The topological structure is mainly gives the representaion of the network. It is called as the
heart of the topological structure. Following are the elements that are represented as the edges of
the graph.
Here the edges is drawn as a line , there are terminating on dots or small circles from which the
edges (elements ) may be present. In the virtual circuit analysis the branches are mainly called
from the edges of the graphs that is represented.
There are various topologies present they are as follows :
1. Series topology
2.Parallel topology
3. Parallel series topology
4.series parallel topology
The network topology is mainly explained in the form of the consept tree.
The connected graph of a network mainly , a connected subgraph is known as the tree. As a
result the topology that was formed is called as NETWORK TOPOLOGY.
Here the grap as well subgraph mainly has the nodes , but there will not be any loops in it.
Here the TWIGS , the branches of the tree are called as the twigs or tree branches.
The number of tree branches are mainly lesser than the nodes that is present.
Twigs = (n-1) , here \"n\" is the number of nodes of the graph.
Also, the branches of the co - tree may not be interconnected , where as the branches of a tree are
always remain connected.
Here are the properties of the Tree:
1. In a Tree, there exists one and only one path between any pair of nodes. (there cannot be
anyother path)
2. Alteast on tree will be there between every connected grwph.
3. A graph of the tree contains all the nodes.
4. The tree is mainly circuitless where there is no closed path in a tree.
5. (n-1) is called as rank of the tree.
Solution
The topological structure is mainly gives the representaion of the network. It is called as the
heart of the topological structure. Following are the elements that are represented as the edges of
the graph.
Here the edges is drawn as a line , there are terminating on dots or small circles from which the
edges (elements ) may be present. In the virtual circuit analysis the branches are mainly called
from the edges of the graphs that is represented.
There are various topologies present they are as follows :
1. Series topology
2.Parallel topology
3. Parallel series topology
4.series parallel topology
The network topology is mainly explained in the form of the consept tree.
The connected graph of a network mainly , a connected subgraph is known as the tree. As a
result the topology that was formed is called as NETWORK TOPOLOGY.
Here the grap as well subgraph mainly has the nodes , but there will not be any loops in it.
Here the TWIGS , the branches of the tree are called as the twigs or tree branches.
The number of tree branches are mainly lesser than the nodes that is present.
Twigs = (n-1) , here \"n\" is the number of nodes of the graph.
Also, the branches of the co - tree may not be interconnected , where as the branches of a tree are
always remain connected.
Here are the properties of the Tree:
1. In a Tree, there.
Array is a container which can hold a fix number of items and these items should be of the same type. Most of the data structures make use of arrays to implement their algorithms. Following are the important terms to understand the concept of array.
Array is a container which can hold a fix number of items and these items should be of the same type. Most of the data structures make use of arrays to implement their algorithms. Following are the important terms to understand the concept of array.
This presentation explains about Network topology, Graph, Tree, Branches, Chords, Equilibrium equation on loop basis &
node basis Number of network equation required, Choice between nodal & loop analysis, Source
transformation, Network mutual inductance, Dot conventions, Concept of super mesh, Super node Concept of
duality & dual networks with numerical examples.
Topology refers to the physical design of the network, while logical topology refers to how data is handled within the network regardless of its physical topology.
NaCl it has two atoms in a molecule for 1 mole of.pdfanandatalapatra
NaCl it has two atoms in a molecule for 1 mole of NaCl it have 2*1=2moles atoms
1mole Na+ 1mole of Cl-
Solution
NaCl it has two atoms in a molecule for 1 mole of NaCl it have 2*1=2moles atoms
1mole Na+ 1mole of Cl-.
More Related Content
Similar to The topological structure is mainly gives the representaion of the n.pdf
This presentation explains about Network topology, Graph, Tree, Branches, Chords, Equilibrium equation on loop basis &
node basis Number of network equation required, Choice between nodal & loop analysis, Source
transformation, Network mutual inductance, Dot conventions, Concept of super mesh, Super node Concept of
duality & dual networks with numerical examples.
Topology refers to the physical design of the network, while logical topology refers to how data is handled within the network regardless of its physical topology.
