The Principles And Limitations Of Transmission And...

The Principles and Limitations of Transmission and...
The Principles and Limitations of Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes
Introduction
Microscopy has a major role in cytology.From the very beginning researchers have tried to develop
ways of looking directly at living cells.This examination has revealed much about the morphology
of cells and tissues.In recent years,development in microscopes,dyes,staining and preparatory
techniques have helped reveal even more about the structure and function of cells.Microscopes have
a certain magnification and resolving power.In any microscope the the resolving power is more
important than the magnification.The resolving power of a microscope is the least distance between
two objects where the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
be examined by light microscopy must be sufficiently transparent and thin enough for light to pass
through .They are cheap,portable and easy to handle.However they cannot resolve anything that is
less than 0.2 micro metre apart This limit is due to the wavelength of light.For this reason they can't
examine minute organisms like viruses nor can they readily allow scientists to examine individual
tiny parts of cells in detail.It has low resolution(200nm) and low magnification.(X1500).Howver
light microscopes only allow us to determine the shape of whole cells or large organelles.It does not
let us see smaller organelles.Those which are visible lack clarity (appear fuzzy).Hence the
magnification is less important than the resolution.The low resolution of light microscopes is due to
the low wavelength of light (500nm)
Principles and Limitations of electron microscopy
The other type of microscope is the electron microscope (which consists of transmission electron
microscope and scanning electron microscope).It works by focussing a beam of electrons at the
specimen.The electrons have a higher wavelength than photons of light hence the resolving power is
greater.The beam of electrons are produced by a heated filament ,focussed on the specimen by the
condenser lens and the image then magnified by the objective and projector lenses.The beam can be
bent and focussed by electromagnetic
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Evolution Of Nanoscale Science And Technology
In the last twenty years Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies have become more significant and have
found a lot of applications in many aspects; the synthesis making nanostructured materials with
helpful and tunable properties is central to the evolution of nanoscale science and technology.
Nanometre scale metal particles exhibit optical, electronic, magnetic and chemical properties which
have wonderful technological and scholar value. Among them silver, copper, and gold nanoparticles
(NP) offer powerful adsorption bands (Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR) in the visual
spectrum. The frequency of the LSPR is mightily dependent on various properties of the NP. The
optical properties of metal NP are mightily affected by their composition, shape, size, and
concerning climate, like the closeness of other particles. These nano–particles, in a collective
surround the core, will do a shell. Metal nanoshells have shown formidable troth for systematic
engineering of SPR. These are composite nanoparticles that make of a dielectric core covered with a
few nanometers to a little tens of nanometers of a metal, ordinarily gold or silver. The SPR of these
nanoparticles may be alteration over hundreds of nanometers in wavelength, across the visible and
into the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum by the relative dimensions of the core and
the shell.
Firstly, the fabricated unclosed nanoshell composite SiO2@ Au–Cu was made by chemical methods
for different cases.

Preparation And Characterization Of Electrospinning...
Preparation and Characterization of Electrospinning Fluorine–doped Tin Oxide for Solar
Applications.
Shaker Ebrahim, Marwa Adel a, Moataz Soliman
Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research,
Alexandria University, P.O Box 832, Egypt a Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, Egypt
Abstract
Transparent conductive films of fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) electrospun on glass substrate were
prepared. These transparent conductive films were prepared at a substrate temperature in the range
350–550 οC. A solution of SnCl2.2H2O in methanol and glacial acetic acid was used as a precursor.
Hydrofluoric acid was added to the precursor solution as a dopant. The films were prepared in one
single step and no further treatment is required. The distance between the spray nozzle and the
substrate was in the range 2–10 cm, the liquid flow rate was in the range 10–50 ml/h, the duration of
electrospinning was in the range 5–50 min and 15 –20 kV electrical potential was applied. The
prepared films were characterized by means of XRD, SEM, FTIR and UV–VIS spectroscopy. The
resistivity measurements were measured by the four–point probe technique. It was found that the
films are transparent in the UV–Visible region and was about 70% and high reflective in the infra
red region (99%). XRD pattern indicates that the films exhibit a preferred orientation (110) with
grain size about 16 nm. By comparing these results with that obtained by

