The UN Genocide

The UN Genocide
According to the UN Genocide Convention, genocide falls under certain acts and those acts are
killing members of a group, causing bodily or mental harm, preventing births, transferring children
to other groups, and bringing physical destruction. The events that occurred in Burundi falls under
this article of the UN Genocide Convention. These events led to the UN International Commission
Inquiry ruling the 1993 mass killing of Tutsis a genocide. The number of killings that happened was
a clear reason to label this event a genocide. The ethnic group Tutsis were targeted and they were
harmed mentally and physically. Although it took ten years, the UN council finally declared the
events from 1993 a genocide. Under customary international law,
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The Rwandan Genocide
The Tutsi are a people who live in Rwanda, Burundi, and the northeastern part of the Democratic
Republic of Congo. The location, size, and history, most importantly, is why the Tutsi tribe the
second largest population division among the three largest groups in Rwanda and Burundi, the other
two being the Hutu and the Twa. Although the Tutsi tribe is one of the most known tribes in Africa,
it comes from a long way of fighting for its' rights and independence. Rwanda and Burundi contain
many mountains located in east–central Africa. Their combined total area is about 20,900 square
miles . This is about the combined size of the states of Maryland and New Jersey. Tutsi also live in
the northeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . They live near the city of Bukayu in
the Mulenge region. Here they are known as the Banyamulenge. The population of Rwanda and
Burundi was about 13 million in 1994. European colonists wanted an estimate of how many Tutis
and other ethnic groups they were during that period so they created a scheme according to a
economy statues and physical features. They defined "Tutsi" as anyone owning more than ten cows
(a sign of wealth) or with the physical feature of a longer nose, or longer neck, commonly associated
with the Tutsi. Tutsis are tall and sturdy people. Their physical characteristics make them great
soldiers leading them to indepence . Their physical strength have been useful in building up a strong
military force in Burundi.

Patriotism In Rwanda Genocide
To accurately come to terms with the events of the genocide, one must be familiar with the history
between the Hutus and the Tutsis. The Hutus occupied the region for hundreds of years before the
appearance of the Tutsi people. Nonetheless, the Tutsis quickly subjugated the Hutu people through
the formation of a feudal state. The Hutus were lowered to peasantry, whereas the Tutsis fashioned
warrior kingdoms in Rwanda and Burundi headed by "mwamis" (kings).
At the turn of the twentieth century, Rwanda was under German control. The Tutsi rulers had kept
on dominating Rwanda up until and through this period of colonial rule. The social structure in
Rwanda proceeded along these same lines even after World War I, when Belgium acquired Rwanda
through the Treaty of Versailles. By the 1930's and 40's, the Hutu minority started growing restless.
"rising Hutu patriotism" became a norm at this time. Fingers have been pointed at Belgium for
escalating the situation by emphasising the gap between the Tutsi and Hutu people by giving
preferential treatment to the Tutsis, making it possible for them to end up better taught and ... Show
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On April 6, former Rwandan and Burundi Presidents Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira were on
their way back to Rwanda when their plane was shot out of the sky. Everyone on board was killed.
The assassination was the catalyst that started the killing. The killings were very well planned, and
executed. Hutu forces carried out their methodically. Basically, there were three types of killings
taking place: Hutu people killing Tutsis and other moderate Hutus; Hutu people targeting politicians
and mutual killings from either side. Killings that were taking place in the context of the civil war,
which had been restarted when the Hutu attack began. This all culminated in a state–sponsored
genocide that ended with between 800,000 and one million people left

Humanitarian Challenges
Humanitarians' actions are known globally for their main goals of saving lives, alleviate suffering
and maintaining human dignity after conflicts, shocks as well as natural disasters. The
reconstruction and relief funds also help in the financing of projects in case of a disaster, during or
after the crisis, where they offer social and economic support to the victims. Some of the globally
known organizations that are involved include WFP, CARE, IFRC, AAH, exam international,
UNICEF and Red Cross. With the current problems facing different countries, poverty, vulnerability
and humanitarian need continue to challenge the world's capacity to prevent, respond and restoration
after a crisis. There is a need to support these programs through donations so that they can spread to
all parts of the world.
Forcier needs to venture into new markets which include countries like Egypt, Burundi, Zimbabwe,
and Liberia. Egypt has been at war for the last three years fighting with the ISL offshoots. This
country needs help from Forcier so that the families that have been affected by the war can be
assisted. There is a lot of human rights violation cases especially among journalists and other
vulnerable population in that country. Zimbabwe also needs some assistant due to the bad leadership
that is oppressing the citizens of that country and even poverty which is at a higher pick. The
HIV/AIDS epidemic is dominant in this country, mostly affecting the young people between 15 to
30 years. This nation needs urgent assistance which can be achieved through Forcier venturing in
and act promptly. The other new markets to be considered are Burundi and Liberia which are among
the poorest countries in Africa. Human rights are violated due to poverty and lack of enough help
from the foreign aid.
Forcier consulting is operating in Africa to help the challenged countries which include Uganda,
Somalia, DRC, and others which are less developed and facing different social and economic
challenges. Their investment in innovative technologies is allowing them to access and research in
the hardest to reach people in remote African areas.
Most of the foreign aiders (companies) operating in Egypt, Zimbabwe, Liberia, and Burundi are
almost the same,

Research Paper On Rwanda Genocide
Joshua Johnson
Mrs. Jackson
Western Civilization
15 December 2016
Rwandan Genocide Rwanda is a small country in between the two countries, the Dominican
Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. Rwanda gained its independence in 1962. In 1916 Belgium
ruled over the Rwandan people. The Belgium classified the Rwandan people into two groups, the
Tutsis and the Hutus. The Belgians put the Tutsi people in charge, because the Tutsis were richer
than the Hutu. The Tutsis punished the Hutus for many things and in many ways. In 1962, Hutus
had control of the country, many of the Tutsis left the country. On April 7th, 1994, the 100 Days of
Slaughter commenced. In just 100 days 800,000–1,000,000 Rwandan people died in the Rwandan
Genocide. Rwanda became ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Rwandan president, Habyarimana and the president of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira, are killed
when the president's plane is shot down near Kigali Airport, on April 6th, 1994. That night on the
6th of April, 1994, the genocide begins. Hutu people take to the streets with guns and machetes. The
Hutus set up roadblocks and stopped anyone that looked Tutsi or suspected of helping Tutsi people
to hide. On April 7th, 1994 the Rwandan Armed Forces set up roadblocks and went house to house
to kill any Tutsis found. Thousands of people die on the first, while the U.N. just stands by and
watches the slaughter go on. On April 8th, 1994 the U.N. cuts its forces from 2,500 to 250 after ten
U.N. soldiers were disarmed and tortured and shot or hacked to death by machetes, trying to protect
the Prime Minister. As the slaughter continues the U.N. sends 6,800 soldiers to Rwanda to protect
the civilians, on May 17th, 1994, they were meant to be the peacekeepers. The slaughter continues
until July 15th, 1994, in the 100 days that the genocide lasted 800,000–1,000,000 Tutsis and Hutus