NaCl it has two atoms in a molecule for 1 mole of.pdfanandatalapatra
NaCl it has two atoms in a molecule for 1 mole of NaCl it have 2*1=2moles atoms
1mole Na+ 1mole of Cl-
Solution
NaCl it has two atoms in a molecule for 1 mole of NaCl it have 2*1=2moles atoms
1mole Na+ 1mole of Cl-.
Water might be the most possible item through which bacteria entered.pdfanandatalapatra
Water might be the most possible item through which bacteria entered inside the body. Name of
the bacteria is Escherichia coli which is an enteric bacteria enters into body through
contaminated food and water.
Normally MacConkey agar media is used to isolate and culture from negative enteric bacteria.
As E-coli is also an enteric bacteria this media is suitable. E.coli cause UTI related problems ,
intestinal problems.
Solution
Water might be the most possible item through which bacteria entered inside the body. Name of
the bacteria is Escherichia coli which is an enteric bacteria enters into body through
contaminated food and water.
Normally MacConkey agar media is used to isolate and culture from negative enteric bacteria.
As E-coli is also an enteric bacteria this media is suitable. E.coli cause UTI related problems ,
intestinal problems..
Total particles = 1000Number of particles entering the small apert.pdfanandatalapatra
Total particles = 1000
Number of particles entering the small aperture = (1/(1+3))*1000 = 1000/4 = 250
This is beacause the smaller aperture is three times thinner than the other .
If 350 particles are observed then the flow pattern has changed to approximately 4*350 = 1400
airborne particles per second.
Solution
Total particles = 1000
Number of particles entering the small aperture = (1/(1+3))*1000 = 1000/4 = 250
This is beacause the smaller aperture is three times thinner than the other .
If 350 particles are observed then the flow pattern has changed to approximately 4*350 = 1400
airborne particles per second..
These both are inflammatory bowel diseases characterized by chronic .pdfanandatalapatra
These both are inflammatory bowel diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the
digestive tract.
SimilaritiesFactorulcerative colitisCrohn diseaseDistributionAffects large bowel onlyAffects
small bowel and large bowelHistologyGranulomata absent
Inflammation usually confined to mucosa
The increase in white cells tend to be polymorphsPresence of granulomas are almost diagnostic
Inflammation extends through the mucosa and
muscle of the bowel
The increase in white cells tend to be lymphocytesRadiologyStrictures and fissures are much
less common in UC
Symmetrical inflammationStrictures are common
Deep fissures and fistulae are common
Asymmetrical inflammationEndoscopy findingRectum always aff ected
Inflammation is uniform
Bowel wall is thin with loss of vascular pattern
(blood vessels not visible)Rectum frequently spared
Inflammation not continuous (presence
of skip lesions)
Bowel wall is thickened and has a ‘cobblestoned’
appearance due to deep ulcers and swelling
of the tissue
DietUnaffected by dietRemission achieved with enteral feed followed by
exclusion/ elimination dietClinical appearanceWeight loss usually related to the severity of
active disease
Bloody diarrhoea
Abdominal mass uncommonPatients often thin and may be malnourished due to
intestinal malabsorption of nutrients
Diarrhoea - only sometimes with blood
Abdominal mass commonSmokingAssociated with non-smokers
Appears to protect against diseaseStrongly associated with smoking
Predicts a worse course of disease
Increases risk of surgery & further surgery
Solution
These both are inflammatory bowel diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the
digestive tract.
SimilaritiesFactorulcerative colitisCrohn diseaseDistributionAffects large bowel onlyAffects
small bowel and large bowelHistologyGranulomata absent
Inflammation usually confined to mucosa
The increase in white cells tend to be polymorphsPresence of granulomas are almost diagnostic
Inflammation extends through the mucosa and
muscle of the bowel
The increase in white cells tend to be lymphocytesRadiologyStrictures and fissures are much
less common in UC
Symmetrical inflammationStrictures are common
Deep fissures and fistulae are common
Asymmetrical inflammationEndoscopy findingRectum always aff ected
Inflammation is uniform
Bowel wall is thin with loss of vascular pattern
(blood vessels not visible)Rectum frequently spared
Inflammation not continuous (presence
of skip lesions)
Bowel wall is thickened and has a ‘cobblestoned’
appearance due to deep ulcers and swelling
of the tissue
DietUnaffected by dietRemission achieved with enteral feed followed by
exclusion/ elimination dietClinical appearanceWeight loss usually related to the severity of
active disease
Bloody diarrhoea
Abdominal mass uncommonPatients often thin and may be malnourished due to
intestinal malabsorption of nutrients
Diarrhoea - only sometimes with blood
Abdominal mass commonSmokingAssociated with non-smokers
Appears to protect against diseaseStrongly .
