NaCl solution once the resin gets exhausted.
Our work persuaded in another way of removing hardness from water by the principle means of adsorption and
conversion of soluble hardness-causing ions to insoluble products by precipitation reactions. Moringa oleifera seed
extracts were prepared and performed jar test to obtain the best required dosage for hardness removal in the selected
water samples. The obtained dosage (mg/l) or ppm of Moringa oleifera was dosed to the selected water samples
through the dosing system present in an existing water treatment system of capacity 2 m3/hr. The removal efficiency
was observed to be between 50 to 60% after passing through the treatment system with Moringa oleifera dosage.
Hence this work can pave way to find a best alternate method for hardness removal water.
Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extractijtsrd
Water is the most abundant chemical and important natural resource. Various concentrations of water at given place contributes to water quality. The suitability of water and its specific use are evaluated by examining its quality parameters. The adverse health effects have been observed in developing countries due to drinking contaminated water. The natural resources have serious threat due to development and urbanization in countries. People are made to use low quality water because of high cost of treated water which results in exposing them to waterborne diseases. The seed extract of Moringa oleifera is used for purification of drinking and wastewater due to presence of soluble cationic coagulant. It has capability to reduce the turbidity from water. In the present study, the collected water samples were examined with various physical, chemical and biological parameters. Obtained values of each parameters were compared with standard values set by World Health Organization. Areeba Ansari | Malika Ahuja "Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31019.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31019/water-treatment-and-purification-using-moringa-oleifera-seed-extract/areeba-ansari
Investigating the bacterial inactivation potential of purified okra (Hibiscus...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability of purified okra protein (POP) as coagulant and as disinfectant material in comparison with aluminium sulphate (AS) in water treatment was assessed. A laboratory jar test experiments and Colilert-18/Quanti-Tray method of bacterial analysis were conducted using POP as coagulant in treating river water. The results show an excellent dual performance function of POP against the conventional coagulant, AS in drinking water treatment. It was observed that a marked inactivation of approximately 100% of faecal and E-coli count in raw water was achieved with POP and zero regrowth of bacteria after 72-hour post treatment. However, there was regrowth in total coliform count as a result of the presence of other microbes other than E-coli and faecal coliform in the system. In all cases AS showed a reduced performance against the two indicator organisms achieving only 93% with remarkable regrowth of E-coli and faecal coliform after prolonged storage time in the clarified water. Turbidity removal was also noted to be approximately similar, 92% across all coagulants tested. Therefore, the use of POP in water treatment could improve access to clean water in developing countries and could help in reducing the import of water treatment chemicals.
Water softeners helps in removing hardness of water and make them fit for our daily decisive usages. For our work,
different water sources like surface water (Hebbal Lake), Bore well water (NPS School, Ozone Urbana, Bangalore) and
Corporation water (BWSSB) were selected and their respective hardness as CaCO3 were analysed before and after
treatment with Moringa oleifera seed extract. The seeds of Moringa oleifera, one of the best natural coagulants as per
the previous studies were used in this protocol. In normal water treatment scheme most preferably ion exchange
techniques were used for the removal of hardness, which would likely to be a resin based technology. Also the ion
exchange procedure was completely dependent on industrial resins, which were manufactured by major corporate
concerns (like Lancer, Toyota, Ion Exchange India Ltd, Thermax Ltd, LG etc.), hence incur huge cost. Industrial resins
have Na+
ions attached to the resin beads replaces Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in water during the ion exchange process.
The resin beads can be regenerated or recharged again with Na+
ion by NaCl solution once the resin gets exhausted.
Our work persuaded in another way of removing hardness from water by the principle means of adsorption and
conversion of soluble hardness-causing ions to insoluble products by precipitation reactions. Moringa oleifera seed
extracts were prepared and performed jar test to obtain the best required dosage for hardness removal in the selected
water samples. The obtained dosage (mg/l) or ppm of Moringa oleifera was dosed to the selected water samples
through the dosing system present in an existing water treatment system of capacity 2 m3/hr. The removal efficiency
was observed to be between 50 to 60% after passing through the treatment system with Moringa oleifera dosage.
