Definition of community participation
Importance of community participation
Participation as amean and as an end
Core features of community participation
Factors that affect community participation positively
Archtypes of community participation
Definition of community participation
Importance of community participation
Participation as amean and as an end
Core features of community participation
Factors that affect community participation positively
Archtypes of community participation
Public Relation in context of Nursing and Collective BargainingAlka Singh
Subject : Management of Nursing Services and Education. Topic: Public Relation in Context of Nursing and Collective Bargaining, Elements, Tools and Various Forms of Public Relation, Nurses Role in Public Relation. History of Collective Bargaining in India, Theory Behind collective bargaining, importance of collective bargaining, Advantages and disadvantages of collective bargaining, Nurse managers role in collective bargaining, Functions and types of collective bargaining, Collective bargaining and National commission on labor, Problems in Growth of collective bargaining in India.
Public Relation in context of Nursing and Collective BargainingAlka Singh
Subject : Management of Nursing Services and Education. Topic: Public Relation in Context of Nursing and Collective Bargaining, Elements, Tools and Various Forms of Public Relation, Nurses Role in Public Relation. History of Collective Bargaining in India, Theory Behind collective bargaining, importance of collective bargaining, Advantages and disadvantages of collective bargaining, Nurse managers role in collective bargaining, Functions and types of collective bargaining, Collective bargaining and National commission on labor, Problems in Growth of collective bargaining in India.
The prime objective of the research was to assess the overall patterns of use, treatment, and well-being issues of working animals i Siraro woreda, west Arsi zone, paying much attention to the behavioral aspects of the equine owners than the animals themselves. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using small-scale survey, in-depth interview, and observation methods from research.participants systematically selected through judgmental/availability sampling technique. The collected quantitative data were analyzed using improved quantitative data analyzing instrument mainly SPSS version 20 where frequency tables, cross-tabs, and percentages.
were applied for data presentation. And qualitative data were transcribed, organized and analyzed according the themes identifi ed and presented in a narrative manner. Major factors affecting working animals’ welfare, such as in- ability to commonly use harnesses/yokes while loading the animals, absence of separate shelter built for the equines, failure of allocating suffi cient resting time after loading,inadequacy of fodder, failure to take diseased/injured animals to the nearby veterinary clinic for treatment, have been found in the study
area. The belief that equines such as donkeys never tire whatever amount of hours we let them work has also been found to be the widely held cultural value in the study area, potentially affecting the way people handle and care for their working animals.There is a need to develop a well-articulated national policy and legal frameworks that specifi cally deal with the protection and maintenance of equine welfare. In addition, the media should play awareness creation and mobilization role.
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Sex linked describes the sex-specific patterns of inheritance and presentation when a gene mutation is present on a sex chromosome rather than a non-sex chromosome. In humans, these are termed X-linked recessive, X-linked dominant and Y-linked.
Connexins (Cx) (TC# 1.A.24), or gap junction proteins, are structurally related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions. An entirely different family of proteins, the innexins, form gap junctions in invertebrates.[1] Each gap junction is composed of two hemichannels, or connexons, which consist of homo- or heterohexameric arrays of connexins, and the connexon in one plasma membrane docks end-to-end with a connexon in the membrane of a closely opposed cell. The hemichannel is made of six connexin subunits, each of which consist of four transmembrane segments. Gap junctions are essential for many physiological processes, such as the coordinated depolarization of cardiac muscle, proper embryonic development, and the conducted response in microvasculature. For this reason, mutations in connexin-encoding genes can lead to functional and developmental abnormalities.
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are, similar to arachidonic acid, 20 carbon units in length. Eicosanoids are a sub-category of oxylipins, i.e. oxidized fatty acids of diverse carbon units in length, and are distinguished from other oxylipins by their overwhelming importance as cell signaling molecules. Eicosanoids function in diverse physiological systems and pathological processes such as: mounting or inhibiting inflammation, allergy, fever and other immune responses; regulating the abortion of pregnancy and normal childbirth; contributing to the perception of pain; regulating cell growth; controlling blood pressure; and modulating the regional flow of blood to tissues. In performing these roles, eicosanoids most often act as autocrine signaling agents to impact their cells of origin or as paracrine signaling agents to impact cells in the proximity of their cells of origin. Eicosanoids may also act as endocrine agents to control the function of distant cells.
Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through a network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain. The rate of cerebral blood flow in an adult human is typically 750 milliliters per minute, or about 15% of cardiac output. Arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain. Veins carry "used or spent" blood back to the heart, to remove carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products.[1] Because the brain would quickly suffer damage from any stoppage in blood supply, the cerebral circulatory system has safeguards including autoregulation of the blood vessels. The failure of these safeguards may result in a stroke. The volume of blood in circulation is called the cerebral blood flow. Sudden intense accelerations change the gravitational forces perceived by bodies and can severely impair cerebral circulation and normal functions to the point of becoming serious life-threatening conditions.
Ecosystem is system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.
Ecosystem can be natural or artificial.
Ecosystem has both abiotic and biotic components.
Ecosystem has primary, secondary and tertiary function.
Human social systems and ecosystems are complex adaptive systems
Ergonomics is the study of people in their working environment.
Cushing's syndrome is the pool of signs and symptoms due to extended exposure to glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
Signs and symptoms may include high blood pressure, abdominal obesity but with thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks, a round red face, a fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles, weak bones, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly.
Women may have more hair and irregular menstruation. Occasionally there may be changes in mood, headaches, and a chronic feeling of tiredness.
Usual onset: 20 – 50 years
According to UNESCO Constructivism is learning theory which places the learner at the center of the educational process on the understanding that the learner actively constructs knowledge rather than passively receiving it.
According to Brader - Araje and Jones (2002), Constructivism can be defined as “the idea that development of understanding requires the learner to actively engage in meaning-making”.
Electroencephalography (EEG): an electrophysiological monitoring method to re...Habtemariam Mulugeta
Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain.
It is typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp, although invasive electrodes are sometimes used, as in electrocorticography.
EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the neurons of the brain.
As Hall says; “To look at and listen to self is often too difficult without the help of a significant figure (nurturer) who has learned how to hold up a mirror and sounding board to invite the behaver to look and listen to himself. If he accepts the invitation, he will explore the concerns in his acts and as he listens to his exploration through the reflection of the nurse, he may uncover in sequence his difficulties, the problem area, his problem, and eventually the threat which is dictating his out-of-control behavior.”
The musculoskeletal system consists of the muscles, tendons, bones and cartilage together with the joints
The primary function of which is to produce skeletal movements
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The status of commercial sex & its Psychological Impact on its workers in Ethiopia
1. College of Health Science
School of Medicine
Department of Medical Physiology
Pedagogy Assignment on:
The status of commercial sex & its
Psychological Impact on its workers in
Ethiopia
Prepared By:
Name ID No.
1. Genet Tesfaye GSR/3688/14
2. Habtemariam Mulugeta GSR/2895/14
3. Haymanot Andualem GSR/4531/14
4. Tewodros Dula GSR/6483/14
5. Zeleke Endalew GSR/2023/14
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
November, 2021
2. Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Definition of Commercial Sex Work....................................................................................... 1
1.2 History of Commercial Sex Worker World Wide ................................................................... 2
1.3 History of commercial sex work in Ethiopia........................................................................... 2
2. Status of commercial sex work in Ethiopia................................................................................... 3
2.1 Economic Policy & Programs for Sex Workers ...................................................................... 4
2.2 HIV prevention & care programs that target sex workers...................................................... 5
2.3 Factors Contributes to Engage in Commercial Sex Work....................................................... 5
3. Psychological Impacts of Commercial Sex Work on Its Worker in Ethiopia................................ 6
3.1 Emotional Effects ................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Physical Effect........................................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Spiritual Effects...................................................................................................................... 6
3.4 Mental Effects ........................................................................................................................ 7
3.5 Some Elements That Negatively Impacts Psychological Well-Being of Sex Worker................ 7
3.5.1 Attitudes of the profession................................................................................................ 7
3.5.2 Self - Viewpoint of Societal Attitudes................................................................................ 7
3.5.3 Work/Life Conflicts.......................................................................................................... 7
3.5.4 Personal Growth .............................................................................................................. 8
3.5.5 Effects on Mental Status................................................................................................... 8
3.5.6 Self-Acceptance................................................................................................................ 8
4. Conclusion................................................................................................................................... 9
5. References.................................................................................................................................. 10
3. 1
1. Introduction
Commercial Sex Work defined as the provision of sexual services to clients who request it,
receiving money or goods in exchange. In this activity, the occurrence of sexual, physical and/or
verbal violence tends to be frequent, contributing to the greater severity of the negative
psychological impact associated with Commercial Sex Worker.