The main components of protein family members of RISC complex are.pdfanandatalapatra
The main components of protein family members of RISC complex are:
Highly abundant and expressive genes get more easily available for silencing process. siRNA
activities are all dependent on the expression level of the RNA strands.
Pri-Mi RNA are transported out of the nucleus by exportin protein. Dicer converts it into double
stranded micro RNA form. The micro RNA produced is complementary to the target mRNA. It
can bind with the complementary strand of target mRNA and breaks it down.
Solution
The main components of protein family members of RISC complex are:
Highly abundant and expressive genes get more easily available for silencing process. siRNA
activities are all dependent on the expression level of the RNA strands.
Pri-Mi RNA are transported out of the nucleus by exportin protein. Dicer converts it into double
stranded micro RNA form. The micro RNA produced is complementary to the target mRNA. It
can bind with the complementary strand of target mRNA and breaks it down..
Solution It is for the auditors and other people involved in the .pdfanandatalapatra
Solution
:
It is for the auditors and other people involved in the investigation to identify who is the culprit .
The company had no further additional loss , therefore I would advise Harry never to do it again
and allow the auditors to determine who is the culprit..
Ques-1 Answer C. neutrophilsReasonInnate immune system is wit.pdfanandatalapatra
Ques-1: Answer: C. neutrophils
Reason:
Innate immune system is with first line of defense first come to combat against this infection.
Neutrophiols are the host cell fist line defence factors, which act against S. aureus infection
(myriad anti -immunity factors). The main immunological inflammatory factors that were
involved in his tonsil swelling as follow. The Toll like receptors (TLRs) are signaling receptors,
and their activation leading to enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils result in
the generation of cytokines predominantly by macrophages at the site of infection followed by
TLR s activation to present antigen to naïve T cells. This process of macropinocytosis (microbial
engulfing) occur through TLRs that induces the dendritic cells maturation finally cell migration.
Gram positive organisms live primarily on the surface of your external barriers but if they reach
systemic circulation and cause infective endocarditis (eample,Staphylococcus aureus).
Sometimes Gram- positive bacteria causes’ disease inside the body, i.e. S. aureus cause septic
arthritis inside the body. Increased risk of disease resulted if they became resistant to antibiotics
due to release of immunosppressant virulent exotoxins and endotoxins.
Solution
Ques-1: Answer: C. neutrophils
Reason:
Innate immune system is with first line of defense first come to combat against this infection.
Neutrophiols are the host cell fist line defence factors, which act against S. aureus infection
(myriad anti -immunity factors). The main immunological inflammatory factors that were
involved in his tonsil swelling as follow. The Toll like receptors (TLRs) are signaling receptors,
and their activation leading to enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils result in
the generation of cytokines predominantly by macrophages at the site of infection followed by
TLR s activation to present antigen to naïve T cells. This process of macropinocytosis (microbial
engulfing) occur through TLRs that induces the dendritic cells maturation finally cell migration.
Gram positive organisms live primarily on the surface of your external barriers but if they reach
systemic circulation and cause infective endocarditis (eample,Staphylococcus aureus).
Sometimes Gram- positive bacteria causes’ disease inside the body, i.e. S. aureus cause septic
arthritis inside the body. Increased risk of disease resulted if they became resistant to antibiotics
due to release of immunosppressant virulent exotoxins and endotoxins..
Part I Identifying Your Customer’s Needs and Goals Chapter 1 A.pdfanandatalapatra
Part I
Identifying Your Customer’s
Needs and Goals
Chapter 1 Analyzing Business Goals and Constraints
Chapter 2 Analyzing Technical Goals and Tradeoffs
Chapter 3 Characterizing the Existing Internetwork
Chapter 4 Characterizing Network Traffic
Chapter 1
Analyzing Business
Goals and Constraints
This chapter serves as an introduction to the rest of the book by describing top-down
network design. The first section explains how to use a systematic, top-down process
when designing computer networks for your customers. Depending on your job, your
customers might consist of other departments within your company, those to whom you
are trying to sell products, or clients of your consulting business.