Rwanda Genocide Research Paper
The Rwandan Genocide was from April to July of 1994. During the Rwandan Genocide there were
two groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis, The Hutus were farmers and the Tutsis were cattle farmers.
The Hutu ethnic majority in east–central African nation of Rwandan murdered majority of the Tutsis
minority. Eight hundred thousand to one million men, women, and children perished in the genocide
majority of the Tutsi minority What factors caused the Rwandan Genocide to begin, The Rwandan
civil war between majority of the Tutsi and minority of the Hutus, The President for the Hutus have
gotten shot and the Hutus blamed the Tutsi for it and it started tension and a massacre, and the
Rwandan Independence, in 1963, the Tutsis were discriminated against, and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They couldn't get jobs or get a well education like the Tutsis and health care was low. The Tutsis
assassinated the Hutus president by a plane explosion which made them furious and started a
massacre. The Tutsis had majority of the weapons while only the farmers of the Hutus had weapons.
They wiped out forty–five percent of Hutus teachers, students and five percent of the population
were killed (Cause and effects,n.d).
Another example would be the Rwandan civil war, there was a conflict between President Juvenal
Habyarimana and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic front. The Hutu ethnic aimed at wiping out the Tutsis.
The extremist who controlled Rwanda brutally murdered on estimated five hundred thousand to one
million innocent Tutsis. The Tutsi–led patriotic front was victorious and has formed a new
government.
The last example would be how the Rwandan gained Independence was another caused of the
Rwandan Genocide. The Belgian government divided the Ruanda–Urundi into two separate
countries which are now Rwandan and Burundi. Rwanda gained independence from their colorizers,
the Belgians. Variety of Tutsis had taken refuge in neighboring states to escape the violence which
the Hutus were combining into a community. Belgium came into possession of the two monarchies
by the way of the League of Nations in 1918. (Scherrer, pg.,

The Conflict Of A Civil War
What comes to your mind when you hear or think of the words civil war? Sometimes, a civil war
may be caused by a disagreement between two sides or it may occur when the two sides have
different opinions toward the same idea or same ideal. But can the two warring sections ever reunite
again?
When the European colonists arrived in my native country of Burundi, many people thought that
they were coming for a change, peace, and unity. Before they arrived, the country was united for a
long time. People used to get along with one another. Nobody thought that anything could ever
separate them. But when the Europeans arrived, everything changed. But was the European goal to
bring a change or to separate people? How would the country be today if the Europeans hadn't
colonized our country? Their arrival made a huge impact, which still exists today. Since the
colonists left our country, nothing has ever been the same.
Burundi is a small country that is located in Eastern Africa with a huge population. It borders with
Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Congo. Burundi is most known for its two tribes, which are the Hutu
and Tutsi. The history of the two tribes has not been the same after the European colonists arrived in
my country. Like most countries in Africa, Burundi gained its independence from the colonists in
1960s. Burundi has been struggling for a long time because of the impacts that the Europeans left in
the country. In 1972, there was a genocide between the two tribes which left

Rwanda Research Paper
For my individual essay I chose the country of Rwanda. I have chosen this country due to the fact I
have a friend from this country so I have always been extremely interested in it. One of several
things that have peaked my interest is the amount of war that has taken place there over the past
many years. Also, the fact that the weather in Rwanda is beautiful almost year around except for
some rainy seasons. It is also such a beautiful country with mountains, volcanos, and lots of
vegetation. Rwanda has many similarities to the United States like their government, religion and
judicial system. Although these things do not mirror the ones in the United States the do share very
similar aspects.
Rwanda is made up of three ethnic groups. Twa a small hunter–gatherer group make up one percent
of the population. Twa is also credited for first settling there sometime between the 5th and 11th
century. The Hutu who are the biggest group making up eighty–five percent of the population are
believed to be closely related to the Twa. Lastly the Tutsi who make up fourteen percent of the
country's population. They are believed to have settled in Rwanda sometime ... Show more content
Some other religions practiced here are Muslim, and Atheism among other very small religions.
Rwanda is also very diverse when it comes to languages the most common languages spoken is
Rwanda, properly known as Kinyarwanda, English, and French. Rwanda a Bantu language is
spoken by most all Rwandans. English and French have traditionally been spoken by only a small
percent of the population, even though English was named in Rwanda as the language of
educational instruction in 2008. Swahili also spoken in the country is still considered the primary
means of communication to most other Africans from neighboring

The Tutsi And Tutsi People
The Hutu and Tutsi people have been struggling to live together for many years. From 1959 to 1994
the Hutu and Tutsi people of Burundi and Rwanda have been bondaged together by major events
that have let to the Burundi and Rwanda Genocides. But there's more to just the Genocides than
what meets the eye.
In order to understand what happened in the Rwanda genocide I must talk about Burundi and the
Belgian rule. Hutu and Tutsi have lived in the same area for centuries and share the same language,
religions, and even clan systems. Hutu and Tutsi have also intermarried for years before these
genocides even occurred. For 60 years Burundi was under colonial rule of Germany until WWI
when Belgium took control Ruanda–Urundi. This caused the Hutu and Tutsi people great separation
because the Belgians created this division between them by choosing which ones would be Hutu and
which ones would be Tutsi. Hutu were normally short and stocky, while Tutsi were tall and skinny;
Dr. Hadidja Nyiransekuye pointed it out to me that there really is no difference between the Hutu
and the Tutsi, you could find some Tusti that were short and stocky and you could find Hutu that
were tall and skinny, also they intermarried and had children together so how couldn't you really tell
them apart. The Belgians just placed identification cards stating who people were based on what
they thought was "correct" in order to separate an already established country.
During the Burundi genocide nearly

Gender Roles In Rwanda
Tutsis and the Hutus escalated due to a series of political events, and not only did Rwanda suffer,
but surrounding countries were also affected (Lalji, 2007, p. 36). Due to the conflict, Rwandan
Hutus fled into the Eastern Congo; unfortunately, some of the Hutus who fled into the Eastern
Congo were a part of the Interahamwe (a Hutu rebel group) who carried out a mass killing of the
Tutsis (Lalji, 2007, p. 36). Due to the support of the Rwandan and Ugandan governments Laurent
Kabila, a rebel leader was promoted. In 1997, the Rwandan and Ugandan government overthrew the
former government, which Mobutu Sese Seko led (Lalji, 2007, p. 36).
The reality of peace was non–existent during Laurent–Désiré Kabila's time as president. Kabila
received very limited support from Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda, as these governments supported
the rebels within the area (Lalji, 2007, p. 36). The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I also consider the ways in which Congo's various human rights violations are interconnected. I have
also found that there is not enough emphasis given by scholars connecting the genocide and civil
wars of Rwanda and other countries within the Great Lakes Region overflowing into the Congo.
Throughout this paper, I will highlight the importance of the Rwandan genocide and ultimately its
impact in the 'resource curse' epidemic in the Congo. I also found that power imbalance, poverty,
and migration, led to the disorganization, rampant sexual violence, and societal discord within the
state as a whole. This paper then delineates the ways in which the DRC had potential to exist as a
thriving African country, but ultimately had failings that led to its current

