This document discusses various morphological processes in word formation including addition, mutation, conversion, subtraction, and their effects on word class. It provides examples of how nouns, verbs, and adjectives are derived from each other through conversion or changes in meaning. Specific affixation processes are also described such as causative, inchoative, repetitive, and reversive prefixes. The effects of affixes like -ish, -less, and -ful on adjectives are explained. Finally, different types of derived nouns are defined such as action nouns, effect nouns, and place nouns.

1. By :
Pristya Riefca Sari (1105085031)
Rustiah (1105085048)
Yunita Bone (1105085041)

2.  Addition : some lexemes are formed by combining
morphemes, ex : armchair, busybody
 Mutation :change of vowel, change of consonant, or
both and by change of stress. Ex: proud ->
pride, believe -> belief, choose -> choice, insult ->
insύlt
 Conversion or zero change : the simple change of a
word of one class to another with no formal
alliteration. Ex: clean, dry, equal (adjective, also verb)
 Subtraction (or reduction) : by removing parts of
certain lexemes new lexemes are formed (acronym
and clipping)

3.  Nouns represent entities ; verb represents
activities ; adjective represents qualities or
characteristic.
 When a verb converted to a noun, the noun
may refer to concrete entity – a
person, object or place associated with what
the verb signifies.

4.  When a verb is derived from a noun, an entity
becomes a predicate an entity or status-
losing its quantifiable nature but becoming
part of a tense – aspect system
 A noun or verb converted to an adjective
gives a word that names a quality associated
with some entity.

5. a.Transfer meanings
 Roger painted the wall -> put paint on the
wall
 Susan peeled an apple -> remove the peel
from an apple
 We’re bottling wine -> putting wine in bottle
 They’re mining coal -> removing coal from
mine

6.  The accident crippled my friend -> cause him
to be a cripple
 She babies her husband -> make him like a
baby.

7.  Harry locked the door -> use the lock with
respect to the door
 Lucy penned the note -> use a pen to write a
note

8.  Sandra is skating from here to the corner ->
move (oneself) on skate
 The company is trucking from the mine to the
factory -> move (something) by truck

9.  Causative
ex : Ella dried the dishes -> Ella caused the
dishes to be dry.
 Inchoative
ex:The towels dried ->The towels become
dry.

10.  Repetitive ( prefix re- )
ex: re-write, re-capture, re-tell
 Reversive ( ‘undoing’ prefix, namely un-,de-
or dis-)
ex: fold – unfold, lock – unlock
 Privative (remove or detach N)
ex: arm – disarm, cover – uncover , load –
unload

11.  Active – subjective (-ing) ex:
amusing, charming, interesting
ex: this book is boring (to me)
 Passive – objective (-ed, -en) ex:
amused, broken, interested
ex: I am bored (with / by this book)

12.  The adjective means “like N”, ex: childish ->
like a child
 The adjective means “having (some quantity
of) N, affected by N, displaying N”, ex: muddy
-> having mud
 Some adjectives mean “leading to N, likely to
produce N” ex: healthful -> leading to (good)
health.

13.  Tendency -> has a suffix –ish with the
meaning “partially, tending toward”. ex:
bluish, oldish, yellowish
 Negative -> has a prefix to indicate the
negative or change the suffix –ful, -less. Ex:
unfinished, uneasy, painless, etc

14.  Action nouns, ex: the bus arrived promptly –
the prompt arrival of the bus
 Effect nouns, ex: George replied to our letter
– George’s reply to our letter
 Agent/ instrument nouns, ex: Harry drives –
Harry is a driver
 Affected nouns, ex: somebody employs Harry
– Harry is employee
 Place nouns, ex: the ship anchor here – this is
an anchorage

15.  Abstract nouns -> a way of treating the
quality as a thing, ex: depth, warmth, width,
kindness, literacy
 Characterized nouns -> places characterized
by what the adjective represents, ex:
absentee, rapids, shallows

16.  Place nouns -> where the basic noun is to be
found, ex: fishery, hermitage, orphanage
 Person nouns -> labels for humans associated
with whatever the basic noun signifies, ex:
mountaineer, islander, NewYorker.