Hence this work can pave way to find a best alternate method for hardness removal water.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Turbidity is one of the major culprits which help microbes present in water and waste water to survive. Also
drastically impact the water treatment efficiency mainly the process of disinfection. Coagulants such as Alum, PAC (Poly Aluminium Chloride), FeCl3 etc, are majorly used for the turbidity removal in water. Among this Alum is the most widely used coagulant in water treatment, because of its proven performance and cost effectiveness. Although alum has a proven track record,
usage of same in drinking water system increases the concentration of Aluminium ion which does not falls under the WHO (World Health Organization) norms of drinking water standards. Hence this study would be an alternate approach for turbidity
reduction in water by using natural coagulants. Different studies in ancient Tamil Literature show Strychnos potatorum Linn or
Nirmali seed act as a best coagulating agent, which in turn helps in removal of turbidity in water. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract in removal of turbidity from the selected water samples. An existing
water softener system of capacity 2 m3
/hr from a Residential Apartment named M/s.Ozone Pavillion was selected with an existing scheme of Alum dosing system, Pressure sand filter, Activated Carbon filter and Softener. In this scheme the Alum dosing was replaced with Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract dosing and the softener filter was bypassed. Two different water samples
were selected (Bore Well Water and Surface Water) and jar test was performed with the Strychnos potatorum Linn extract to arrive the best suited dose for the turbidity reduction. Here the jar test performed with different concentration of Strychnos potatorum Linn extract starting from 20 mg/l to 60 mg/l and selected the concentration of 60 mg/l as the best suited dose for
turbidity reduction. The selected concentration was used for a pilot plant study in the existing water treatment plant designed by M/s. Green Enviro Polestar. The study showed the turbidity removal efficiency of 40% to 60% and highly emphasizes the usage of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract as a natural coagulant in water treatment systems.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
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The Use of Moringa Oleifera Seed As A Coagulant For Domestic Water Purification
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan -Feb. 2015), PP 06-09
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10130609 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
The Use of Moringa Oleifera Seed As A Coagulant For Domestic
Water Purification
J. Yusuf, M.B Yuakubu and A. M Balarabe
Department of Applied Science, Kaduna Polytechnic P.M.B 2021, Kaduna. Kaduna State Nigeria.
Abstract: The efficiency of Moringa Oleifera seed powder as a coagulant for domestic water purification was
investigated using the Jar Test.The optimum dosage of moringa oleifera seed powder was observed to be at
90mg/L. The results of the physiochemical parameters tested at the point of sample collection and at 90mg/L
optimal dosage respectively are as follows: pH (8.1 and 7.9) temperature (26.6o
C and 26.8o
C), conductivity
(1.75 µs/cm and 1.78 µs/cm), dissolved oxygen (0.30mg/l and 0.10mg/l), turbidity (339 and 4.10NTU), and
hardness (212mg/l and 300mg/l) respectively. Analysis of some metals such as copper, chromium, lead, calcium,
magnesium, cobalt and zinc were performed before and after treatment of the water sample with the Moringa
oleifera seed. The metals analyzed (Cu, Zn, Ca, Cr, Pb, Co, and Mg) before and after coagulation showed that
concentration of Zn, Cu, Co, Pb and Ca as increased in the most optimally purified water containing 90mg/L
Moringa Oleifera seed Powder from, 1.12 to 2.54mg/L, 0.18 to 0.39mg/L, 0.00 to0.19mg/L, 0.00 to 0.08mg/L
and 1.02 to 2.10 mg/L respectively. And magnesium concentration decreased from 36.32 to 27.89 mg/L.
Keywords: Coagulant,Hardness, Metals, Moringa oleifera, Turbidity,and Water treatment.
I. Introduction
River water is mostly the exclusive drinking water source for many tropical developing countries and
treatment processes heavily depend on the use of chemical water treatment agents, which are mostly imported
and are usually very expensive (Schulz and Okun, 1983) .Several chemical coagulants have been used in
conventional water treatment processes for potable water production that includes inorganic, synthetic, organic
polymer and naturally occurring coagulants (Okuda et al, 2001). Many water treatment plants resort to under
dosing of chemicals so as to meet the increasing water demand of a fast growing population, which resulted to
supply of low quality water especially during the rainy season when rivers carry highly turbid water (Muyibi
and Alfugara, 2003).Historically, the use of natural materials of plant origin to purify water has been practiced
for long (Dalen et al, 2009). Egyptians inscription afforded the earliest recorded knowledge of plant materials
used for water treatment, dating back perhaps to 2000BC in addition to boiling and filtration, in which Moringa
Oleifera seed is one of the plant materials used in treatment of turbid water (Fahey, 2005). Moringa has been
described as native to India and widely grown in the tropics. It is also called horse radish or drumstick tree and
known by manynative names in Nigeria such as Zogalle (in Hausa), okweoyibo (in Igbo) eweigbake (in Yoruba)
and ladenn (in Tangale).In the use of Moringa oleifera seed powder for the treatment of turbid water, the paste
must be made fresh each time water is to be purified. And the seed cake from which oil has been extracted,
retain its coagulating property which can be dried and stored in powdered form for water clarification as needed
(Gowon et al, 2006).The Moringa oleifera seed is rich in copper, reported to have potentials in water treatment,
where it functions in complementing the coagulating properties of the moringa oleifera seed (Muyibi and
Okuofo, 1995). As such, in order to alleviate the prevailing difficulties of providing potable drinking water,
approaches should focus on sustainable water supply and treatment system that are cheaper, requiring minimal
maintenance and operation skills (Doerr, 2005). This research therefore, investigates the efficiency of moringa
oleifera seed as a coagulant for domestic water purification. Some physiochemical parameters (pH,
Temperature, Conductivity, Turbidity, Hardness, Dissolve Oxygen, Odour, Appearance and Taste) and some
metals(Mg, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr and Ca) were also determined.