Burundi Research Paper
LEGAL COMMITTEE Burundi's Position on the Legal Aspects of Odious Debt
Introduction
Burundi, one of the world's smallest nations, has just emerged from a 12–year ethnic–based civil
war. The war started in 1993 and just ended in 2005, which then caused an alteration in the
government political system to take on a democratic form. They are now in process of peace
although they are still in the struggle of reviving their shattered economy and forging national unity.
Burundi is a landlocked island surrounded by the Democratic republic of Congo, Rwanda, and
Tanzania. Burundi's GDP per capita is about $139, and only 18% of the population has food
security. Due to its poor economy, Burundi is at this moment burdened by huge debts and ... Show
To resolve this problem many organizations were formed to help developing countries that are in
huge non–payable debt situations through debt cancellation. Through this program, many of
Burundi's debts have been cancelled. Other countries have also done these debts cancellations. This
program has helped many countries in financial problems and made it more possible for them to
keep building their country and developing.
External Debts of Burundi
Debt is a major issue in Burundi. External debts are owed from other countries and now we are
struggling to pay our debts, although we are already helped through the debt cancellation program
that had cut our debts immensely. In 2003, Burundi's external debts reached the number
$1.140.000.000 and kept increasing until over the next 6 years. In 2009, the amount of Burundi's
external debts was $1.200.000.000. These are the total of public and private debts owed to
nonresidents repayable in foreign currency, goods, and services. Burundi is heavily dependent on
bilateral and multilateral aid, with external debt totaling US$1.4 billion in 2004. The International
Monetary Fund (IMF) was suspended during the outbreak of violence in 1993. Then, the IMF
reengaged with Burundi in 2002 and again in 2003 with post–conflict credits. In 2004, IMF
approved $104 million of loan for Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility.
Purposed Actions

The Republic of Rwanda Essay
The Republic of Rwanda
As the universe progresses so do different societies and civilizations. From the beginning of
mankind there have been many positive and negative changes. We have seen uproar of conflict
within nations and boundaries. This change has been seen evident in countries other than just the
United States, from coast to coast, continent to continent, war and struggle is noticeable. Progress is
evident in countries from their period of colonization to their struggle for independence and struggle
in the political arena. The following paper will focus on the struggle and hardships of two distinct
countries: Rwanda and Mexico, countries in search for the power, recognition and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to WW1 Rwanda was named Ruanda–Urandi, a territory occupied by Belgium. After WW1
the League of Nations mandated Belgium to administer Rwanda and in 1946 the country became a
Belgium trust territory under the United Nations. During 40 years of Belgium administration, as
under most colonial dispensations, we observe the disintegration, distortion or bastardization of
indigenous social and political structures and consequences.
Until 1959, the Tutsis formed the dominant caste under a feudal system based on cattleholding. In
1959, three years before independence, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus overthrew the ruling
Tutsi king. Over the next several years thousands of Tusis were killed and some 150,000 driven into
exile in neighboring countries. The monopolization of power in the hands of Tutsi constituted a
crucial and undisputed factor in firmly establishing the ethnic cleavage. This colonial intervention
caused the groups to become distinct political categories. In a certain sence, we have here an
instance of ethnogenesis (Roosems, 1989), which in the case of Rwanda would inevitably lead to a
reaction on the part of Hutu that they have been excluded of power. Tutsi discourse has drawn
inordinate conclusions from the

Deo's Evolution Of Memory In Rwanda
In 1994, pandemonium over took Rwanda and Burundi. In April to July, Rwanda was home to a
genocide that claimed the life of some 500,000 to a million people. Starting around the same time,
Burundi exploded into a civil war. Unlike in Rwanda, Burundi's civil lasted for many years, the
official end was in 2005. Although the events were different, both events were derived from ethnic
issues, specifically between the Hutu and the Tutsi. In both countries, the Tutsi minority, only about
fifteen percent of the population, were the targets of the Hutu majority, about eighty–five percent of
the population. Caught in the middle of the chaos was one Tutsi man whose incredible journey was
captured by Tracey Kidder in Strength in What Remains. Throughout ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While in Burundi, there are many examples that show that Deo has developed a Western perspective
of memory. In the introduction Kidder presents the difference between the Burundi and Western
perspectives. Deo reminds Kidder that while in Burundi they do not speak of those who have died
and tragedies. This reminder outlines the Burundi perspective on memories. This displays that Deo
is aware of the two perspectives in his life. Furthermore, the reminder to Kidder shows that Deo's
perspective on memory has become very Western. A final example portraying Deo's more Western
perspective is his willingness to share his story with Kidder. They travel through Burundi and Deo
points out places that he went while on the run, prior to coming to New York. In visiting these
places, Deo relives his memories, but instead of keeping them in, he shares the burden of them with
Kidder. For example, when they visited the hospital in Mutaho, which was were Deo was when first
began his escape. On this trip, Deo pointed out many areas to Kidder that had significant meaning
during his escape. Deo would say to Kidder, "This is a nightmare area. Many militiamen came from
here." He, also, shared through nonverbal cues. When they were in the hospital, Deo shared a
specific look with Kidder, then looked at the door they were in front of. Kidder understood that Deo
was showing him the room in which he had hid under the bed, praying he would survive. This
shows Deo's Western perspective on memory because he willingly shared the pasted atrocities he
lived through, verbally and nonverbally, with Kidder. This portrays the final stage of Deo's evolution
of memory. His perspective on memory had becoming very

Burundi Genocide
A person who is outside of their national country with the fear of being persecuted based on a
specific reason given by their country is referred to as a refugee. Persecution can occur if their
country does not agree on their race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or the membership of a
certain social group. An internally displaced person (IDP) is a person who has not crossed an
international border in order for them to find refuge. Both groups of people are similar because in
both cases there are people who are running away from their own country or land. They could both
be running from an issue, law, or belief that they may not agree with and can be victimized for such
beliefs. The difference between a refugee and an internally displaced ... Show more content on
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Not only has the IRC stepped in to help these refugees but also UNHCR has partnered with the
governments of Tanzania to help Burundi. From 1993 to 2000, Tanzania has been host to almost 1.5
million refugees (Thomas 2009). The fact that there are so many refugees in Tanzania can have
many economical effects. The goods and infrastructure will have to be shared between the citizens
and the refugees that flee there. Although Tanzania camps are already getting full with so many
refugees, the IRC are helping by identifying unaccompanied children and providing them with care
and counseling to those who have survived sexual violence (Tanzania 2015). There are also allowing
these refugee people to stay in mass shelters, churches, and

Summary: Ethnic Conflict Genocide
RASHED Alrashed
Id; 820814
Ethnic conflict Genocide
Expanding on Fearon and Laitin, who surrender in–gathering policing, could be abused for
genocidal purposes as opposed to directing interethnic dangers, the creators try to clarify variety in
the size of ethnic conflict, utilizing information from Rwanda and Burundi. Their computational
model accept people shift in their affinity to take part in viciousness, structure autonomous
convictions about others, and respond to open messages about current levels of ethnic animosity.
Furthermore, the overwhelming ethnic gathering is liable to genocidal standards–defectors who
neglect to take part in ethnic savagery face sanctions. Their outcomes show that the size of
viciousness fluctuates significantly crosswise over scenes, interethnic conflicts are not basically
deterministic yet rather reflect endogenous communications, interethnic trust impacts examples of
conflict–groups displaying high degrees of trust by and large experience extreme brutality that dies
down quickly, as opposed to the diligent, moderate savagery normal ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Not only did Rwanda suffer more massacres (some directed at Hutu) between 1995 and 1998, but
Burundi's civil war continued until 2006. Perhaps worst of all, Eastern Congo after 1996 became the
epicenter of what many scholars have dubbed "Africa's World War The 1994 genocide took the lives
of an estimated 800,000 Rwandans, the vast majority of them Tutsi. This genocide–and the world's
utter abandonment of the Rwandan people–should never be forgotten. But nor should we overlook
the political and ethnic violence that preceded and followed the genocide, whether in Rwanda,
Burundi, or the Democratic Republic of the Congo. One can only hope that the next 20 years will be
kinder to a region that has suffered so much over the past