After describing the methodology, this chapter focuses on the first step in top-down network
design: analyzing your customer’s business goals. Business goals include the capability
to run network applications to meet corporate business objectives, and the need to
work within business constraints, such as budgets, limited networking personnel, and
tight timeframes.
This chapter also covers an important business constraint that some people call the
eighth layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model: workplace politics.
To ensure the success of your network design project, you should gain an understanding
of any corporate politics and policies at your customer’s site that could affect
your project.
The chapter concludes with a checklist to help you determine if you have addressed the
business issues in a network design project.
Using a Top-Down Network Design Methodology
According to Albert Einstein:
“The world we’ve made as a result of the level of thinking we have done thus far creates
problems that we cannot solve at the same level at which we created them.”
To paraphrase Einstein, networking professionals have the ability to create networks that
are so complex that when problems arise they can’t be solved using the same sort of
thinking that was used to create the networks. Add to this the fact that each upgrade,
patch, and modification to a network can also be created using complex and sometimes
4 Top-Down Network Design
convoluted thinking, and you soon realize that the result is a network that is hard to
understand and troubleshoot. A network created with this complexity often doesn’t perform
as well as expected, doesn’t scale as the need for growth arises (as it almost always
does), and doesn’t match a customer’s requirements. A solution to this problem is to use a
streamlined, systematic methodology in which the network or upgrade is designed in a
top-down fashion.
Many network design tools and methodologies in use today resemble the “connect-thedots”
game that some of us played as children. These tools let you place internetworking
devices on a palette and connect them with LAN or WAN media. The problem with this
methodology is that it skips the steps of analyzing a customer’s requirements and selecting
devices and media based on .
PrintTest.java import java.util.Scanner;public class PrintTest.pdfanandatalapatra
PrintTest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PrintTest {
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(\"Enter the value :\");
int n = scan.nextInt();
for(int i =0; i
Solution
PrintTest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PrintTest {
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(\"Enter the value :\");
int n = scan.nextInt();
for(int i =0; i.
JellyBean.javapackage jellybeantester;public class JellyBean {.pdfanandatalapatra
JellyBean.java
package jellybeantester;
public class JellyBean
{
//These are the 3 instance variables of a JellyBean object:
private String flavor;
private String color;
private boolean eatMe;
/**
* The purpose of this constructor is to move the parameters passed to the constructor
* into the instance variables of the JellyBean object The 2 parameters are:
* @param aFlavor
* @param aColor
*/
public JellyBean(String aFlavor, String aColor)
{
//Initialize each of the instance variables of the JellyBean object with the parameters passed to
the constructor
//Then, set eatMe attribute to false
this.flavor=aFlavor;
this.color=aColor;
}
//Setters and getters.
public String getFlavor()
{
return flavor;
}
public String getColor() {
return color;
}
public void setColor(String color) {
this.color = color;
}
public boolean isEatMe() {
return eatMe;
}
public void setEatMe(boolean eatMe) {
this.eatMe = eatMe;
}
public void setFlavor(String aFlavor)
{
flavor = aFlavor;
}
/**
*
* @return a String representation of all the attributes in the JellyBean class
*/
public String toString()
{
return \"\ Flavour = \"+getFlavor()+\"\ Color = \"+getColor()+\"\ Eat Me = \"+isEatMe()+\"\ \";
}
}
______________________________________________
JellyBeanTester.java
package jellybeantester;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class JellyBeanTester
{
// These are the 3 global variables that will each hold a JellyBean object. These variables
// can be accessed by any method in the tester class because they are global.
static JellyBean jb1;
static JellyBean jb2;
static JellyBean jb3;
static Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
/**
* @param args the command line arguments
*/
public static void main(String[] args)
{
createJellyBeanBag();
processJellyBeanBag();
}
/**
* The createJellyBeanBag method will ask the user for input, and will
* use that input to create 3 JellyBean objects.