Commercial Sex Work has been practiced throughout ancient & modern culture. Commercial Sex
Work has been described as "the world's oldest profession" although the oldest professions are
most likely farmers, hunters, & shepherds.
Commercial sex workers have been known in Ethiopia since olden times, although there are no
data as to when & where commercial sex first appeared in the country. There are approximately
210,967 female sex workers in Ethiopia according to recent estimates.
Commercial Sex Work has serious problems of physical & psychological injury in Ethiopia, such
as the spread of HIV/AIDS, other, drug addiction, unwanted pregnancy, crimes, cultural &
religious confusion, & behavioral changes. the psychological effects include emotional, physical,
social, spiritual, & mental effect.
1.1 Definitionof Commercial Sex Work
The word commercial sex work is derived from the Latin word “prostare” which means publicly
selling oneself (1,2). The term “sex worker” was coined in 1978 by sex worker activist carol Leigh.
its use became popularized after publication of the anthropology, sex work; writings by women in
the sex industry in 1987, edited by Frederique Delacoste & Priscilla Alexander (3–6).
Sex work can be defined as the provision of sexual services to clients who request it, receiving
money or goods in exchange. Prostitutes may be female or male or transgender, & Commercial
Sex Work may entail heterosexual or homosexual activity, but historically most prostitutes have
been women & most clients men (6–9).
Commercial sex work occurs in a variety of forms, & its legal status varies from country to country
(sometimes from region to region within a given country), ranging from being an enforced or
4. 2
unenforced crime, to unregulated, to a regulated profession. It is one branch of the sex industry,
along with pornography, stripping, & erotic dancing (10,11).
1.2 History of Commercial Sex Worker World Wide
Historically, commercial sex work dates back to ancient societies & occurs throughout human
history. This practice is an age long phenomenon recorded between 650-556 B.C & characterized
by the provision of sexual favors for financial & non-financial rewards. It is constantly assumed
as an existing fact in biblical history. It is estimated that prostitutes were common among the Jews
before the Birth of Christ (2)(12–14) .
Commercial Sex Work as a profession in African context started after the coming of colonialism.
Even though the cultural condition did not allow women to engage in Commercial Sex Work, the
disintegration of the social structure & the change in the overall cultural values & norms after
colonial’s rule made the environment favorable for Commercial Sex Work to be a common
phenomenon especially among the urban dwellers, it was practiced. Generally, the emergence of
Commercial Sex Work on the African historically traced back to the period of colonialism (15–
17). Commercial Sex Work has been practiced throughout ancient & modern culture. Commercial
Sex Work has been described as "the world's oldest profession" although the oldest professions
are most likely farmers, hunters, & shepherds (18).
1.3 Historyof commercial sexwork in Ethiopia
Commercial sex workers have been known in Ethiopia since olden times, although there are no
data as to when & where commercial sex first appeared in the country. Some sources associate the
beginnings of commercial sex with the movement of kings, nobles & warlords, the establishment
of cities & the development of trading (19).
Even though, Commercial Sex Work has an early beginning in Ethiopia but the practice becomes
& used as one of financial income work was during the period of Italy invasion which lasts for
five years. The Italians were customers in this practice especially the soldiers were the most one
who came to females whom engaged as prostitutes. The 1950s & 1960s, the number of hotels,
bars/restaurants, tella, araki, tej, & other eating & drinking establishments, & the number of sex
workers increased markedly. These establishments were the primary sites where clients met sex
workers (20).