The Rwandan Genocide : Violent And Very Cruel Essay
The Rwandan genocide was very violent and very cruel. Many people were killed and were raped.
This war was not more than where you were born and what family you belong to. In 1918 Belgium
took over Rwanda, but in 1933 the Belgians forced the Rwandans into two different categories. The
Hutus and the Tutsis. Everything started just because it was easier to know where all the blacks were
if they were in separate groups. The Tutsis were the minority; they were the upper class and were
aristocratic. The Hutus on the other hand were peasants; they were the poorest of the poor. The
Europeans brought the culture of a political ethnic dissidence to Rwanda. They took the original
structure and made it very extreme, ethnic cards were given to be worn at all times. The Tutsis were
privileged to everything, nice food, a good area to live in, good clothing. The Hutus on the other
hand were made into a much oppressed group; they lived in slums and barely had enough food to
live off of. Even though the Hutus were the majority they were treated like second class, animals.
In the early 1960s there was a revolution, the Hutus took over and majority would rule again. But
the Tutsis were not happy. The state remained separated. Through the rest of the years going up to
the early 1990 throughout that period, there was a power issue with the government used against
Tutsi to maintain this Hutu power. There were thousands of Rwandan Tutsis living in exile, in one
state or another, on the border

Taking a Look at the Rwandan Genocide
The struggle for power and the constant tension between these two groups led to the event that
would spark this genocide. It would occur at 8:30 p.m., on April 6th 1994. On this day President
Juvénal Habyarimana of Rwanda was returning from a summit and his plane was shot down,
causing the death of everyone on board. (BBC) Hutu extremist immediately took control over the
government and blamed the assassination on the Tutsi. This was the last straw for the Hutu. The
killing began in Rwanda's capital city Kigali. The slaughter was led by anti–Tutsi youth organization
called Interahamwe (New York Times). Within a few days roadblocks were set up in order to check
for identification. Anyone who was Tutsi was killed immediately. (History 1900's) April 7th things
escalated. Hutu extremist began purging the government of their opponents. This led to the death of
both Hutu, and Tutsi people.
Over the next couple days violence spread throughout Rwanda. The government had access to all
the names and locations of the Tutsi. This allowed the killers to go door–to–door slaughtering the
Tutsi. (National Geographic) Because bullets were quite expensive the main weapon of choice were
hand weapons. Many Tutsi were tortured before killing, while others could choose to pay for bullets
in order to have a swift death. While many Tutsi men were tortured before death they were not the
only ones. Thousands of Tutsi women were raped then killed, or were kept as sex slaves for weeks
at a time.

Rwanda Research Paper
Rwanda is a small landlocked country located in Central Africa. It neighbors Uganda to the north,
Burundi to the south, the Democratic Republic of Congo to the west and Tanzania to the east.
According to the CIA world factbook the total area of Rwanda is 26,338 km2 composed of 24,668
km2 of land and 1,670 km2 of water. The land use is about ¾ agricultural land with 47% arable
land, 10% permanent crops, 17% permanent pasture, 18% forest, and 7.5% other (Central
Intelligence Agency). Rwanda is plagued by deforestation leading to a loss of biodiversity, soil
erosion and landslides, flooding, and degradation of the watershed (United Nations,
"Environment"). These effects create risk for the general public and decrease the capacity of the
country ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Hutu and the Tutsi have a violent history dating back to 1959 when the Hutus overthrew the
Tutsi king appointed by the Belgian colonizers. Thousands of Tutsi were killed and over a hundred
thousand were driven into neighboring countries. Years later the exiled Tutsi formed the Rwandan
Patriotic Front (RPF) and began a civil war in 1990. This resulted in years of political and economic
disruption and culminated in 1994 to a state–orchestrated genocide which led to the deaths of ¾ of
the Tutsi population as well as about 30% of the Twa. The genocide ended when the RPF defeated
the national army and established a government of national unity led by the RPF (CIA). Nearly 2
million Hutu fled Rwanda in fear of Tutsi retaliation which may have been well founded. In August
2010 the UN published a report which accused Rwanda's Tutsi leaders of "crimes against humanity,
war crimes, or even genocide". The report details the systematic and premeditated nature of attacks
on Hutus in the DRC by the Rwandan army from 1993 to 2003 (United Nations, "DRC"). The
Rwandan government has since denied the allegations however multiple mass graves have been
found where the genocides were

The Conflict : Why It Emerged
Analysis of the conflict: Why it emerged
The civil war in Burundi has been attributed to the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, who was the
first Hutu president to be elected. Before the October 1993 general election, the Burundian
government was Tutsi dominated (laccino, 2015). The ascension of Melchior Ndadaye created much
tension among the Tutsi militia who were in denial of the outcome of the election. His assassination
by Tutsi extremists led in to indiscriminate killings of each warring faction (Badmus, 2015). The
Origins of this interethnic conflict has been attributed to decades of colonialists divide and rule
strategy.
Fig 1.1 Political Map of Burundi, with Bujumbura as its capital (Furian, 2016)
Primary Actors in the Conflict
The primary actors in the 1993 conflict were the Tutsi and the Hutu, who have had a long history of
ethnic tension since independence.
Each side supported a political party; the Tutsi the Uprona, while the Hutu Frodebu. The Uprona
(Tutsi) Political party had been in power since independence and for the first time a Hutu had been
elected as president. The death of Melchior Ndadaye created a tense situation that unraveled into
civil war hence killing around 300,000 people.
The main groups that actually directly engaged in the conflict included, the Tutsi Dominated
Government Army and the two Hutu Rebel groups.
The Hutu Rebel Groups consisted of the Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie–Forces
pour la Défense de la Démocratie

