In present DNA microarray technology, the different test-samples are.pdf
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In present DNA microarray technology, the different test-samples are pre-tagged with different kind of fluorescnet tags whose intensity is automatically monitored by a computed software. This software not only captures the signal from the array, but also quantizes the intensity of this signal into a calculated number. This number deciphers the extent of expression levels of the gene to which the fluorphore was attached to. Here, the most crucial step is to detemine where the signal is coming from and if the signal is present or not. Since a microarray contains millions of array data points, it is not possible for normal human eyes to differentiate between two spots based upon their color and intensity. It is not even required ot perform this function manually because millions of data points cannot be quantized by human eye. Thus, the software is initially informed the emission and excitation wavelengths of the fluorophores and thus, the laser equipped in the detection system automatically records and quantizes the signal intensity without minutest involvement of human. Thus, is does not matter if the researcher has normal vision or is a color blind, the data acquisition will be performed solely by the software. Thus it is possible for a person who is colorblind to successfully interpret a microarray scan becuase the data will be quantized into numerical format in the end. Solution In present DNA microarray technology, the different test-samples are pre-tagged with different kind of fluorescnet tags whose intensity is automatically monitored by a computed software. This software not only captures the signal from the array, but also quantizes the intensity of this signal into a calculated number. This number deciphers the extent of expression levels of the gene to which the fluorphore was attached to. Here, the most crucial step is to detemine where the signal is coming from and if the signal is present or not. Since a microarray contains millions of array data points, it is not possible for normal human eyes to differentiate between two spots based upon their color and intensity. It is not even required ot perform this function manually because millions of data points cannot be quantized by human eye. Thus, the software is initially informed the emission and excitation wavelengths of the fluorophores and thus, the laser equipped in the detection system automatically records and quantizes the signal intensity without minutest involvement of human. Thus, is does not matter if the researcher has normal vision or is a color blind, the data acquisition will be performed solely by the software. Thus it is possible for a person who is colorblind to successfully interpret a microarray scan becuase the data will be quantized into numerical format in the end..
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These both are inflammatory bowel diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the
digestive tract.
SimilaritiesFactorulcerative colitisCrohn diseaseDistributionAffects large bowel onlyAffects
small bowel and large bowelHistologyGranulomata absent
Inflammation usually confined to mucosa
The increase in white cells tend to be polymorphsPresence of granulomas are almost diagnostic
Inflammation extends through the mucosa and
muscle of the bowel
The increase in white cells tend to be lymphocytesRadiologyStrictures and fissures are much
less common in UC
Symmetrical inflammationStrictures are common
Deep fissures and fistulae are common
Asymmetrical inflammationEndoscopy findingRectum always aff ected
Inflammation is uniform
Bowel wall is thin with loss of vascular pattern
(blood vessels not visible)Rectum frequently spared
Inflammation not continuous (presence
of skip lesions)
Bowel wall is thickened and has a ‘cobblestoned’
appearance due to deep ulcers and swelling
of the tissue
DietUnaffected by dietRemission achieved with enteral feed followed by
exclusion/ elimination dietClinical appearanceWeight loss usually related to the severity of
active disease
Bloody diarrhoea
Abdominal mass uncommonPatients often thin and may be malnourished due to
intestinal malabsorption of nutrients
Diarrhoea - only sometimes with blood
Abdominal mass commonSmokingAssociated with non-smokers
Appears to protect against diseaseStrongly associated with smoking
Predicts a worse course of disease
Increases risk of surgery & further surgery
Solution
These both are inflammatory bowel diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the
digestive tract.
SimilaritiesFactorulcerative colitisCrohn diseaseDistributionAffects large bowel onlyAffects
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Inflammation usually confined to mucosa
The increase in white cells tend to be polymorphsPresence of granulomas are almost diagnostic
Inflammation extends through the mucosa and
muscle of the bowel
The increase in white cells tend to be lymphocytesRadiologyStrictures and fissures are much
less common in UC
Symmetrical inflammationStrictures are common
Deep fissures and fistulae are common
Asymmetrical inflammationEndoscopy findingRectum always aff ected
Inflammation is uniform
Bowel wall is thin with loss of vascular pattern
(blood vessels not visible)Rectum frequently spared
Inflammation not continuous (presence
of skip lesions)
Bowel wall is thickened and has a ‘cobblestoned’
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active disease
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Abdominal mass uncommonPatients often thin and may be malnourished due to
intestinal malabsorption of nutrients
Diarrhoea - only sometimes with blood
Abdominal mass commonSmokingAssociated with non-smokers
Appears to protect against diseaseStrongly .