Essay on Lab 2: Microscopy and the Metric System
Microscopy and the Metric System Margaret E. Vorndam, M.S. Version 42–0090–00–01 Lab Report
Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab
Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment's questions, diagrams if needed, and data
tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students' writing of
lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.
Exercise 1: Measuring Length, Weight, Volume, and Temperature Try the following conversions for
practice. 240,000 ng =0.24 mg =0.00024 g 50 cm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Provide the calculation steps, including the conversion factor that would be needed to convert the
following measurements, and the final answers. Use US and liquid units where appropriate. 3 cups =
.711 L 7,893 mg = .0174 lb 2.25 oz = 66.53 cc 36ºC = 96.8 ºF 7893mg*(1lb/453592mg)=0.0174lb
36ºC*(9/5)+32=96.8ºF (96ºF–32)*(5/9)=35.56ºC 7893mg*(1lb/453592mg)=0.0174lb 36ºC*
(9/5)+32=96.8ºF (96ºF–32)*(5/9)=35.56ºC 3 cups*(.237L/1cup)=.711L 2.25oz*
(29.57cc/1oz)=66.53cc 145,000uL*(1tsp/4928.92uL)= 29.42tsp 3 cups*(.237L/1cup)=.711L
2.25oz*(29.57cc/1oz)=66.53cc 145,000uL*(1tsp/4928.92uL)= 29.42tsp 145,000 uL = 29.42 tsp
96ºF = 35.56 ºC D. What advantages does the metric system have over the English method of
measurement? What are the disadvantages? The metric system is advantageous because it has a base
of ten, making measurements easier to take, read, understand, and convert. The prefixes are also
standard so they transfer between all measurements. Also, more countries use the metric system
whereas basically only the US uses the English method. The main disadvantage of the metric system
is that Americans have not grown up with these measurements so they are harder to picture and

Utilization Of Fiber Reinforced Composites
Utilization of fiber reinforced composites for gaining importance to derive more advantages such as
manufacturing process flexibility, high strength to weight ratio. Due to extensive growth
applications of composites, the machining of composites was preferred where the closed
dimensional tolerances maintained in the case of the composites mating with the other components.
The present work aims at identify influenced optimum milling process parameters required to
achieve the good surface quality along the machined surface with minimum damage. Consequently
the work indeed the comparison discussions on the machined surface generated with different tool
signatures of two fluted specially designed carbide tipped mill tool and four fluted solid carbide mill
tool. In this regard the experimentations were conducted with varied milling process parameters and
the results were thoroughly evaluated and analyzed with origin interface graphs and scanning
electron micro (SEM) graphs to understand post machined surface textures.
Key words: cutting process parameters, GFRP composite laminates, compression moulding
technique, machining, solid carbide end mill tool and specially designed carbide tipped mill tool,
SEM graphs and Universal milling machine.
INTRODUCTION
FRP composites having superior material properties when compared with metals, improved
corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, less weight to strength ratio and high fracture toughness.
Hence GFRP composites frequently used

Scanning Electron Microscopy And Microscopy
1. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Scanning electron microscopy uses a focused beam of electrons to develop an image of the surface.
Signal is generated by the interaction of electrons with the surface, which are then detected and
perceived to obtain image and desired information related to the characteristics and topography.
1.1. WHY SEM USES ELECTRONS?
The resolution power of an eye is about 0.2 mm. However, utilizing a microscope magnify this
resolution power. The modern light microscope has a magnifying power of 1000x. The wavelength
of the light used can alter the resolving power of the microscope. Visible light as compared to an
electronic beam can focus the minute details of the surface. The signals that are derived from
electron ample interaction displays information about the physico chemical structure, crystalline
morphology and orientation of the arrays of molecules that make up the sample. A dimensional
image is generated showing spatial changes in properties (1) .
Areas of around 1 to 5 microns can be imaged by using conventional SEM techniques with a
magnifying range from 20x to 30,000x. SEM precision to view can be analyzed by keeping in view
a fact that it is cable of analyzing a particular sample point. This methodology can be employed for
quantitative determination. SEM is advantageous over traditional microscopic technique. SEM has
more deep investigational details as compared to the conventional characterization techniques. SEM
has much higher resolution