Imperialism In Rwanda Research Paper
Rwanda has a long history that has contributed to their experiences of great violence and suffering
and therefore the need for a peacekeeping. In pre–colonial times there was a division between the
superior people being the Tutsi' and the peasant people being the Hutu's. King Ruganzu Ndori, being
a Tutsi outlined Hutu's area and showed no hesitation in treating any Hutu's who opposed the order
with unmitigated harshness.
In the late 1800s Africa was divided amongst the Europeans and Rwanda became colonised by
Germany, however after WW1 Belgian forces occupied Rwanda. The Belgian found the Tutsi tribe
easier to get along with so in 1993 ethnic identity card were introduced to ensure most of the jobs
and education went to the Tutsi's. In the late 1950s the Hutu's being 85% of the population called for
a change in Rwanda's power structure to give them a voice. Belgian decided to side with the Hutu's
and the Tutsi King was overthrown resulting in many Tutsi's fleeing and becoming unwanted
refugee's in neighbouring counties like Uganda.
In 1962 Rwanda gained its independence from Belgian and a Hutu, Gregoire ... Show more content
The genocide had seen the country drawn down two lines: Hutu and Tutsi. And by 1995, the new
ruling power, the Tutsi–based Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), who wanted to close down the
refugee camps like Kibeho who held displaced Hutu's. Among them were Hutu militia who feared
reprisal for their crimes if they went back to their own villages. In the early staged of 1995 Kibeho
was the largest Rwandan Refugee camp containing between 80,000 to 100,000 people. On April
22nd desperate to close down the camp, the RPF has opened fire. Over the course of the day the
RPF unleashed machine gun fire and rocket propelled grenades on the captive refugees. Official
numbers say just 300–odd people were killed in Kibeho, but Australian personnel counted at least
4000, some say

Rwanda, Uganda, And Burundi
Rwanda is located in east–central Africa surrounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi. In fact Rwanda is slightly smaller than the state of Maryland and
has a total population of 12,661,733 people. The land is 74.5 percent farmable and the median age
throughout the country is 18.8. The average lifespan of a citizen in Rwanda is about 59 years. Also
in the past year, there were about 33.75 births per 1,000 people and the average death rate was 8.96
deaths per 1,000 people. Unfortunately, there are only about 0.06 physicians per 1,000 people,
which compared to other countries is substantially small causing many health issues not being
resolved. (cia) Besides the general fact about Rwanda, an unfortunate event took place from April to
July of 1994. Members of the Hutu ethnic majority (about 85 percent of the population) in the east
central African nation of Rwanda murdered as many as 800,00 people, mostly containing the Tutusi
minority of Rwanda in a 100 day span (history). Unfortunately 6 men, women, and children were
murdered every minute of every hour of every day for those 3 months. Between 250,000 and 500,00
women were raped and up to 20,000 children were born as a result. Therefore, more than 67 percent
of women who were raped in 1994 during the genocide became infected with HIV/AIDs, which is a
major problem that will be discussed later on in this paper (surf). The genocide changed the country
of Rwanda forever. Consequently,

The Rwandan Genocide: The True Story Of Deo
The Rwandan Genocide was the attempted extermination of Tutsis by the neighboring Hutu
population. In a mere span of 100 days dating from April 7th to mid July 1994 approximately
1,000,000 Rwandans were murdered. That is in simpler terms, 7 people every minute. 20 years later,
we are experiencing a sort of echo with the Syria crisis and frighteningly enough so is the
disheartening inaction of world powers, the difference being the presence of United Nations action.
UN refugee chief Antonio Guterres was quoted as saying, "We have not seen a refugee outflow
escalate at such a frightening rate since the Rwandan Genocide almost 20 years ago". An opposing 3
million refugees displaced from their homes and 93,000 casualties in Syria since March 2011. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deo was able to escape the killing fields of his native homeland to the privileged halls of ivy–league
ranked education. But it goes without saying that rivaled against the mundane–and fortuitously so–
lives must of us have experienced, Deo underwent unimaginable horrors that most people couldn't
come back from. Thus, the resulting traumatization Deo demonstrates in the "New York" chapters of
the book; the physiological aftermath. An event can be considered traumagenic when: It threatens a
person's life, produces feelings of terror, overwhelms ability to cope, or challenges sense of
meaning. The Rwandan Genocide proved to be all of the above for Deo, in consequence causing
him and the collective Tutsi population, trauma. Deo developed a sense of hyper vigilance; "To
answer felt dangerous. She wasn't just a stranger, she was a journalist... Would bas people read it and
come to find him in New York?" (9). He had stopped eating, to the extent that a Doctor instructed
Sharon McKenna to "fatten him up"(53). A wave of severe anxiety and depression would be
followed by a wave of workaholisms. His depression came in periods, missing weeks on end of
class and giving up on touring dignitaries alternating (107) with a deepened responsibility and
reinvigorated work ethic, "His grades suffered more or less in cadence with his nightmares and with
troubling news from Burundi. Then he would recover and do well for stretches, more than well
enough in the end to make it through Columbia" (109). Thus comprising much of the Trauma
Reenactments of acting

Hutu and Reed Burundi Essay
Mithra Derakshan
25 October 2010
Professor Reed
Burundi
Burundi is a resource–poor country in Eastern Africa, bordered by Rwanda, The Republic of Congo,
and Tanzania. The country is about the size of Maryland, and has a population of about 9,511,000
people (CIA World Factbook). Burundi is known for having one of the highest population densities
in all of Africa. It is a country with a drawn out history plagued with war, conquest, and detrimental
ethnic conflicts. It has a moderate tropical climate, with two wet seasons and two dry seasons, yet it
is lacking in industrial and political force to overcome its deficiencies. Though the citizens face
extreme poverty, a tainted past, and a recently ended civil war, they remain optimistic for ... Show
Though Burundi's largest industry is agriculture,, accounting for 65% of the GDP. It's biggest
resource industry is coffee, and other agriculture includes bananas, sweet potatoes, hides, tea,
sorghum and maize. According to the World Food Programme, about 56% of children under five
years of age suffer from chronic malnutrition, which makes the country dependent on aid from
foreign countries. (Wikipedia) Though civil unrest has stunted Burundi's growth, the land is full of
local tradition and culture. Drumming plays an important role in their heritage. Along with
drumming comes dance, which can be seen during family celebrations and get–togethers. A typical
meal at these gatherings would be one consisting of sweet potatoes, corn, and peas. Meat is rarely
eaten due its' high expense, yet impeke (beer) is generally part of a daily meal for most
Burundians(Every Culture). Sports like football, basketball, and track and field are loved by the
Burundians and played daily. Burundians are extremely religious and the country consists of a
prominence of three different religions: Christianity, Islam, and indigenous beliefs. Christianity is
the largest religion, and the biggest holiday is Christmas. It is believed that most of the Hutu are
generally Christian, and that most of the Tutsi are Muslim, which is why they tend to be so hateful
towards one another. In 2009 the government passed law in which criminalized homosexuality. Any
person found guilty of

The Structural Adjustment Program Project
The structural adjustment program project is one project of the World Bank that created substantial
problems for the assisted nation, which in this case is Burundi. The structural adjustment program is
a sort of lending program by the World Bank for countries whose economies are experiencing crisis.
However, this lending program requires certain reforms and policies to be implemented by the
receiving country in exchange for loans. In other words, the loans are strictly conditional, and these
conditionality attachments are the root cause through which the project creates problems for the
assisted nation. According to the CIA, Burundi is one of the world 's poorest countries having poor
resources with a high rate of poverty, an undeveloped manufacturing sector and foreign aid
represents 42% of Burundi 's national income. Retrieved from
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the–world–factbook/geos/by.html. Due to expanding
budget deficits, debt servicing accumulated in the 1970s, a coffee boom period, and war, Burundi
adopted the structural adjustment program project around the late 1980s to the 90s. The structural
adjustment program emphasized "the need to pursue the policy program with special attention to
macroeconomic and public sector management. It recommends further policy actions to reinforce
the restructuring of the Burundian economy: a) active export promotion policies; b) liberalization of
the labor and financial markets; and c) promotion of private investment,