5. 3
Commercial sex work is not a legally recognized ‘profession’ in Ethiopia. However, most of the
establishments where the sex workers are based (hotels, bars/restaurants, night clubs etc.) operate
legally with working licenses (21,22).
2. Status of commercial sex work in Ethiopia
There are about 42 million prostitutes in the world, living all over the world (though most of
Central Asia, the Middle East & Africa lack data, studied countries in that large region rank as top
sex tourism destinations). Estimates place the annual revenue generated by Commercial Sex Work
worldwide to be over $100 billion (23,24).
In sub-Saharan Africa, the commercial sex worker prevalence in the capital ranged between 0.7%
& 4.3%. Ethiopia has become a magnet for sex tourism, including child sex tourism. Ethiopia’s
urban areas are home to hundreds of thousands of youths who live & work on the streets – out of
whom many adolescent girls end up being sexually exploited & many more young women opting
to engage in commercial sex work due to limited options & more lucrative income in the sector
(23–25).
According to the 2015 summary report of Population Services International (PSI) Ethiopia about
85294 Commercial Workers found in 89 towns, in which in the distribution of commercial sex
workers in the different regional states were Oromia (23163) that the majority of them were found
in Adama City (3530), Amhara (20099) that the majority of them were found in Bahir Dar City
(6750), Tigray (10614) that the majority of them were found in Mekele City (4658), SNNPR
(10288) that the majority of them were found in Hawassa City (3516), Afar (3658) that the majority
of them were found in Logia City (932), Somalia (696) that the majority of them were found in
Jijiga City (529), Benshangul - Assosa (640), Harari (817), Gambella Town (1485), Dire Dawa
Town (2202) & Addis Ababa (11632) that the majority of them were found in Addis Ketema
(2890) (26). Also, a study done by Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office in 2020,
pointed out that 210,967 female sex workers were identified across the country. This shows the
number of women engaged in selling sex is increasing from time to time. Estimates suggest that
65% of street children & adolescents lack access to social services, & face heightened risk of
involvement in transactional sex, substance abuse & exposure to sexual assault (27) (28).
6. 4
An estimated 14% of all young people involved in commercial sex work are under the age of 18,
while nearly 45% of street connected girls in Addis Ababa engage in sex for payment, In Ethiopia,
especially Addis Ababa & Nazareth women working as waitress are about 40-45% admitted to
being involved in sex work beside their official job (25). There are different kinds of commercial
sex worker in Ethiopia. Formal (organized) or informal (not organized). Formal sex worker is
establishment based & managers & /or pimps act as clearly defined authorities & as intermediaries
between the sex worker & client. establishment based sex workers maybe sex workers & /or
waitress they worked in Hotels, Bars & Restaurants, Red light houses, Tella bets, Arakai bets, Tej
bets, Pastry houses & massage houses (29).
Informal sex workers such as street based sex workers & self- employed usually find their clients
independently like seeker of sugar mommy & sugar daddy commercial sex worker. Occasional
sex workers perform another type of informal sex work. They may sell or trade sex to meet short-
term economic needs (such as school tuition, a family financial crisis) (30).
There are a number of difficulties involved in collecting meaningful commercial sex worker
statistics, Because of most kind of commercial sex are not easily visible. Many factors making it
difficult to collect statistics for the sex industry, including low response rates, the small scale of
research compared to the size of the sex industry, & the diversity of the industry. As a result, only
estimates are available for the number of commercial sex worker in Ethiopia as well as other
countries (30).
FSWs generated 90.1% of total cash from sex work, with a median weekly income of USD 60.53.
They engaged mostly in protected vaginal sex, earning approximately USD 4.57 per act. Food,
housing, & clothing represented the largest areas of expenditure. Around 17% of expenses were
recorded as costs of sex work (e.g., alcohol) (31).