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the graph.
Here the edges is drawn as a line , there are terminating on dots or small circles from which the
edges (elements ) may be present. In the virtual circuit analysis the branches are mainly called
from the edges of the graphs that is represented.
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1. Series topology
2.Parallel topology
3. Parallel series topology
4.series parallel topology
The network topology is mainly explained in the form of the consept tree.
The connected graph of a network mainly , a connected subgraph is known as the tree. As a
result the topology that was formed is called as NETWORK TOPOLOGY.
Here the grap as well subgraph mainly has the nodes , but there will not be any loops in it.
Here the TWIGS , the branches of the tree are called as the twigs or tree branches.
The number of tree branches are mainly lesser than the nodes that is present.
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always remain connected.
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anyother path)
2. Alteast on tree will be there between every connected grwph.
3. A graph of the tree contains all the nodes.
4. The tree is mainly circuitless where there is no closed path in a tree.
5. (n-1) is called as rank of the tree.
Solution
The topological structure is mainly gives the representaion of the network. It is called as the
heart of the topological structure. Following are the elements that are represented as the edges of
the graph.
Here the edges is drawn as a line , there are terminating on dots or small circles from which the
edges (elements ) may be present. In the virtual circuit analysis the branches are mainly called
from the edges of the graphs that is represented.
There are various topologies present they are as follows :
1. Series topology
2.Parallel topology
3. Parallel series topology
4.series parallel topology
The network topology is mainly explained in the form of the consept tree.
The connected graph of a network mainly , a connected subgraph is known as the tree. As a
result the topology that was formed is called as NETWORK TOPOLOGY.
Here the grap as well subgraph mainly has the nodes , but there will not be any loops in it.
Here the TWIGS , the branches of the tree are called as the twigs or tree branches.
The number of tree branches are mainly lesser than the nodes that is present.
Twigs = (n-1) , here \"n\" is the number of nodes of the graph.
Also, the branches of the co - tree may not be interconnected , where as the branches of a tree are
always remain connected.
Here are the properties of the Tree:
1. In a Tree, there.
The main components of protein family members of RISC complex are.pdf
The main components of protein family members of RISC complex are:
Highly abundant and expressive genes get more easily available for silencing process. siRNA
activities are all dependent on the expression level of the RNA strands.
Pri-Mi RNA are transported out of the nucleus by exportin protein. Dicer converts it into double
stranded micro RNA form. The micro RNA produced is complementary to the target mRNA. It
can bind with the complementary strand of target mRNA and breaks it down.
Solution
The main components of protein family members of RISC complex are:
Highly abundant and expressive genes get more easily available for silencing process. siRNA
activities are all dependent on the expression level of the RNA strands.
Pri-Mi RNA are transported out of the nucleus by exportin protein. Dicer converts it into double
stranded micro RNA form. The micro RNA produced is complementary to the target mRNA. It
can bind with the complementary strand of target mRNA and breaks it down..
Solution It is for the auditors and other people involved in the .pdf
Solution
:
It is for the auditors and other people involved in the investigation to identify who is the culprit .
The company had no further additional loss , therefore I would advise Harry never to do it again
and allow the auditors to determine who is the culprit..
Ques-1 Answer C. neutrophilsReasonInnate immune system is wit.pdf
Ques-1: Answer: C. neutrophils
Reason:
Innate immune system is with first line of defense first come to combat against this infection.
Neutrophiols are the host cell fist line defence factors, which act against S. aureus infection
(myriad anti -immunity factors). The main immunological inflammatory factors that were
involved in his tonsil swelling as follow. The Toll like receptors (TLRs) are signaling receptors,
and their activation leading to enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils result in
the generation of cytokines predominantly by macrophages at the site of infection followed by
TLR s activation to present antigen to naïve T cells. This process of macropinocytosis (microbial
engulfing) occur through TLRs that induces the dendritic cells maturation finally cell migration.