*/
public static void createJellyBeanBag()
{
String userInputJBColor;
String userInputJBFlavor;
//Ask the user to enter the color of the first jelly bean object, and save their answer in
userInputJBColor:
System.out.print(\"Enter the Color of the First Jelly Bean :\");
userInputJBColor=sc.next();
//Ask the user to enter the flavor of the first jelly bean object, and save their answer in
userInputJBFlavor:
System.out.print(\"Enter the Flavour of First the Jelly Bean :\");
userInputJBFlavor=sc.next();
//Instantiate a JellyBean object using the userInputJBFlavor and userInputJBColor:
jb1 = new JellyBean(userInputJBFlavor, userInputJBColor);
//Ask the user to enter the color of the second jelly bean object, and save their answer in
userInputJBColor:
System.out.print(\"\ Enter the Color of the second Jelly Bean :\");
userInputJBColor=sc.next();
//Ask the user to enter the flavor of the second jelly bean object, and save their answer in
userInputJBFlavor:
System.out.print(\"Enter the Flavour of Second the Jelly Bean :\");
userInputJBFlavor=sc.next();
//Instantiate a JellyBean object using the userInputJBFlavor an.
In present DNA microarray technology, the different test-samples are.pdfanandatalapatra
In present DNA microarray technology, the different test-samples are pre-tagged with different
kind of fluorescnet tags whose intensity is automatically monitored by a computed software. This
software not only captures the signal from the array, but also quantizes the intensity of this signal
into a calculated number. This number deciphers the extent of expression levels of the gene to
which the fluorphore was attached to.
Here, the most crucial step is to detemine where the signal is coming from and if the signal is
present or not. Since a microarray contains millions of array data points, it is not possible for
normal human eyes to differentiate between two spots based upon their color and intensity. It is
not even required ot perform this function manually because millions of data points cannot be
quantized by human eye. Thus, the software is initially informed the emission and excitation
wavelengths of the fluorophores and thus, the laser equipped in the detection system
automatically records and quantizes the signal intensity without minutest involvement of human.
Thus, is does not matter if the researcher has normal vision or is a color blind, the data
acquisition will be performed solely by the software. Thus it is possible for a person who is
colorblind to successfully interpret a microarray scan becuase the data will be quantized into
numerical format in the end.
Solution
In present DNA microarray technology, the different test-samples are pre-tagged with different
kind of fluorescnet tags whose intensity is automatically monitored by a computed software. This
software not only captures the signal from the array, but also quantizes the intensity of this signal
into a calculated number. This number deciphers the extent of expression levels of the gene to
which the fluorphore was attached to.
Here, the most crucial step is to detemine where the signal is coming from and if the signal is
present or not. Since a microarray contains millions of array data points, it is not possible for
normal human eyes to differentiate between two spots based upon their color and intensity. It is
not even required ot perform this function manually because millions of data points cannot be
quantized by human eye. Thus, the software is initially informed the emission and excitation
wavelengths of the fluorophores and thus, the laser equipped in the detection system
automatically records and quantizes the signal intensity without minutest involvement of human.
Thus, is does not matter if the researcher has normal vision or is a color blind, the data
acquisition will be performed solely by the software. Thus it is possible for a person who is
colorblind to successfully interpret a microarray scan becuase the data will be quantized into
numerical format in the end..
In computer graphics vectors perform the operations are...1.Rotati.pdfanandatalapatra
In computer graphics vectors perform the operations are...
1.Rotation
2.Movement
3.Mirroring
4.Stretching
5.Skewing
6.Combination of primitives into complex objects
7.Transformations include set operations.
Solution
In computer graphics vectors perform the operations are...
1.Rotation
2.Movement
3.Mirroring
4.Stretching
5.Skewing
6.Combination of primitives into complex objects
7.Transformations include set operations..
Dirac theoremFor a simple network with n 3 vertices, if each ver.pdfanandatalapatra
Dirac theorem:
For a simple network with n 3 vertices, if each vertex has degree
at least n/2 (i.e., ki n/2, i), then the network has a Hamiltonian cycle,.
Proof: Let G be the connected graph
Let L = (i1,iL) = (i1, i2, . . . , iL) be the longest path.