II. Materials and Methods
Sample Collection: The sample of ripped moringa oleifera seed pods were obtained from Kasuwan Barchi in
Tudun /Wada market of Kaduna, Kaduna State. And eight litres (8L) of raw water sample was collected from
River Kaduna along Kachia Road within Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State.
Sample Preparation:The seeds were peeled to obtain the nuts and it was air-dried for a week. Thereafter, the
dried nuts were pulverized to a fine powder and sieved to a mesh size of 150µm to obtain the seed powder.
Determination of Optimum Dosage using Jar Test Machine: The jar test was observed in Kaduna State
Water Board, Barnawa Kaduna. Kaduna State. A stock solution was prepared by weighing one gram (1g) of the
2. The Use of Moringa Oleifera Seed As A Coagulant For Domestic Water Purification
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10130609 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
seed powder of Moringa Oleifera and transferring same quantitatively into a 1000ml flask, made up to the
mark with distilled water and shaken vigorously for 10-15mins. Five different clean beakers labeled A to E were
placed on a working desk, a dose of 60, 90,120,150 and180mg of the stock solution were measured and
transferred into the flasks respectively. Each beaker was made up to 1000ml with the water sample collected and
placed under the stirring paddles, the jar test mixer was turned on and a flash fast mixing was done for 1minute
at a speed of 120rpm, followed by slow mixing for 15minutes at 30rpm. The jar test mixer was turned off and
the optimum dosage of the sample that started flocculating and settling first among the labeled samples A to E
was recorded under 30minutes. The coagulation took place and the floc settle at the bottom leaving the
transparent medium at the top due to the presence of a water-soluble cationic coagulant protein (Folkard et al
2005). The transparent medium of the most optimally purified water at 90mg/L dosage was transferred into a
plastic container for further analysis.
Determination of Some Physiochemical Parameters:
Turbidity: This test was determined by Nephelometric method using Naphla – HACH 2100N turbidimeter,
before and after treatment of the water sample.
pH: The test was carried out using pH meter model 400.
Conductivity: The test was determined using conductivity meter model inolab cond 720.
Temperature: The test was determined using the mercury-in-glass thermometer.
Dissolve Oxygen (Do): 200ml of water sample was measured and transferred into a bottle, covered and
incubated in the dark at a temperature of 20o
C for a period of five days, and then the sample was removed and
read in order to get the difference between the Dissolved Oxygen concentration in the sample before and after
the incubation period.
Hardness: 50ml of water sample was measured and transferred into a beaker, two drops of Erodirine black
indicator was added and the colour changed to wine red. A standardized Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic
acid(EDTA) was run into the sample until the sample changed to blue which indicated the endpoint. Total
hardness CaCO3 in mg/L was calculated from the hardness obtained from the relation. Therefore, ML of 0.02M
EDTA?
Determination of Some Heavy Metals: Both the most optimally purified water sample of 90mg/L dosage and
the untreated raw water sample were digested using the standard method of Association of Official Analytical
Chemistry (AOAC) for further analysis of some metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Mg, Ca, Cr, and Co) using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
III. Results and Discussion:
Table1: Results of Optimum Dosage Determination and Some Physiochemical Parameters
S/NO PARAMETER UNIT RESULT
Untreated
sample
(A)
60mg/l
(B)
90mg/l
(C)
120mg/l
(D) 150mg/l (E) 180mg/l
1. pH 8.1 7.2 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.2
2. Temperature o
C 26.6 26.8 26.8 26.9 27.0 27.0
3. Conductivity µs/cm 1.75 1.82 1.78 1.14 0.92 1.28
4. Turbidity NTU 339 5.46 4.10 5.57 6.00 6.35
5. Hardness mg/l 212 213 300 380 580 1000
6. Dissolve Oxygen mg/l 0.30 0.60 0.10 0.90 0.50 0.30
7. Odour - Unpleasant Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless
Table 2: Results of Some Metals in the most purified water at 90mg/l and the raw water
S/NO. METALS Raw Water (mg/l) Purified Water (mg/l)
1. Magnesium (mg) 36.32± 0.02 27.89± 0.07
2. Lead (Pb) ND 0.19± 0.00
3. Copper (cu) 0.18± 0.00 0.39± 0.01
4. Zinc (Zn) 1.12± 0.01 2.54± 0.02
5. Cobalt (Co) ND 0.08± 0.02
6. Chromium (Cr) ND 0.09± 0.00
7. Calcium (Ca) 1.02± 0.01 2.10± 0.03
3. The Use of Moringa Oleifera Seed As A Coagulant For Domestic Water Purification
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10130609 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
IV. Discussion