Gram positive organisms live primarily on the surface of your external barriers but if they reach
systemic circulation and cause infective endocarditis (eample,Staphylococcus aureus).
Sometimes Gram- positive bacteria causes’ disease inside the body, i.e. S. aureus cause septic
arthritis inside the body. Increased risk of disease resulted if they became resistant to antibiotics
due to release of immunosppressant virulent exotoxins and endotoxins.
Solution
Ques-1: Answer: C. neutrophils
Reason:
Innate immune system is with first line of defense first come to combat against this infection.
Neutrophiols are the host cell fist line defence factors, which act against S. aureus infection
(myriad anti -immunity factors). The main immunological inflammatory factors that were
involved in his tonsil swelling as follow. The Toll like receptors (TLRs) are signaling receptors,
and their activation leading to enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils result in
the generation of cytokines predominantly by macrophages at the site of infection followed by
TLR s activation to present antigen to naïve T cells. This process of macropinocytosis (microbial
engulfing) occur through TLRs that induces the dendritic cells maturation finally cell migration.
Gram positive organisms live primarily on the surface of your external barriers but if they reach
systemic circulation and cause infective endocarditis (eample,Staphylococcus aureus).
Sometimes Gram- positive bacteria causes’ disease inside the body, i.e. S. aureus cause septic
arthritis inside the body. Increased risk of disease resulted if they became resistant to antibiotics
due to release of immunosppressant virulent exotoxins and endotoxins..
relation between concentration and cell potential is given as Ecel.pdf
relation between concentration and cell potential is given as
Ecell = Eocell - (0.059/n) ln Q
where Q = concentration of product / concentration of substrate
Ecell =0.77 - ln (3e-4 / 4e-3)
= 0.77 - ln 3 + ln4 +1
= - 0.70 eV
ANSWER
Solution
relation between concentration and cell potential is given as
Ecell = Eocell - (0.059/n) ln Q
where Q = concentration of product / concentration of substrate
Ecell =0.77 - ln (3e-4 / 4e-3)
= 0.77 - ln 3 + ln4 +1
= - 0.70 eV
ANSWER.
Part I Identifying Your Customer’s Needs and Goals Chapter 1 A.pdf
Part I
Identifying Your Customer’s
Needs and Goals
Chapter 1 Analyzing Business Goals and Constraints
Chapter 2 Analyzing Technical Goals and Tradeoffs
Chapter 3 Characterizing the Existing Internetwork
Chapter 4 Characterizing Network Traffic
Chapter 1
Analyzing Business
Goals and Constraints
This chapter serves as an introduction to the rest of the book by describing top-down
network design. The first section explains how to use a systematic, top-down process
when designing computer networks for your customers. Depending on your job, your
customers might consist of other departments within your company, those to whom you
are trying to sell products, or clients of your consulting business.
After describing the methodology, this chapter focuses on the first step in top-down network
design: analyzing your customer’s business goals. Business goals include the capability
to run network applications to meet corporate business objectives, and the need to
work within business constraints, such as budgets, limited networking personnel, and
tight timeframes.
This chapter also covers an important business constraint that some people call the
eighth layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model: workplace politics.
To ensure the success of your network design project, you should gain an understanding
of any corporate politics and policies at your customer’s site that could affect
your project.
The chapter concludes with a checklist to help you determine if you have addressed the
business issues in a network design project.
Using a Top-Down Network Design Methodology
According to Albert Einstein:
“The world we’ve made as a result of the level of thinking we have done thus far creates
problems that we cannot solve at the same level at which we created them.”
To paraphrase Einstein, networking professionals have the ability to create networks that
are so complex that when problems arise they can’t be solved using the same sort of
thinking that was used to create the networks. Add to this the fact that each upgrade,
patch, and modification to a network can also be created using complex and sometimes
4 Top-Down Network Design
convoluted thinking, and you soon realize that the result is a network that is hard to
understand and troubleshoot. A network created with this complexity often doesn’t perform
as well as expected, doesn’t scale as the need for growth arises (as it almost always
does), and doesn’t match a customer’s requirements. A solution to this problem is to use a
streamlined, systematic methodology in which the network or upgrade is designed in a
top-down fashion.