The Earliest Microscopes and Pond Ecology Essay
The earliest microscope magnified the object ten times the actual size. They were made up of a tube
with a plate for the object at one end and, at the other, a lens which magnified the object. In 1609,
Galileo worked with the lenses and made more advanced instrument with a focusing device. Anton
van Leeuwenhoek taught himself methods of polishing tiny lenses of extreme curvature which gave
best magnification of that time up to 270 diameters. This led to the building of his microscopes and
his discoveries. He was also the first to see and explain yeast plants, bacteria, life in a drop of water,
and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries. In his life, he used his microscope to make lots
of discover on living and nonliving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fine adjustment knob is mainly used to bring slide in focus on high power and coarse is used move
stage up and down. The revolving nose piece holds two or more objective lenses with different
objective power. Many microscopes have Diaphragm or Iris control the intensity and size of light.
All these parts in microscope help observe the specimen. Pond Ecology is the interaction of life in
pond with environment. Pond have low oxygen levels, little animal life, and lack of food supply. A
pond contains mostly water, few nutrients, and less aquatic life. Organisms live, grow, and die in the
pond. The remains decay in pond and are released back to keep the cycle going. The aquatic
organism take four organism carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus to be made. In winter, the
organism in pond are amphibians meaning their body temperature falls as the water temperature
drops decreasing the organism respiration rate and energy needed. Pond organism such as turtles and
frog bury themselves in mud at bottom of sea and hibernate. To conclude, pond have a life cycle
they go through (intext cite) Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of the phylum Rotifera. They
live in pond water and in moist soil. They can also be found in lake bottoms, mosses and lichens
growing on tree trunks and rocks. They are not visible by naked eye and have mostly soft bodies.
Only hard parts they have are jaws that can be preserved in fossil record. Rotifers are multi –cellular

Review Of Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories
Levofloxacin was kindly provided by Dr. Reddy's laboratories (Hyderabad, India). Stearic acid and
sodium saccharin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Mumbai, India). All other materials are of
analytical grade. Freshly collected and filtered double distilled water was used throughout the study.
Preparation of Levofloxacin Cocrystals.
Levofloxacin cocrystals were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. Varying ratios of
levofloxacin and coformers such as stearic acid (1:1, 1:3, 1:5 and 1:7) and sodium saccharin (1:1
and 2:1) were physically mixed in a glass mortar. Each powder mixture was transferred into a round
bottom flask and dissolved using ethanol as a solvent for crystallization. The round bottom flask
containing ethanolic solution of the drug and coformer was attached to the rotary flash evaporator
(Heidolph, Germany) and ethanol was evaporated under vacuum at 40 ± 2 °C with continuous
rotation at a speed of 30 rpm. The solid dry powders obtained were dried in a desiccator at room
temperature for a period of 24 h for complete removal of solvent traces. The dry powders were
passed through a 250 m sieve with mesh size #60 and stored at room temperature in air tight screw
capped glass vials in a desiccator away from direct light until further evaluation.
Drug Content Uniformity.
The drug content uniformity is the prerequisite for the development of cocrystals. The drug content
of the prepared cocrystals was estimated by dissolving the powder equivalent to 10 mg of

Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Testing: A Step Towards Highly...
Accepted In Conventional ultrasonic non–destructive condition monitoring the testing personnel use
his testing experience to interpret defects by analysing the ultrasonic echo. Owing to the coarse
material structure, the ultrasonic waves attenuate more and sometimes it gives a false impression of
defect and provides unreliable results. The conventional inspection method is too subjective and
highly relies on the effectiveness of testing personnel owing to the fact inspection reliability is low.
To overcome these limitations a multi–interrogation ultrasonic technique and correlation of several
parameters such as attenuation, acoustic velocity and grain size with material features is suggested
in this paper. Keywords: Non–Destructive Testing; Ultrasonic Testing; Grain Size 1 Introduction
Non Destructive Testing (NDT) is the testing of materials, for surface or internal flaws or
metallurgical condition, without rendering it unfit for service. There are various NDT methods of
inspecting the internal defects of complex surface parts, e.g. radiography, eddy flow, ultrasonic, etc.
Amongst these testing techniques, ultrasonic testing has an important role due to strong penetration,
good direction, high sensitivity, overall comparative low cost, and being harmless to the human
body and the material of the parts. Ultrasonic [1, 2, 3, 4] is a highly effective non destructive
condition monitoring method that helps in detecting even incipient faults particularly Mean

Lindow Man Anthropology
Archaeology is the study of the ancient past, through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
During the development of archaeology, various different kinds of scientific techniques have been
established to aid in archaeological investigation. Recent archaeological techniques and processes
such as Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Radiocarbon Dating are
utilised to help better understand a civilisation, specifically the site of Lindow Man. These modern
methods have supported in recognizing Lindow Man's identity and important information regarding
his death such as his appearance, his stomach content, what he had eaten prior death and his age.
This information has since helped lead scientists to believe in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Encyclopaedia Britannica also states that it is "proved to be a versatile technique of dating fossils
and archaeological specimens from 500 to 50,000 years old" (1998). This method of age
determination is dependent upon the decay of nitrogen and radiocarbon (Carbon–14)
(Encyclopaediea Britannica, 1998; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2011). Carbon–14 is
continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen–14 in the Earth's
atmosphere (Encyclopaediea Britannica, 1998; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2011) and all
living things exchange the gas carbon–14 with the atmosphere surrounding them. The amount of
carbon–14 exchanged into the living organism is perfectly balanced with its surroundings, but when
an organism dies, they stop taking in the gas and that equilibrium is damaged. Because Carbon–14
slowly decays at a known rate called its "half–life" in a dead organism, scientists can figure out how
long ago it had stopped exchanging carbon with its atmosphere. Thus, its age can be determined by
measuring the amount of Carbon–14 in a sample (Hirst, 2017; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating,
2017; Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Research Laboratory for Archaeology, n.d.; Earthsky,
2017; Cram, 1993). With the utilisation of Radiocarbon Dating, scientists have been able to discover
that Lindow

Electron Microscope Essay
Electron Microscope
The electron microscope has become one of the most widely utilized instruments for materials
characterization. An electron microscope is a scientific instrument that allows us to "see" objects so
small that they cannot be seen in any other way. (CITE) Electron microscopes have allowed
scientists to see individual molecules and atoms for the first time.
Most microscopes, including those in schools and laboratories today, are optical microscopes. They
use glass lenses to enlarge, or magnify, an image. An optical microscope cannot produce an image of
an object smaller than the length of the light wave in use. To see anything smaller than 2,000
angstroms (about 1/250,000 of an inch) a wave of shorter length would ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(CITE) By 1931, with the help of partner Dr. Max Knoll Ruska had produced a working model of
the first electron microscope.
Several types of electron microscopes have been developed since Ruska's first model.
Some are so large that they are housed in silos several stories high while others are small enough to
fit in the palm of a hand. These instruments have given scientists a new look at the world around us.
Ruska's working model was a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It sends a beam of
electrons, rather than light, through the object being viewed. The object to be viewed must be very
thin so the electrons can pass through it. Because air is too dense for electrons to pass through, the
object must be placed in a vacuum chamber. A beam of electrons is then focused on the object.
Magnetic lenses that act in the same way as glass lenses in an optical microscope spread the part of
the beam that passes through the object.
Finally, the beam strikes a fluorescent screen. The magnified image of the object can be seen on the
screen of a television–like monitor. The images formed by a transmission electron microscope are
black and white like an X–ray picture. Computers can be used to translate the image information
into a three–dimensional colored image.
In 1970, another electron microscope called the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was
developed. The scanning electron microscope is used to study the smallest