The genocide started with the assassination of the Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana and
Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira, when the their plane was shot down on April 6, 1994. The
current President of Rwanda, Paul Kagame, was suspected to have influenced this assassination
because he was the leader of a rebel Tutsi group and Habyarimana was a Hutu. Due to his death the
Hutu rebel groups, such as the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), arose
because they had felt threatened by their past violent history. The Hutu and the Tutsi lived within the
precolonial Kingdom of Burundi in 1972 which was ruled by the Tutsi. The government became
increasingly dangerous for the Hutu people, "In 1929, the Belgians decided to merge

Hotel Rwanda 'And Strength In What Remains'
Terry George's Hotel Rwanda is a terrifying tale of genocide the world simply chose to ignore,
dooming innocent civilians, the Tutsis in particular, to death. As heart breaking as it was to spend
every second watching this horrible massacre unfold before my eyes, I couldn't help feel angry.
Angry at the world for turning away from these people when they needed our support the most,
angry at myself for not having known this terrible tragedy that took place during these 'civilized'
times, angry that harmless Tutsis died due to our ignorance and angry that we let their deaths occur
on our hands.
When the killing spree began, news anchors flooded in to film and report to the world the loss of life
occurring here in Rwanda. Bodies began piling atop each other. It was then when I saw the darkness
that shrouded humans, the one thin lining that separated evil from humanity. On the excuse of
reporting this massacre to the world, the media has nothing but the fame it could gain from having
filmed such horrors in their selfish minds. Their ignorance is shameful and is inconsequential in
preventing further genocide. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This reveals a very bad example of the length journalists, or in general the media, goes to obtain
what they want. What they do not realize is that the people they have taken advantage of are
inevitably human and therefore subject to feeling upset at such a degree of abandonment. The very
least the media could do is to approach the person professionally, discuss and when the time comes,
leave with

Strength Analysis And Evaluation Of Personal And Social...
Strength in What Remains by Tracy Kidder is a true story, all about one man. Deo and his journey,
surviving two genocides and how he got to America, and his journey afterward. A global theme that
really connects to this book is, "the analysis and evaluation of personal and social responsibility",
but why? The idea of personal and social responsibility is that it's what you are responsible for, it's
what you see as your duty personally and in a social environment. Deo feels very responsible for the
troubles going on in Burundi, his home country when he moves to the US, and therefore makes it his
mission to help others. Deo helps his country because he feels bad for leaving it to fend for itself,
and feels bad for leading such a profitable life when a lot of his old schoolmates are dead or don't
have a great future ahead of them. The theory is therefore that no matter one's struggles in life, one
always ends up feeling personal and social responsibility to their own cause or people. Deo
struggled a lot throughout his life shown in the book and went through many misfortunes, he left
Burundi with hope for his own future and returned with hope for his people. The claim is that
personal and social responsibility can be to do with anything, but it's all about looking after people
in our society, feeling responsible for them, helping them. The book Strength in What Remains talks
about a young boy, Deo, and his troubles in life, he is born and raised in Burundi and achieves the
rare

Introduction
The Rwandan Genocide was one that will never be forgotten. It occured from April 7, 1994 to July
1994. Rwanda was mainly separated into three different ethnic groups. The Hutus, the Tutsis, and
the Twa. The population of the Hutus in Rwanda was about 84 percent of the country, the Tutsis
group was 15 percent, and the Twa ethnicity was only a trivial 1 percent. The start of the country's
civil war was triggered by the killing of the Rwandan president. The country was having difficulties
before the assassination, and the killing only initiated the anger. The Rwandan Genocide left the
country struggling to reconstruct the relationships between its people.
Rwandan President Elimination The executive chief of the country at the time was the second
president of the Republic of Rwanda. Juvénal was born and raised in Rwanda, he was born March,
8th 1937. His wife, and longtime partner Agathe Habyarimana gave birth to eight children in her
lifetime. President Juvénal Habyarimana served as leader of Rwanda longer than any other president
to date. His people gave him the nickname "Kinani", which meant "invincible" in Kinyarwanda. He
was very idolized by the people he governed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the plane with Habyarimana was the president of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira, as well as
several high–level Rwandan political and military officials. Suddenly, the plane was shot down by a
missile fired by the ethnic group, the Hutus. There is no doubt that the Rwandan president was the
target of the attack. Sixteen year debates have taken place over this tragic accident. Many said that
as soon as they heard about the plane incident, they automatically knew it was the Hutu ethnicity
group. The killing of the president contributed to the start of the genocide with communication
helping to continue

Taking a Look at the Rwandan Genocide
According to Michael P. Scharf, over 800,000 Tutsis were slaughtered in just 4 months. To put that
in perspective, that is two times more people than everyone in Atlanta, and every single one of their
lives were taken in a third of the year. Such a terrible atrocity and no one accepted the blame. A
small group of African leaders came together and blamed other countries such as the United States
and the members of the United Nation's for not intervening on the genocide that was occurring.
Others, however, stated that it was not their place to get in the middle of a civil war. Looking deeper
into this matter, some even say that the Rwandan government shares a portion of the blame for
putting the two groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis, against each other. There has been a long, thick
tension between the two for many years going back to when Belgium owned a colonial state known
as Rwanda–Burundi. Rwanda and Burundi had two main ethnic groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis.
While the Hutus were greater in population, the Belgians favored the Tutsis for their physical
advantages such as lighter skin. The Belgium military encouraged bureaucracy throughout the state
and insisted the Tutsis have more power than the Hutus. This created a lot of tension between the
two groups; especially so when you consider that the Hutus were 85% of the entire population.
Throughout Belgian rule, the Tutsis were given considerably more power than the majority Hutus.
They did so through military enforcement

Eight Stages Of Genocide By Gregory Stanton
They had found what they were looking for, scientific proof that would justify a clear distinction
between East African people, a distinction that would claim the lives of millions of innocent people.
A separation that should 've been trivial and meaningless instead lead to superiority complexes and
an ever–growing bitterness in the heart of the Hutu people. East Africa became a powder keg that
finally exploded as Burundi divulged into a civil war. Genocide happens under three circumstances,
war, decolonization, and national security; By using Gregory Stanton 's Eight Stages of Genocide it
becomes very apparent to us that the Tutsis not only systematically murdered the Hutu people but
hid behind the cover of war to do it. Conflict in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is because of Hutu aggression that caused the Tutsi to hit back harder and begin their elimination
of the Hutu people. America couldn 't deal with Burundi because it was still fighting in Vietnam, a
war in which they were losing and one where the American people wanted out. We couldn 't direct
resources to Africa because they were need in Vietnam. Besides external conflict America was
suffering internally as the Watergate scandal began to come to light. The American people were
fighting at home against the government and overseas against communism, they didn 't have the
time to deal with a small African country. Finally, other big players like China and the USSR were
unwilling to help Burundi because there was no real benefit to it. Burundi had set itself up to
become a capitalistic society so there was no real future between them and large communist
countries. The growing tension in Burundi became overshadowed by more pressing matters and
because of that Station 's Eight Stages of Genocide went by unnoticed, starting with classification.
Burundi 's idea of classification was not new, it has been rooted in their history and making its
reappearance because of fear. Burundi 's idea of "us vs. them" began with colonization as Europeans
had proven the Tutsi to be superior to the Hutu; "the scientists found what they had believed all
along. Tutsi had a 'nobler ', more 'naturally ' aristocratic dimensions than the 'coarse ' and 'bestial '
Hutus."