Many network design tools and methodologies in use today resemble the “connect-thedots”
game that some of us played as children. These tools let you place internetworking
devices on a palette and connect them with LAN or WAN media. The problem with this
methodology is that it skips the steps of analyzing a customer’s requirements and selecting
devices and media based on .
PrintTest.java import java.util.Scanner;public class PrintTest.pdf
PrintTest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PrintTest {
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(\"Enter the value :\");
int n = scan.nextInt();
for(int i =0; i
Solution
PrintTest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PrintTest {
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(\"Enter the value :\");
int n = scan.nextInt();
for(int i =0; i.
Existence of hydrogen bonding increases boiling p.pdf
Existence of hydrogen bonding increases boiling point of compound
Solution
Existence of hydrogen bonding increases boiling point of compound.
JellyBean.javapackage jellybeantester;public class JellyBean {.pdf
JellyBean.java
package jellybeantester;
public class JellyBean
{
//These are the 3 instance variables of a JellyBean object:
private String flavor;
private String color;
private boolean eatMe;
/**
* The purpose of this constructor is to move the parameters passed to the constructor
* into the instance variables of the JellyBean object The 2 parameters are:
* @param aFlavor
* @param aColor
*/
public JellyBean(String aFlavor, String aColor)
{
//Initialize each of the instance variables of the JellyBean object with the parameters passed to
the constructor
//Then, set eatMe attribute to false
this.flavor=aFlavor;
this.color=aColor;
}
//Setters and getters.
public String getFlavor()
{
return flavor;
}
public String getColor() {
return color;
}
public void setColor(String color) {
this.color = color;
}
public boolean isEatMe() {
return eatMe;
}
public void setEatMe(boolean eatMe) {
this.eatMe = eatMe;
}
public void setFlavor(String aFlavor)
{
flavor = aFlavor;
}
/**
*
* @return a String representation of all the attributes in the JellyBean class
*/
public String toString()
{
return \"\ Flavour = \"+getFlavor()+\"\ Color = \"+getColor()+\"\ Eat Me = \"+isEatMe()+\"\ \";
}
}
______________________________________________
JellyBeanTester.java
package jellybeantester;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class JellyBeanTester
{
// These are the 3 global variables that will each hold a JellyBean object. These variables
// can be accessed by any method in the tester class because they are global.
static JellyBean jb1;
static JellyBean jb2;
static JellyBean jb3;
static Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
/**
* @param args the command line arguments
*/
public static void main(String[] args)
{
createJellyBeanBag();
processJellyBeanBag();
}
/**
* The createJellyBeanBag method will ask the user for input, and will
* use that input to create 3 JellyBean objects.
*/
public static void createJellyBeanBag()
{
String userInputJBColor;
String userInputJBFlavor;
//Ask the user to enter the color of the first jelly bean object, and save their answer in
userInputJBColor:
System.out.print(\"Enter the Color of the First Jelly Bean :\");
userInputJBColor=sc.next();
//Ask the user to enter the flavor of the first jelly bean object, and save their answer in
userInputJBFlavor:
System.out.print(\"Enter the Flavour of First the Jelly Bean :\");
userInputJBFlavor=sc.next();
//Instantiate a JellyBean object using the userInputJBFlavor and userInputJBColor:
jb1 = new JellyBean(userInputJBFlavor, userInputJBColor);
//Ask the user to enter the color of the second jelly bean object, and save their answer in
userInputJBColor:
System.out.print(\"\ Enter the Color of the second Jelly Bean :\");
userInputJBColor=sc.next();
//Ask the user to enter the flavor of the second jelly bean object, and save their answer in
userInputJBFlavor:
System.out.print(\"Enter the Flavour of Second the Jelly Bean :\");
userInputJBFlavor=sc.next();
//Instantiate a JellyBean object using the userInputJBFlavor an.
In computer graphics vectors perform the operations are...1.Rotati.pdf
In computer graphics vectors perform the operations are...
1.Rotation
2.Movement
3.Mirroring
4.Stretching
5.Skewing
6.Combination of primitives into complex objects
7.Transformations include set operations.