Essay on HS320 Microbiology Unit1 Assignment
A Basic Understanding of Microscopy
Assignment 1
Kaplan University–Microbiology
Since microorganisms are not visible to the eye, the essential tool in microbiology is the microscope.
One of the first to use a microscope to observe microorganisms was Robert Hooke, the English
biologist who observed algae and fungi in the 1660s. In the 1670s, "Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a
Dutch merchant, constructed a number of simple microscopes and observed details of numerous
forms of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria" (Introduction to Microscopes, n.d.). During the 1700s,
microscopes were used to further explore on the microbial world, and by the late 1800s, the light
microscope had been developed. "The electron microscope was developed in the 1940s, thus ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another limitation is out of focus light from outside the focal plane reducing image clarity or
requiring constant adjusting. On the other hand, under the right conditions, light microscopy allows
for viewing of samples that are still alive. There are aids such as fluorescent proteins, that can be
used to track proteins in real–time in cells though the viewing of where the proteins are may not be
very high in resolution, you may see roughly where the protein is in the cell, but will not be able to
see the shape of the protein itself. Lastly confocal light microscopy gives moderately higher
resolution, and significant enhancements in optical sectioning by limiting out–of–focus light.
The Electron Microscope
In electron microscopy, on the other hand, a beam of electrons with a negative charge, instead of
light is sent through a very thin slice of the specimen. Because the electron beam has a far smaller
wavelength than light used in light microscopy, it achieves far better resolution, "the current
resolution of limit of the best electron microscope is approximately 0.05 nm atomic resolution, and
4000X better magnification than that of a conventional light microscope"(BSP, S., 2010). This
means that with an electron microscope you can potentially achieve enough magnification to
observe the shape of the protein machinery that carries out the work inside of cells. The major
limitation of electron microscopy is that specimen

Methods And Analysis
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Equipments
The equipment used were FAAS (AA 6300 Shimadzu), XRD (D2 Phaser Model– Bruker),
centrifuge (Eppendorf 5810), Fisher brand test sieve aperture 250 microns (ISO3310/ 1.mill), XRD
mccrone micronizing mill (Glen creston company), EDX spectrometer (800HS), XRF model (S1
titan), electric shaker model SHR–2D and model D–3162, electric weighing balance (ATY224
Shimadzu), muffle furnace Eisklo type LN 120, aspirator pump (model 7049–05), water still (model
WSB/4), grinding mill model Reutsch SR 200, FTIR (model IRTracer– 100), fabricated ball mill,
UV–VIS model (Specord 200 plus), pH meter (Starter 2000) and scanning electron microscope
(SEM) model (Zeiss Evo LS 15).
3.2 Chemicals
Pb (NO3)2, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alumina, silica and other constituent components in the ashes were analysed in situ using the
method described by (Küpper et al., 2000).
3.5 Synthesis, functionalization and characterization of geopolymer
3.5.1 Synthesis of geopolymer samples
The procedure was adopted from López et al. (2014) but with slight modifications. 20 g of rice husk
ash (RHA) was weighed and placed in three different 250 mL Erlenmeyer conical flasks. Alkaline
activating solution of sodium hydroxide was prepared 24 hours prior to mixing with calcined clays
(Ferone et al., 2013). 100 mL of 8.0M NaOH was added in each conical flask and the mixture stirred
using a magnetic stirrer for 15 minutes. 50 g of calcined clays (CC) was weighed and added to each
of the three Erlenmeyer conical flasks labeled GP–1, GP–2 and GP–3 respectively. The mixtures
were then transferred to 250 mL plastic bottles and shaken in a ball mill for 5 hours (López et al.,
2014). The fluid matrix was then poured into ceramic crucibles and cured in an oven at a
temperature of 80 °C for 12 hours. The temperature conditions was then adjusted to 200 °C for
another 12 hours to facilitate complete polycondensation (López et al., 2014). The ultimate
geopolymer materials obtained were washed with distilled water severally to a pH of 7.0 ± 0.5.
Filtration was then done using aspirator pump model 7049–05. The residues were