Second Congo War Research Paper
Abstract:
The Second Congo War began in 1998, one year after the end of the First Congo War. The First
Congo War installed Laurence Desire Kabila as President and brought the Alliance des forces
democratiques pour la liberation du Congo–Zaire (ADFL) to power. During the First Congo War, an
alliance between Rwanda and Uganda helped to overthrow Joseph Desire– Mobutu, the dictator of
Zaire, now known as The Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both the conflict in Rwanda in 1994
and in Burundi in 1993, coupled with the First Congo War, led up to the current conflict. Involved in
the conflict are the states of Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Namibia, Chad, Burundi, The Sudan,
Zimbabwe, and the Congo.
Historical Background:
Background:
Genocide in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rebels were backed by Uganda and Rwanda, and Zimbabwe, Angola, and Namibia sided with the
Kabila government. When Kabila came into power he began attempting to distance himself from
those that had helped to put him there in the first place, the Rwandan forces in Kigali, and the
Congolese Tutsis who began the rebellion in 1996. In June of 1998 Kabila reached out to the ex
Rwandan Armed Forces that the rebellion which put him into power fought against only the
previous year. Kabila sought to gain his own base in an attempt to ensure he stayed in power. When
Kabila announced in July that all Rwandan forces were to be removed from the capital of the DRC,
this prompted the 10th brigade stationed in Goma to cut ties with

Hope in Humanity: Village Health Works
When the Belgians colonized Burundi, they made a grave error by favoring the minority Tutsis over
the majority Hutus. Even after the Belgians left and Burundi became an independent nation, the
segregation remained. As a result of tension after tension, in 1994, the Hutus began their mass
killing of Tutsis. In Strength in What Remains, renowned writer Tracy Kidder shares the
overwhelming account of escape and second chances experienced by Deogratias Niyizonkiza, a
young Tutsi medical student, during the gruesome genocides that occurred in Burundi and
neighboring Rwanda. During his journey, Deo encountered people who were extremely hostile
against him, but he also came across many who were willing to help him during his time of greatest
need. Thus, despite all the cruelty Deo has witnessed and experienced, his story restores faith in
humanity because of the acts of benevolence that followed the horrors. Some readers may argue that
there was no goodness present in Burundi during the genocide; there was blood and murder
everywhere Deo went. However, one must consider the few people who helped Deo escape. First,
when Deo barely reached the border between Burundi and Rwanda, he gives up. He was sleeping
when a middle–aged woman wakes him up and urges him to continue. " 'I'm too tired,' he told the
woman. 'I'm just going to stay here' " (127). But she was persistent and he could not help but oblige.
At the checkpoint, the woman convinced the interrogators that Deo is her son and

Role Of Imperialism In Rwanda
Before Rwanda was colonized it was solely ruled by Tutsi leaders. This did not change even during
colonialism. In 1884 the Berlin conference assigned the region of rwanda to germany and germany
just decided to rule through the monarchy of Rwanda. Which at the time was ruled by the Tutsi
Kingdom. In 1889 Rwanda officially became a part of a colony of German East Africa(Rwanda).
After the sudden defeat of Germany in World War I the League of Nations Mandate of 1919
appointed Belgium to administer Rwanda and Burundi. They later decided on the name of Rwanda
and burundi to be Rwanda– Urundi(Rwanda). The Belgians only wanted the tutsis to lead Rwanda
because they felt like they were more superior in a sense. The belgians believed that the Tutsi

Imperialism In Rwanda
Everything begun in the 1300s when the Tutsi became apart of what was called Rwanda at the time.
The Tutsi was under the Hutu and TWA control. 85% of the population was Hutu's, followed by the
Tutsi's, with a small number of TWA who was a pygmy group basically the original citizens of
Rwanda. Around the 1600s King Ndori got the upper hand of the central Rwanda and removed some
of Hutu areas. In the late 1800s Rwanda became part of the German east Africa. Before Belgians
takes over Rwanda in the 1916 the Britain and Germany agreed to set boundaries that separated the
German east Africa. In 1921 Rwanda was handed over to the England. July 25th 1959 King Mutara
III. Monarch of Rwanda died. Also the Tutsi ruler was removed by the Hutu Majority. Around
20,000 Tutsi People was killed. Which forced the King to exile. During this time a revolution of the
Hutu's forced as many as 300,000 Tutsi's to flee the country, making and even smaller minority. By
the early 1961 the Hutu's forces Rwanda Tutsi's monarch into exile and declare republic. ... Show
During this time the United Nation trusted territory of Ruanda–Urundi was split between the
independent nations of Rwandi and Burund. Ten Years later the Tutsi government killed around
100,000 Hutu in Burundi. When the Tutsi exiles from Uganda in 1990 they invaded Rwanda. During
the 90s the president asked the french troops to help block an ethnic Tutsi exile force. On August 4th
1993 Rwandan Hutu's and Tutsi Negotiated a power sharing agreement in Arusha, Tanzania. January
of 1994 the Canadian Gen. Romeo Dallaire sent over a fax to warn the UN about the mass killing
that was about to occur. When the commander of the UN forces in Rwandan tried to reach out to the
Kigali Government to making a plat to slaughter all Tutsi. Gen'1 Romeo Dallaire of Canada was
ordered not to protect the

Modern Genocide in Africa Essay
Since Burundi's independence in 1962, there have been two instances of genocide: the 1972 mass
killings of Hutus by the Tutsi–dominated government, and the 1993 mass killings of the Tutsis by
the Hutu populace. Both of these events in Burundi received different levels of attention by the
international community and the western media due to a lack of foreign governmental interest,
political distraction, and an unwillingness to acknowledge the severity of these atrocities in Burundi.
Interestingly, events of genocide occurring at times without these distractions received more foreign
attention than those ignored due to these factors. Because of this, much of the western world is
unaware of the Burundian genocide and events similar to it. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The noteworthy western response can be partly attributed to the little political distraction within the
United States and Western Europe. On the contrary, the Soviet Union did not intervene in the
Burundian Genocide, as the Soviet Union's foreign affairs were occupied with fueling the civil war
in Ethiopia and spreading Marxism in former Portuguese colonial states, particularly in Angola
(Soviet Military and Other Activities in Sub–Saharan Africa). Despite showing a clear interest in
affairs in Sub–Saharan Africa, the Soviet Union neglected to intervene in the 1972 Burundian
genocide, whereas western nations took initiative in humanitarian efforts in the region. The lack of
political distractions within western nations facilitated the support by western nations during the
1972 Burundian genocide. The mass killings of Tutsis by the Hutu populace in Burundi are
considered one of the most severe acts of genocide, however, it was overshadowed by the coinciding
genocide in Rwanda and political distractions around the world. Coinciding with the genocide of
Tutsis by the Hutu majority in Rwanda and other neighboring countries, the second incident of
Burundi is an act of vengeance for the genocide in 1972 (Rwandan Crisis). The major difference in
terms of international reaction from the 1972 genocide was that there was little aid to Burundi and
this event was largely ignored by western news media and governments. With the end of a
Republican reign in