2.1 Economic Policy & Programs for Sex Workers
The history of official policy on poverty alleviation for sex workers is short. In 2012 the
government Social Protection Policy included sex workers for the first time. The economic
empowerment interventions recommended by the policy for vulnerable groups are microfinance
services, skills training & conditional & non-conditional social transfers (30).
7. 5
2.2 HIV prevention & care programs that target sex workers
These support NGO partners to distribute condoms & promote sexual health and, in addition, to
conduct income generating activities for some of the program beneficiaries. The activities are
similar to those performed within Edirs, although the shorter funding cycles mean that they do not
typically involve complex infrastructure or complex capital investment. The number of these
projects & their outcomes are not collated but individual results are monitored & included in
reports to donors. For example, anti-HIV, anti-trafficking & faith-based organizations, organize
sex workers into Edirs or other groups that can access local & international resources (32).
The enterprises these groups undertake are referred to as ‘income generating activities’ (IGAs).
Income from them is directed to both the individual beneficiaries and, in some cases, to an NGO
that has organized the group or activity. Findings suggest that financial literacy & formalized
savings activities, with life skills & empowerment training, have potential to build Female Sex
Workers economic resilience, mitigating a structural driver of sex work & HIV risk (32,33).
Commercial Sex Work has serious problems of physical & psychological injury in Ethiopia, such
as the spread of HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitting disease, drug addiction, unwanted
pregnancy, crimes, cultural & religious confusion, & behavioral changes. Many teenagers &
children are leaving school & joining sex-work by economic & social problems. These all can
open door for sex tourism, & increase the magnitude of problem (34).
2.3 Factors Contributes to Engage in Commercial Sex Work
At its core, the commercial sex industry targets on vulnerable populations including those with
mental health issues. In other words, systems of Commercial Sex Work have a predatory
dependence on people with vulnerabilities such as economic insecurity, barriers to higher
education, family factors (divorce, conflict), peer pressure, seeking better ways of living in city,
socio-economic factors (unemployment, social perception) or with histories of adverse childhood
experiences such as child sexual abuse (35).
Children who engaged in commercial sex work by many reasons such as, running away from
home, child abuse & neglect, psychological & emotional difficulties, family related risk factors,
child -specific risk factors, socio-economic related risk factors, environmental -related risk factors,
poverty, personal life style & illiteracy. Some girls as young as 11 years of age are engaged in sex
workers (SW). 20 % of children in began their Commercial Sex Work career before the age of 11
8. 6
years. Studies also indicate that an increasing number of teenage girls come to Addis Ababa to
involve in SW because of poverty (35,36).
3. PsychologicalImpacts of Commercial SexWork on Its Workerin Ethiopia
Research on the psychological impact associated with sex work, particularly when there is
exposure to situations of violence, has demonstrated that this activity is related to the development
of psychological stress. as well as with the onset of many other negative consequences, both short
& medium to long term: polarization of affection in the field of sadness with high possibility of
evolving into depressive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, anxiety & addictive disorders
related to substance use (26,37).
Commercial Sex Work has serious problems of physical & psychological injury in Ethiopia, such
as the spread of HIV/AIDS, other (STI), drug addiction, unwanted pregnancy, crimes, cultural &
religious confusion, & behavioral changes. Sexual violence & physical assault are the normative
experience for sex workers in Commercial Sex Work, but there is more than just physical harm
done to a person in the sex trade. There are also emotional, physical, social, spiritual, &
psychological effects bestowed upon sex workers (26,37,38).
3.1 Emotional Effects
Sex Workers will experience levels of “depression, [suicidal thoughts], flashbacks of childhood
abuse, anxiety & extreme tension, terror regarding a relationship with a pimp, lack of self-esteem
or no self-esteem, & mood swings (26,37,38)..
3.2 Physical Effect
A physical effect common in prostituted women is the spread of HIV & other STD‟s. In most
cases the prostitute is judged to be the one who carries & spreads HIV; however, extensive medical
research on the spread of HIV has been clearly noted that men are the carriers of HIV & women
are the recipients of the disease (26,37,38)..