Drug Content Of Spray Dried Powder Samples
Drug content estimation
Spray dried powder samples (5 mg) were weighed accurately and dissolved using a mixture of
water/ methanol (80:20% v/v) in a 100 mL volumetric flask. The flasks were shaken at room
temperature for 60 min on an orbital mixer incubator (Ratek Instruments Pty. Ltd., Victoria,
Australia) at a speed of 200 rpm followed by bath sonication using an ultrasonic cleaner (Misonix
Inc., NY, USA) for 15 min. The solutions were filtered, and the drug content of filtrates was
quantified by HPLC analysis.
Surface morphology and particle size analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Morphological features were visualized using JEOL 6700F FE–SEM (SEM, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo,
Japan) at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV. Powder samples were loaded by light dusting onto a metal
stub with a double–sided adhesive carbon tape. All samples were made conductive by gold–
palladium alloy coating (10 nm) under high vacuum using the Emitech K575X Peltier–cooled high–
resolution sputter coater (EM Technologies Ltd., Kent, England). Microscopic images were captured
randomly at various magnifications. The geometric mean diameter (dg; n > 300 particle count; mean
± SD) of the spray dried powders was measured from their SEM images (×2000 magnification)
using ImageJ 1.48 software (National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA).
X–ray diffraction (XRD)
Crystallinity was investigated by XRD analysis using X'Pert PRO MPD X–ray diffractometer
(PANalytical, Auckland, New Zealand). Powder samples

Comparative Evaluation On Surface Quality Of Gfrp Composites
Comparative Evaluation on Surface Quality of GFRP Composites by Different End mill Tools
I.S.N.V.R.Prasanth
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, St Mary's integrated campus,
Hyderabad, India, prasanth5109@gmail.com
D.V. Ravishankar
Professor and Principal T.K.R.CET, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, shankardasari@rediffmail.com
M. Manzoor Hussain
Professor and Principal, J.N.T.U Sultanpur, India, manzoorjntuh@gmail.com
Abstract
Utilization of fiber reinforced composites for engineering applications is gaining importance to
derive many advantages such as manufacturing process flexibility, high strength to weight ratio. The
machining of composites is always not preferred because of the structural disturbances generally
occur due to damages caused by machining forces to the fiber matrix interfaces, which in turn leads
to the reduction in the mechanical properties of composite as a whole. However machining is
necessary in special situations where the dimensional tolerances are to be maintained very close in
the case of the composites mating with the other components.
The present work aims at identifying the better milling process parameters to obtain better finish
across the machined surface with minimum damage. This paper indeed comparison discussions
about the machined surface generated by milling operation for a given tool signatures of two fluted
specially designed carbide tipped end mill cutter and four fluted solid carbide end mill tools by the

Essay about A Study on A. Nigra Seeds for Pharmaceutical...
Introduction Usage of natural antioxidants from plants and the other natural sources has been among
the most important ingredients in food and pharmaceutical industries. Having the ability to defend
against the reactive oxygen stress (ROS),Natural antioxidants can protect the human heath from a
lot of diseaseses, they are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) and the have less toxicity in
industrial products compared to the artificial synthetic ones. Zingiberaceae is a family in the plant
kingdom that has been highly investigated due to its versatile nature and high medicinal impact. The
largest genus of Zingiberaceae family is Alpinia. In this paper , the antibacterial efficacy of hexane,
ethyl acetate and methanol isolated from Alpinia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The samples were then dried properly to remove the trace of remaining solvent. The extracts were
subjected for vacuum drying in rotary evaporator. The free radical scavenging activity of seed
extracts of A. nigra were determined using DPPH whereby solution of DPPH in 99.99% ethanol was
prepared and was mixed with ethanolic solutions of n–hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts
from A. nigra seeds at determined concentrations. The mixture was shaken and incubated. Butylated
hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as positive reference ethanol as negative reference were used. The
absorbance was measured using multimode microplate reader. Each sample extract were mixed with
dry KBr powders and their absorption spectra were obtained with a Perkin–Elmer FTIR
spectrophotometer. The 1H spectra were recorded on a Varian 400 MHz FTNMR. Each extract
sample were dissolved in CDCl3 , and the solvent signal was used for spectral calibration. Total
soluble phenolic compound content from three different dilutions of A. nigra seed extracts were
estimated according to the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, using gallic acid as standard and the
absorbance was finally measured. To generate the standard curve, different concentrations of gallic
acid were used. Quantification of totall soluble phenolics in each extracts was determined from the
gallic acid standard curve. The antibacterial activities of all the extracts were tested against
Staphylococcus aureus

