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![Finding the holy grail
• Importance of
• climate, landscape position, geomorphology and soil properties
• land use history!?
• "base" SOC levels
Þ SOC sequestration potential = base_SOC + f[climate; landscape; soil properties; …]
• True C-sequestration vs. "avoided losses"?
SOC content
Time
Improved management
Common practice
?
15](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/5ciatpresentationcgsocworkshopnov2017bonn-171130173937/85/CIAT-Soil-Carbon-Sequestration-Research-15-320.jpg)
CIAT Soil Carbon Sequestration Research
The document discusses the role of soil carbon sequestration in enhancing soil fertility, landscape health, and as a strategy for climate change mitigation. It highlights various research initiatives, tools, and assessments undertaken to better understand soil carbon dynamics and its potential benefits, particularly in agricultural contexts. The document also outlines the challenges and complexities of integrating soil carbon sequestration into climate change mitigation strategies.
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CIAT Soil Carbon Sequestration Research
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- 2. 2 How carbon seq. in soils relates to CIAT’s agenda? • Soil C as a driver of soil fertility, as a driver of landscape health and entry point for land restoration • Soil C sequestration as a triple CSA win (addressing productivity resilience and mitigation) •Soil carbon and soil health is a cluster of activity in WLE-RDL
- 3. • WLE: Sommer & Bossio study (2014) à global; desktop study; scenarios; mitigation potential •GIZ commissioned: Winowiecki (2015) "Landscape-scale Assessments of Soil Health: Local Determinants of Soil Organic Carbon in Ethiopia" (link) • WLE/GIZ: CIAT SOC APP (2016) à online tool to calculate SOC sequestration amounts on ag. land (link) • SOC-seq. estimates as part of the CCAFS publication: Wollenberg et al. (2016) "Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2°C target". Global Change Biology (link) 3 Past research
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- 5. • GIZ-commissioned study Model-based assessment of soil organic carbon dynamics and potentials for carbon sequestration under integrated soil fertility management and conservation agriculture in Western Kenya by R. Sommer June 2017 (link) •Various blogs: • Soil Organic Carbon and the 4‰ Initiative: Soils for food security and climate by Deborah Bossio | Nov 27, 2015 (link) • Shifting sands: putting carbon back into soils by Rolf Sommer | May 9, 2016 (link) • Trees on agricultural land sink four times more carbon by Georgina Smith | Aug 10, 2016 (link) • Sink more carbon in the soil? It’s not that easy by Georgina Smith | Dec 5, 2016 (link) • Sink it or lose it: the carbon trade-off by Georgina Smith | Mar 17, 2017 (link) • What is CGIAR doing on soil carbon and climate change? by Lini Wollenberg, Christopher Martius, Keith Shepherd and Rolf Sommer | Jun 28, 2017 (link) • Not so dirt-cheap: how soils could save the day at climate talks, by Rolf Sommer, WLE Thrive Blog. | Nov. 2017 (link) • Presentation at the FAO Global Symposium SOC 2017, Rome Enhancing SOC sequestration: myth or reality in Africa? by R. Sommer (link) • Presentation at the EGU 2017, Vienna: "The soil carbon dilemma in the humid tropics: cannot hoard it!?" by R. Sommer, B. Paul and J. Kihara (link) • CarbonBrief - WLE Opinion piece for Earth Overshoot Day; Improving Africa’s soils to cut emissions and boost food security by Shepherd & Sommer (link) • HuffPost – CGIAR gets serious about soil carbon as home of 4p1000 initiative" - Aug 2017 (link) 5 Publications, blogs and media releases
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- 7. Sommer, Paul, Mukalama, Kihara (2017). Reducing losses but failing to sequester carbon in soils – the case of Conservation Agriculture and Integrated Soil Fertility Management in the humid tropical agro-ecosystem of Western Kenya; AGEE in print. 7 Recent research ISFM 17 19 21 23 25 1/Jan/05 1/Jan/081/Jan/11 1/Jan/14 SOC (g/kg) FYM+ R+ FYM+ R- FYM- R+ FYM- R- LSD Conservation Agriculture 17 19 21 23 25 1/Jan/05 1/Jan/08 1/Jan/11 1/Jan/14 0T R+ CT R+ CT R- 0T R- LSDs, same level of tillage
- 8. 8 -2.0 14.0 -2 2 6 10 14 R- R+ R-R+ FYM- FYM+ Losses of SOC over 12 yrs. (t C/ha/15cm) -2.0 2.0 6.0 10.0 14.0 -2 2 6 10 14 N0 P60 N30 P60 N60 P60 N90 P60 N0 P60 N0 P0 N0 P60 N30 P60 N0 P0 N0 P60 N30 P60 N0 P60 N30 P60 N60 P60 N90 P60 N0 P60 N0 P0 N0 P60 N30 P60 N0 P0 N0 P60 N30 P60 N0 P60 N30 P60 N60 P60 N90 P60 N0 P60 N0 P0 N0 P60 N30 P60 N0 P0 N0 P60 N30 P60 N0 P60 N30 P60 N60 P60 N90 P60 N0 P60 N0 P0 N0 P60 N30 P60 N0 P0 N0 P60 N30 P60 M-M MS M-T T-M M-M MS M-T T-M M-M MS M-T T-M M-M MS M-T T-M R- R+ R- R+ FYM- FYM+ Losses of SOC over 12 yrs. (t C/ha/15cm) D = ~8.7 t C/ha 725 kg C/ha/yr Avoided losses in response to manure application (INM3)