3.3 Spiritual Effects
Not much is reported on the spiritual effects of the sex worker except that there is a loss of faith &
hope that things will ever get better. There lies an “unremitting sense of despair (26,37,38)..
9. 7
3.4 Mental Effects
There is however, much to be reported on the psychological effects which include post-traumatic
stress disorder, depression, anxiety, disassociation disorder, insomnia, irritability, flashbacks,
emotional numbing, & hyper alertness extensive research on the psychological effects of women
in the sex trade as noted: Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), which includes changes
in consciousness & self-concept, changes in the ability to regulate emotions, changes in systems
of meaning, includes changes in perception of the perpetrator of abuse (26,37,38)..
3.5 Some Elements That NegativelyImpacts Psychological Well-Being ofSex
Worker
3.5.1 Attitudes of the profession
The studies showed that most sex workers have somewhat negative attitudes about their
profession. Many of them have guilty, fearful, sinful, & immoral feelings towards their profession
3.5.2 Self - Viewpoint of Societal Attitudes
Sex workers are well aware of the stigmas attached to their profession & these stigmas are
significant stressors for sex workers. These things affect the psychological wellbeing of sex
workers. They have displeasure & anger with society; how society treats them. The workers have
always tried to hide their profession from the whole society & that causes a major stress for them.
They are willing to hide their profession & manage the negative conditions within the profession.
Those negative conditions make stressors for them & it negatively impacts their psychological
wellbeing (26,37,38)..
3.5.3 Work/Life Conflicts
Commercial sex workers kept the nature of their work secret from people in their private life. The
majority have had to hide everything connected with their work. This double life is a huge stress.
They have difficulty finding child care & in fulfilling other responsibilities & duties. Commercial
sex workers have no husbands & hence male protection in their private life, they miss their
husband’s love & affection & the ability to get sexual desires fulfilled from their husband. These
issues cause them emotional & psychological distress (26,37,38).
10. 8
3.5.4 Personal Growth
sex workers worry about their life & profession. They have feelings of guilt, worry, shame, &
sadness about their life & employment. They value themselves negatively & have low self-esteem.
3.5.5 Effects on Mental Status
The profession of sex work or Commercial Sex Work has a very negative impact on the mental
status of sex workers. The workers incur stress due to health risks, physical violence, societal
stigmas, & hazards from other persons involved in the profession. Most of the studies also indicate
that sex work has a huge negative impact on the mental status (26,37,38)..
Other studies evaluating the presence of psychological alterations in prostitutes, compared to non-
prostitutes, also documented difficulties with concentration & memory as well as sleeping
problems, irritability, anxiety, phobias, panic attack, compulsions, obsessions, fatigue & concerns
with physical health. It should also be noted that in the work by, of the sample reported a suicide
attempt (26,37,38)..
3.5.6 Self-Acceptance
Most of the sex workers have negative attitudes towards themselves & their profession. They don’t
feel positive about their past & present life. They feel dissatisfied with self & their employment.
Most of them have low self-esteem, self-confidence, & negative attitudes about themselves
(26,37,38)..
11. 9
4. Conclusion
Women in Ethiopia are engaged to commercial sex worker as an ultimate income source option.
Yet massive numbers of women lead their life in sex work & children are still engaging to this
work due to several factors like childhood abuse, lack of income, being street child & other socio-
economic factors. But generally, poverty is the comprehensive factor which includes listed factors
that pushed women to lead their life in commercial sex work.
According to recent researches enormous number of females are living as a commercial sex
worker. Especially major cities are the reaching destination for women to engage to commercial
sex work, but there are no available relevant quantitative studies on the numbers of commercial
sex workers in Ethiopia.
Because of commercial sex work considered as adultery form of life in the society, the women’s
engaged to this work faced a lot of challenges from the society & their own customers. Most of
the women develop psychological crisis & other consequential crisis from psychological
disturbances & physical violence. Like emotional instability, physical effect, social stigmatization,
& mental disorders are some of the several factors that leads women’s to loses their psychological
well beingness.
12. 10
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