Rwanda Genocide Effects
The Rwandan Genocide of 1994 (see Appendix A) was a horrible tragedy in the eyes of
the modern world, and more often than not, it is seen as a diplomatic failure by the most powerful
nations in the world. The developed world overwhelmingly ignored the destabilization of
sub–Saharan Africa that accompanied European decolonization in the late 20th century. Although
the Rwandan Genocide is traditionally thought to have ended after 100 horrendous days in 1994,
many impacts still linger. One of the most lasting effects of the tragic conflict is the HIV crisis
and its displacement of peoples throughout sub–Saharan Africa. This displacement, specifically of
the Tutsi and Hutu tribes of Rwanda, has shaped the geopolitical atmosphere of the region, ... Show
With the removal of ethnic markers on identification cards for
Rwandans, the government and economy of the country was able to resettle after the Rwandan
Civil War, but the displaced people in Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi all faced new
challenges. The Hutu refugees in Zaire were forced into the Congo Wars, in which Zaire was
Garivay 3
invaded by the Rwandans, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo was formed. The
questionable sustainability of new African governments has yet to be resolved (the current system
in the DRC has only been in place since 2003), but the Rwandan Genocide and its subsequent
HIV crisis most definitely affected these populations. Other countries, such as Burundi, also faced
change in the immediate aftermath of the Rwandan Genocide. Bennedsen emphasizes that "In

Burundi, conflict began when the country had fairly high rates of HIV infection" (6). The use of
rape and sexual, gender–based violence as a weapon of war not only ruined the lives of
individuals, but influenced the affairs of neighboring domains.
Although the Rwandan Genocide and the HIV crisis following it had

Conflict In Rwanda And Burundi
The genocides in Rwanda and Burundi were tragic parts of modern African history. This conflict
was caused by tension between two major ethnicities in the area– the Hutu and Tutsi. The Tutsis
were given power by the European invaders because they were involved in cow farming, while the
Hutu were seen as lesser people because they involved themselves in crop farming. This led to
conflict which was not between all members of both groups, but a war between the Tutsi leaders and
a group of Hutus, who called themselves the PALIPEHUTU, "an acronym for, roughly, 'Liberation
of the Hutu People'" (pg 94 par 1). Tracy Kidder wrote the book Strength in What Remains about
Deogratias "Deo" Niyizonkiza, a man who escapes from Burundi during this time of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deo's friend Jean gave him the idea to get Deo to America, and helped in many ways to get him
there. When this Jean suggests this, Deo thinks to himself that America "meant vast wealth, a
country that probably looked like Kiriri, the tree–lined part of Bujumbura where the ambassadors'
residences were situated, mansions behind tall stone walls" (pg 85 pdf). When Deo is actually in
America though, he finds that where he has ended up is not as beautiful or wealthy as he expected it
to be. This skewed perception of America can also be seen when Deo gets off of the plane in Ireland.
Even though he is not in America, he thinks that he is, and observes that "everyone's clothes looked
better than his" (pg 4 pdf). He also notices how happy the cows look in Ireland, and since cows are
very important in Burundian culture, this probably made America seem like an even greater place to
him. Another example that shows how the perception of America is skewed is when Deo talks to a
pastor at an expensive clinic, the pastor tells Deo that he should "tell his American friends to bring
him equipment and medicines and then go away (pg 135 pdf)." Although this comment was made
because the pastor wanted to make money off of his clinic, it still shows that the pastor thinks of the
Americans as people who bring supplies. This is a true statement in this case, as these Americans
came back to Burundi to "work, while others raised money back in the United States" (pg 149 pdf),
and one doctor decided to give his services for free to the Burundians, but it is not what most
Americans do and does not give the Burundians a full picture of what Americans are like. When
talking about far–away places, the Burundians use the word 'Iburaya'. The skewed perception of
America made from the

Agathon Rwasa Refugees Essay
Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their home country for fear of persecution for
reasons of race, religion, politics, civil war or due to environmental disasters. They move to other
countries hoping to find help and asylum. Refugees do not include displaced persons who are people
who have been forced to move within their own country. Over 80% of refugees are in developing
countries due to the country being less able to help. They live in extreme poverty, lacking food,
shelter, clothing, education and medical care. They have no citizenship, few, if any rights and
virtually no prospects. The largest recorded movement in recent history followed tribal–based
genocide in Rwanda, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hundreds of thousands of people fled to neighbouring countries (Democratic Republic of Congo,
Uganda and Tanzania). In November 2003, the country's largest rebel group, CNDD–FDD (Conseil
National pour la Defense de la Democratie–Force pour la Defense de la Democratie) faction led by
Pierre Nkurunziza, and the government finally signed a peace deal. Since then, fighting has ended
everywhere except in the hills surrounding the capital, Bujumbura. Here, Agathon Rwasa's FNL
(Forces Nationales de Liberation) rebels have dug in and are fighting the army.
Despite the fighting, many of the 320,000 Burundians in the refugee camps in Kigoma and Kagera
regions in western Tanzania are hopeful about peace efforts that have been put in. The people very
much want to return to their country. Previous peace deals were followed by slight increases in the
numbers of refugees returning home. Most, however, were doubtful and stayed in the camps
awaiting signs of a more enduring peace. Many are returning to the east of their country, an area that
has been largely inaccessible to humanitarian workers because of fighting. In this area, medical
services are stretched, schools are run down and most of the refugees will come to find their homes
destroyed. Access to land, especially for those who have been away for a long time, is already a
serious issue for a group of

Burundian Genocide
Burundi's Pre–Independence History
The Burundian genocide began in 1962, shortly after Burundi became an independent country. The
CIA factbook begins with Burundi's first democratically elected president in 1993 (CIA). However,
this ignores much of the territory's long, fraught history; it is, in effect, erasure. Without fully
understanding Burundi's past, it is impossible to properly contextualize its present situation. The
modern understanding of Burundi, beginning with it's colonial founding, holds that the country has a
bloody history. Yet, oral histories indicate that Burundi's ethnic groups, the Twa; Hutu; and Tutsi,
lived together in relative peace before the country's colonization (Krueger & Krueger, 2007). In the
late 1800s, the independent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Micombero, who then became Ntare V's prime minister, staged a coup just months later, sending
Ntare V into exile and abolishing the monarchy. This began the period of the "creeping genocide,"
as Robert Krueger, the U.S. ambassador to Burundi 1994–1996, termed it. He explains, "every Hutu
[leader] elected to Parliament...without an opportunity for defense or trial...[was] murdered ... all in
a single night" (Krueger & Krueger 2). This began a nationwide effort to eliminate Hutus from all
leadership positions including priests, governors, and teachers. It also specifically targeted Hutu
college students. When Belgium withdrew from Burundi they left no education system; it is
estimated that literacy was less than 10 percent and that Burundi had no more than ten university
graduates (Krueger & Krueger 26). Thus, the Hutu's ability to draw attention to the attacks were
extremely

The UN Genocide

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The UN Genocide