Solution
In computer graphics vectors perform the operations are...
1.Rotation
2.Movement
3.Mirroring
4.Stretching
5.Skewing
6.Combination of primitives into complex objects
7.Transformations include set operations..
copper iodide are incompatible in oxidising media.pdf
copper iodide are incompatible in oxidising media
Solution
copper iodide are incompatible in oxidising media.
Dirac theoremFor a simple network with n 3 vertices, if each ver.pdf
Dirac theorem:
For a simple network with n 3 vertices, if each vertex has degree
at least n/2 (i.e., ki n/2, i), then the network has a Hamiltonian cycle,.
Proof: Let G be the connected graph
Let L = (i1,iL) = (i1, i2, . . . , iL) be the longest path.
The neighbors of vertex i1 must lie on
(i1, iL); the same is true for vertex iL, since if say i is not a neighbour, i i1 i2 ...iiL would be the
longest path contradicting our selection of the longest path.
The same for iL also.
So both i1 and iL are adjacent to vertices in the longest path L only,
Since degree of i1>k/2 and i1 is not adjacent to itself, k> n/2 +1
Let us assume a claim
There is some value of j (1jk) such that:
Incase claim is not true,
Since all vertices adjacent to L1 or Lk lie on L, there must be at least deg(L1) vertices on P not
adjacent to Lk.
Since all the vertices adjacent to Lk and pk itself also lie on P, the path must have at least
deg(L1)+deg(Lk)+1n+1 vertices.
But L has only n vertices: a contradiction.
This gives a cycle C=Lj+1Lj+2…LkLjLj1…L2L1Lj+1.
Suppose LC is nonempty.
Then since L is connected, there must be a vertex vGC adjacent to some Li.
So the path from v to Li and then around C to the vertex adjacent to Li is longer than L,
contradicting the definition of L.
Hence our assumption/claim is true.
Therefore all vertices in L are contained in C, making C a Hamilton cycle.
Solution
Dirac theorem:
For a simple network with n 3 vertices, if each vertex has degree
at least n/2 (i.e., ki n/2, i), then the network has a Hamiltonian cycle,.
Proof: Let G be the connected graph
Let L = (i1,iL) = (i1, i2, . . . , iL) be the longest path.
The neighbors of vertex i1 must lie on
(i1, iL); the same is true for vertex iL, since if say i is not a neighbour, i i1 i2 ...iiL would be the
longest path contradicting our selection of the longest path.
The same for iL also.
So both i1 and iL are adjacent to vertices in the longest path L only,
Since degree of i1>k/2 and i1 is not adjacent to itself, k> n/2 +1
Let us assume a claim
There is some value of j (1jk) such that:
Incase claim is not true,
Since all vertices adjacent to L1 or Lk lie on L, there must be at least deg(L1) vertices on P not
adjacent to Lk.
Since all the vertices adjacent to Lk and pk itself also lie on P, the path must have at least
deg(L1)+deg(Lk)+1n+1 vertices.
But L has only n vertices: a contradiction.
This gives a cycle C=Lj+1Lj+2…LkLjLj1…L2L1Lj+1.
Suppose LC is nonempty.
Then since L is connected, there must be a vertex vGC adjacent to some Li.
So the path from v to Li and then around C to the vertex adjacent to Li is longer than L,
contradicting the definition of L.
Hence our assumption/claim is true.
Therefore all vertices in L are contained in C, making C a Hamilton cycle..
Construction Supervisor ResponsibilitiesCompletes construction pr.pdf
Construction Supervisor Responsibilities:
Completes construction projects by planning, organizing, and controlling projects; completing
quality inspections; supervising sub-contractors and staff.
Construction Supervisor Duties:
Solution
Construction Supervisor Responsibilities:
Completes construction projects by planning, organizing, and controlling projects; completing
quality inspections; supervising sub-contractors and staff.