- 9. WLE: Zomer, Bossio, Sommer, Verchot (2017) Geospatial Estimation of the Global Sequestration Potential of Increased Organic Carbon in Cropland Soil, Nature – Scientific reports in print. 9 Recent research Worldwide croplands could sequester between 0.90 and 1.85 Pg C/yr, •= 26–53% of the target of 4p1000 à towards carbon neutrality of agriculture: emissions from agricultural activity 1.4 – 1.6 Gt C/yr (~12 % of total global emissions)
- 10. F i el d - V i l l a g e - Re g i o n - C o u n t r y - C o n t i n e n t - G l o b e Small data and Big data – soil information for sustainable intensification Mats Söderström & Kristin Piikki Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) / International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) 10
- 11. BMZ large grant project (2017-2019) Scaling up soil carbon enhancement interventions for food security and climate across complex landscapes in Kenya and Ethiopia 1. Improved soil carbon sequestration potential maps to identify hot-spots for increasing soil carbon; 2. An improved process-based dynamic soil carbon-vegetation model to assess policy and program scenarios; 3.Analysis and synthesis of gender-specific constraints and opportunities to adoption of soil carbon enhancing agriculture across the landscape; 4. Development and assessments of policy and program scenarios for impact on soil carbon across the landscape; 5. Assessment and visualization of the multiple benefits and trade-offs of increased soil carbon at the landscape level for policy and program scenarios; and 6. Programmatic and policy support … build awareness and enhance capacity of partners to implement gender sensitive approaches to priority setting, planning, design and implementation of programs. 11
- 12. GIZ Climate Smart Soils – SOC (hotspot) mapping • Time series analysis –loss of SOC in response to forest conversion • Impact of Conservation Agriculture on reducing losses or sequestering carbon • Digital soil mapping of actual and potential SOC in a watershed in Western Kenya (Murugusi) • Rapid indicators of SOC / degradation status • POXC • MIRS 12
- 13. Loss of carbon after conversion of forest (Nandi Kenya) 13 40 80 120 160 0 20 4060 Age since conversion SOCton/ha Land Use Eucalyptus Grass Maize/Beans Pristine Rotation Sugarcane Tea Mean Eucalyptus Grass Maize/Beans Pristine Rotation Sugarcane Tea Topsoil 40 80 120 160 Pristine Sugarcane Rotation Tea Maize/Beans Eucalyptus Grass Lan use SOCton/ha Topsoil
- 14. Biophysical simulation of SOC – long(er) term • Avoided losses of SOC in response to improved land use: 0.33-0.65 t C/ha/yr 14 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 1/Jan/0431/Dec/09 1/Jan/16 31/Dec/21 1/Jan/28 1/Jan/34 SOC (t/ha/40 cm) FYM+ R+ T-M N30 Zero-tillage Full R+ M-M N90 FYM+ R- M-M N0 FYM- R+ M-M N90 FYM- R- M-M N0
- 15. Finding the holy grail • Importance of • climate, landscape position, geomorphology and soil properties •land use history!? • "base" SOC levels Þ SOC sequestration potential = base_SOC + f[climate; landscape; soil properties; …] • True C-sequestration vs. "avoided losses"? SOC content Time Improved management Common practice ? 15
- 16. What’s the challenge? 16 • Soil carbon sequestration not (yet) part of the set of options to mitigate climate change • Little “knowns” and lots of “unknowns” and aspirations •confusing, nerdy discussion • high aspirations (4p1000) • Low visibility ( though now improving) • Multiple ownerships (UNCCD vs. UNFCCC; WLE vs. CCAFS vs. FTA) • MRV • No standardization • SOC is a slow variable
- 17. Precision agriculture Soil C sequestration / avoided losses A B AfSIS ISRIC Soil property maps of Africa at 250 m resolution Biophysical models • point scale •global C emission markets & trading voluntary vs. compliance Big Data MRVAGRIS Questions: • how much C can be sequestered? (D) • how much time does it take? • what (co)benefits are there? • what tradeoffs? • what does it require and cost? • farming practices • PES • policies and action • how to monitor, report and verify? Soil health and human nutrition Food/yield gap & Ag. intensification CSA and mitigation WOCAT UNCCD - LDN (Global network of) long-term trials Digital Soil mapping 20x20 Crowd sourced information AFR100 Bonn Challenge Social capacity Human capacity Policy & Action UNFCCC / IPCC Transformation Carbon tools & apps 17
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