The result of Moringa Oleifera seed powder at different concentrations of 60, 90, 120, 150 and
180mg/L in 30minutes settling time showed that, the 90mg/L gave the optimum dosage for the most optimally
purified water sample. This result is in agreement with 75-200mg/L range of optimum dosage research work by
(Folkard et al 2005). The turbidity test revealed that the dose of 90mg/L reduced the water turbidity from
339NTU to 4.10NTU, which is within the maximum permissible limit of World health Organization (WHO)
standard for drinking water of 5NTU (WHO, 1993). However, other doses have turbidity values higher than
5NTU. The pH of all dosages ranged from 7.9 to 8.2, all of which are within the World Health Organization
permissible limits of 6.5 to 8.5 for drinking water (WHO, 1971). The action of Moringa Oleifera as a coagulant
lies in the presence of water soluble cationic proteins in the seed (Doer, 2005). This suggests that in water, the
basic amino acids present in proteins of Moringa Oleifera seed would accept a proton from water resulting in the
release of hydroxyl group making the water solution basic (Dalen et al 2009).This accounted for the slight
tendency towards basic pH values. The conductivity (1.78 µs/cm), hardness (300mg/L) and Dissolve oxygen
(1.10mg/L) obtained were within the maximum permissible limit of World Health Organization of hardness 45-
575mg/L, conductivity 250µs/cm respectively in the optimal dosage of 90mg/L, with the exception of hardness
at 150 and 180mg/L which were above the limit (WHO, 1993). The Appearance was dirty brown at point of
sample collection, after addition of the Moringa Oleifera seed the appearance turned to Colourless in all the jars
labeled A-E. The water samplewas tasty at the point of collection, after addition of the Moringa Oleifera seed
powderthe water was observed to be tasteless in all the jars labeled A-E.The odour of the water sample at point
of collection was unpleasant, after addition of the Moringa Oleifera seed, the water in all the jars labeledA-E
became odourless.The concentrations of Cu, Zn and Ca were 0.39, 2.54, and 2.10mg/L in the most optimally
purified water, which as increased compare to 0.18, 1.12 and 1.02mg/L respectively in the raw water sample
after addition of moringa oleifera seed.This suggest that moringa oleifera seed powder as effect on the increase
in concentration of the metals in the most optimally purified water due to addition of the moringa oleifera seed,
which is not in agreement with the result of findings by (Vikashni et al 2012), that Moringa oleifera seed as
potentials in adsorbing metals in treatment of turbid water. And all are within the maximum permissible limits
of Cu 2mg/L, Zn 3mg/L and Ca 75mg/L (WHO, 1993).After addition of moringa oleifera seed, Mg
concentration in the raw water sample reduced from 36.32mg/L to 27.89mg/L in the most optimally purified
water, which is in agreement with the result of findings by (Vikashni et al, 2012), that moringa oleifera seed as
potentials on metal concentration adsorption in treatment of turbid water, which is also within the World health
Organization limit of 50 mg/L [WHO, 1993). Pb, Co and Cr concentrations in the raw water sample were Not
Detected (ND), and in the most optimally purified water Pb, Co and Cr concentrations were; 0.19mg/L,
0.08mg/L and 0.09mg/L respectively, which is also not in agreement with the result of findings by (Vikashni et
al, 2012), that moringa oleifera seed as the potentials to adsorb metals in treatment of turbid water. And all are
above the World Health Organization maximum permissible limits of Pb 0.01mg/L, Co mg/L and Cr 0.05mg/L
respectively (WHO, 1993).
V. Conclusion
At 90mg/L dosage the turbidity of the sample water reduced from 339 to 4.10NTU. Also, some of the
metals analyzed were within the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum permissible limit and some were
not detected. The quality and accessibility of drinking water are of paramount importance to human health.
Drinking water may contain disease-causing agents and toxic chemicals and to control the risks to public health,
systematic water quality control and monitoring are required. This research revealed that Moringa Oleifera
seedhas the potential of being an alternative or a supplement to aluminium sulphate or other proprietary
polyelectrolytes and can save cost.The advantage of moringa oleiferaseed over the conventional chemical
coagulants is that it is an environmentally safe method of water purification. Therefore more research work
needs to bedone on the optimum dosage determination, elemental determination and some physiochemical
parameters that give water potability for drinking.This will go a long way in improving the quality of drinking
water in the rural areas.
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