The neighbors of vertex i1 must lie on
(i1, iL); the same is true for vertex iL, since if say i is not a neighbour, i i1 i2 ...iiL would be the
longest path contradicting our selection of the longest path.
The same for iL also.
So both i1 and iL are adjacent to vertices in the longest path L only,
Since degree of i1>k/2 and i1 is not adjacent to itself, k> n/2 +1
Let us assume a claim
There is some value of j (1jk) such that:
Incase claim is not true,
Since all vertices adjacent to L1 or Lk lie on L, there must be at least deg(L1) vertices on P not
adjacent to Lk.
Since all the vertices adjacent to Lk and pk itself also lie on P, the path must have at least
deg(L1)+deg(Lk)+1n+1 vertices.
But L has only n vertices: a contradiction.
This gives a cycle C=Lj+1Lj+2…LkLjLj1…L2L1Lj+1.
Suppose LC is nonempty.
Then since L is connected, there must be a vertex vGC adjacent to some Li.
So the path from v to Li and then around C to the vertex adjacent to Li is longer than L,
contradicting the definition of L.
Hence our assumption/claim is true.
Therefore all vertices in L are contained in C, making C a Hamilton cycle.
Solution
Dirac theorem:
For a simple network with n 3 vertices, if each vertex has degree
at least n/2 (i.e., ki n/2, i), then the network has a Hamiltonian cycle,.
Proof: Let G be the connected graph
Let L = (i1,iL) = (i1, i2, . . . , iL) be the longest path.
The neighbors of vertex i1 must lie on
(i1, iL); the same is true for vertex iL, since if say i is not a neighbour, i i1 i2 ...iiL would be the
longest path contradicting our selection of the longest path.
The same for iL also.
So both i1 and iL are adjacent to vertices in the longest path L only,
Since degree of i1>k/2 and i1 is not adjacent to itself, k> n/2 +1
Let us assume a claim
There is some value of j (1jk) such that:
Incase claim is not true,
Since all vertices adjacent to L1 or Lk lie on L, there must be at least deg(L1) vertices on P not
adjacent to Lk.
Since all the vertices adjacent to Lk and pk itself also lie on P, the path must have at least
deg(L1)+deg(Lk)+1n+1 vertices.
But L has only n vertices: a contradiction.
This gives a cycle C=Lj+1Lj+2…LkLjLj1…L2L1Lj+1.
Suppose LC is nonempty.
Then since L is connected, there must be a vertex vGC adjacent to some Li.
So the path from v to Li and then around C to the vertex adjacent to Li is longer than L,
contradicting the definition of L.
Hence our assumption/claim is true.
Therefore all vertices in L are contained in C, making C a Hamilton cycle..
Construction Supervisor ResponsibilitiesCompletes construction pr.pdfanandatalapatra
Construction Supervisor Responsibilities:
Completes construction projects by planning, organizing, and controlling projects; completing
quality inspections; supervising sub-contractors and staff.
Construction Supervisor Duties:
Solution
Construction Supervisor Responsibilities:
Completes construction projects by planning, organizing, and controlling projects; completing
quality inspections; supervising sub-contractors and staff.
Construction Supervisor Duties:.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol whi.pdfanandatalapatra
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol which is used to make core routing
decisions on the Internet; it involves a table of IP networks or \"prefixes\" which designate
network reach-ability among autonomous systems (AS). BGP is a path vector protocol, or a
variant of a Distance-vector routing protocol. BGP does not involve traditional Interior Gateway
Protocol (IGP) metrics, but routing decisions are made based on path, network policies, and/or
rule-sets. For this reason, it is more appropriately termed a reach-ability protocol rather than
routing protocol. BGP was created to replace the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) to allow fully
decentralized routing in order to transition from the core ARPAnet model to a decentralized
system that included the NSFNET backbone and its associated regional networks. This allowed
the Internet to become a truly decentralized system. Since 1994, version four of the BGP has
been in use on the Internet. All previous versions are now obsolete. The major enhancement in
version 4 was support of Classless Inter-Domain Routing and use of route aggregation to
decrease the size of routing tables. Since January 2006, version 4 is codified in RFC 4271, which
went through more than 20 drafts based on the earlier RFC 1771 version 4. RFC 4271 version
corrected a number of errors, clarified ambiguities and brought the RFC much closer to industry
practices. Most Internet service providers must use BGP to establish routing between one another
(especially if they are multihomed). Therefore, even though most Internet users do not use it
directly, BGP is one of the most important protocols of the Internet. Compare this with Signaling
System 7 (SS7), which is the inter-provider core call setup protocol on the PSTN. Very large
private IP networks use BGP internally. An example would be the joining of a number of large
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) networks where OSPF by itself would not scale to size. Another
reason to use BGP is multihoming a network for better redundancy, either to multiple access
points of a single ISP (RFC 1998), or to multiple ISPs.