Construction Supervisor Duties:.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol whi.pdf
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol which is used to make core routing
decisions on the Internet; it involves a table of IP networks or \"prefixes\" which designate
network reach-ability among autonomous systems (AS). BGP is a path vector protocol, or a
variant of a Distance-vector routing protocol. BGP does not involve traditional Interior Gateway
Protocol (IGP) metrics, but routing decisions are made based on path, network policies, and/or
rule-sets. For this reason, it is more appropriately termed a reach-ability protocol rather than
routing protocol. BGP was created to replace the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) to allow fully
decentralized routing in order to transition from the core ARPAnet model to a decentralized
system that included the NSFNET backbone and its associated regional networks. This allowed
the Internet to become a truly decentralized system. Since 1994, version four of the BGP has
been in use on the Internet. All previous versions are now obsolete. The major enhancement in
version 4 was support of Classless Inter-Domain Routing and use of route aggregation to
decrease the size of routing tables. Since January 2006, version 4 is codified in RFC 4271, which
went through more than 20 drafts based on the earlier RFC 1771 version 4. RFC 4271 version
corrected a number of errors, clarified ambiguities and brought the RFC much closer to industry
practices. Most Internet service providers must use BGP to establish routing between one another
(especially if they are multihomed). Therefore, even though most Internet users do not use it
directly, BGP is one of the most important protocols of the Internet. Compare this with Signaling
System 7 (SS7), which is the inter-provider core call setup protocol on the PSTN. Very large
private IP networks use BGP internally. An example would be the joining of a number of large
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) networks where OSPF by itself would not scale to size. Another
reason to use BGP is multihoming a network for better redundancy, either to multiple access
points of a single ISP (RFC 1998), or to multiple ISPs.
Solution
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol which is used to make core routing
decisions on the Internet; it involves a table of IP networks or \"prefixes\" which designate
network reach-ability among autonomous systems (AS). BGP is a path vector protocol, or a
variant of a Distance-vector routing protocol. BGP does not involve traditional Interior Gateway
Protocol (IGP) metrics, but routing decisions are made based on path, network policies, and/or
rule-sets. For this reason, it is more appropriately termed a reach-ability protocol rather than
routing protocol. BGP was created to replace the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) to allow fully
decentralized routing in order to transition from the core ARPAnet model to a decentralized
system that included the NSFNET backbone and its associated regional networks. This allowed
the Internet to become a truly decentralize.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
In present DNA microarray technology, the different test-samples are.pdf
- 1. In present DNA microarray technology, the different test-samples are pre-tagged with different kind of fluorescnet tags whose intensity is automatically monitored by a computed software. This software not only captures the signal from the array, but also quantizes the intensity of this signal into a calculated number. This number deciphers the extent of expression levels of the gene to which the fluorphore was attached to. Here, the most crucial step is to detemine where the signal is coming from and if the signal is present or not. Since a microarray contains millions of array data points, it is not possible for normal human eyes to differentiate between two spots based upon their color and intensity. It is not even required ot perform this function manually because millions of data points cannot be quantized by human eye. Thus, the software is initially informed the emission and excitation wavelengths of the fluorophores and thus, the laser equipped in the detection system automatically records and quantizes the signal intensity without minutest involvement of human. Thus, is does not matter if the researcher has normal vision or is a color blind, the data acquisition will be performed solely by the software. Thus it is possible for a person who is colorblind to successfully interpret a microarray scan becuase the data will be quantized into numerical format in the end. Solution In present DNA microarray technology, the different test-samples are pre-tagged with different kind of fluorescnet tags whose intensity is automatically monitored by a computed software. This software not only captures the signal from the array, but also quantizes the intensity of this signal into a calculated number. This number deciphers the extent of expression levels of the gene to which the fluorphore was attached to. Here, the most crucial step is to detemine where the signal is coming from and if the signal is present or not. Since a microarray contains millions of array data points, it is not possible for normal human eyes to differentiate between two spots based upon their color and intensity. It is not even required ot perform this function manually because millions of data points cannot be quantized by human eye. Thus, the software is initially informed the emission and excitation wavelengths of the fluorophores and thus, the laser equipped in the detection system automatically records and quantizes the signal intensity without minutest involvement of human. Thus, is does not matter if the researcher has normal vision or is a color blind, the data acquisition will be performed solely by the software. Thus it is possible for a person who is colorblind to successfully interpret a microarray scan becuase the data will be quantized into numerical format in the end.