Solution
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol which is used to make core routing
decisions on the Internet; it involves a table of IP networks or \"prefixes\" which designate
network reach-ability among autonomous systems (AS). BGP is a path vector protocol, or a
variant of a Distance-vector routing protocol. BGP does not involve traditional Interior Gateway
Protocol (IGP) metrics, but routing decisions are made based on path, network policies, and/or
rule-sets. For this reason, it is more appropriately termed a reach-ability protocol rather than
routing protocol. BGP was created to replace the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) to allow fully
decentralized routing in order to transition from the core ARPAnet model to a decentralized
system that included the NSFNET backbone and its associated regional networks. This allowed
the Internet to become a truly decentralize.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The topological structure is mainly gives the representaion of the n.pdf
1. The topological structure is mainly gives the representaion of the network. It is called as the
heart of the topological structure. Following are the elements that are represented as the edges of
the graph.
Here the edges is drawn as a line , there are terminating on dots or small circles from which the
edges (elements ) may be present. In the virtual circuit analysis the branches are mainly called
from the edges of the graphs that is represented.
There are various topologies present they are as follows :
1. Series topology
2.Parallel topology
3. Parallel series topology
4.series parallel topology
The network topology is mainly explained in the form of the consept tree.
The connected graph of a network mainly , a connected subgraph is known as the tree. As a
result the topology that was formed is called as NETWORK TOPOLOGY.
Here the grap as well subgraph mainly has the nodes , but there will not be any loops in it.
Here the TWIGS , the branches of the tree are called as the twigs or tree branches.
The number of tree branches are mainly lesser than the nodes that is present.
Twigs = (n-1) , here "n" is the number of nodes of the graph.
Also, the branches of the co - tree may not be interconnected , where as the branches of a tree are
always remain connected.
Here are the properties of the Tree:
1. In a Tree, there exists one and only one path between any pair of nodes. (there cannot be
anyother path)
2. Alteast on tree will be there between every connected grwph.
3. A graph of the tree contains all the nodes.
4. The tree is mainly circuitless where there is no closed path in a tree.
5. (n-1) is called as rank of the tree.
Solution
The topological structure is mainly gives the representaion of the network. It is called as the
heart of the topological structure. Following are the elements that are represented as the edges of
the graph.
Here the edges is drawn as a line , there are terminating on dots or small circles from which the
edges (elements ) may be present. In the virtual circuit analysis the branches are mainly called
2. from the edges of the graphs that is represented.
There are various topologies present they are as follows :
1. Series topology
2.Parallel topology
3. Parallel series topology
4.series parallel topology
The network topology is mainly explained in the form of the consept tree.
The connected graph of a network mainly , a connected subgraph is known as the tree. As a
result the topology that was formed is called as NETWORK TOPOLOGY.
Here the grap as well subgraph mainly has the nodes , but there will not be any loops in it.
Here the TWIGS , the branches of the tree are called as the twigs or tree branches.
The number of tree branches are mainly lesser than the nodes that is present.
Twigs = (n-1) , here "n" is the number of nodes of the graph.
Also, the branches of the co - tree may not be interconnected , where as the branches of a tree are
always remain connected.
Here are the properties of the Tree:
1. In a Tree, there exists one and only one path between any pair of nodes. (there cannot be
anyother path)
2. Alteast on tree will be there between every connected grwph.
3. A graph of the tree contains all the nodes.
4. The tree is mainly circuitless where there is no closed path in a tree.
5. (n-1) is called as rank of the tree.