What Does Zno Nanoparticles Exhibit High Toxicity Against...
ZnO is an inorganic metal oxide with Wurtzite structure. ZnO nanoparticles have been extensively
studied in the field of catalysis, paints, cosmetics, solar cells, gas sensors and food packaging
materials [1–6]. It is due to their ease of preparation in different morphologies, low cost, UV
shielding properties, large surface to volume ratio, chemically alterable physical properties. The
effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on sex hormones and cholesterol in rat has also been reported [7].
Literature shows that ZnO nanoparticles exhibit high toxicity against bacteria but minimum effect
on human cells [8–9].
Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium that is usually responsible for food poisoning. Because the
toxin–encoding genes can be located on extra chromosomal elements or in variable regions of the
chromosome, several pathovars have arisen, each of which is involved in a specific disease [10]. It
has been estimated by the Centers for Diseases Control and the Food and Drug Administration of the
United States of America that around 30 million people every year fall sick due to the infections
caused by eating food which is contaminated [11,12]. Studies have shown that Salmonella enterica
is one amongst the more prevalent bacterial pathogens that causes food borne infections [11]. It is
estimated that the medical and productivity losses caused by this bacterium were of high order. [11].
The interaction between NPs and microorganisms and biomolecules is an expanding area of

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ( Ftir )
In vitro dissolution studies Relative in vitro dissolution behaviour of pure docetaxel and optimized
SNEP was assessed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (500 mL; pH 1.2; 37±0.5°C) as
dissolution medium using USP type II paddle apparatus (Electrolab, India) at a paddle rotation speed
of 50 rpm. At predetermined time points, an aliquot of 5 mL was withdrawn and equal volume of the
fresh dissolution medium was replaced to maintain the medium volume constant. All the samples
were filtered using Millipore membrane filter (0.45 µm, Millipore, USA), diluted and the
concentration of docetaxel was assayed by HPLC. Various dissolution parameters such as
dissolution efficiency (DE), mean dissolution time (MDT), initial dissolution rate (IDR), and mean
dissolution rate (MDR) were calculated to assess the dissolution profiles [29,30]. Solid state
characterization Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) FTIR spectrum of the samples was
recorded by KBr disc method using Perkin Elmer FT–IR Spectrometer (Paragon 1000, PerkinElmer,
Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) to illustrate the promising interactions among components used in
the formulation. Powder sample (4 mg) and IR grade dry potassium bromide (KBr; 200 mg) were
mixed gently in a glass mortar, compacted to form the disk by applying a force of 5.5 metric tons
using a hydraulic press. The corresponding disks were scanned over the wave number range of
4000–400 cm–1 at a scanning speed of 4 scans /s with a resolution of 1 cm–1

The And Measurement Of Microbiology Essay
Unit:8035 Visualisation&Measurement of Microbiology
Bright Field Brightfield" magnifying instruments are the established magnifying lens in which the
example is lit up from the back and the picture is framed because of the retaining properties of the
imaged objects. Brightfield light has been a standout amongst the most generally utilized perception
modes as a part of optical microscopy for as long as 300 years. The system is most appropriate for
use with settled, recolored examples or different sorts of tests that normally ingest critical measures
of noticeable light. Pictures created with brightfield brightening seem dim and/or profoundly shaded
against a brilliant, frequently light dim or white, foundation.
Confocal Microscope
A Confocal magnifying lens is one kind of 3D Fluorescence Microscope in which determination is
expanded by dismissing out–of–concentrate light. This is finished by utilizing pinholes with a
particular Pinhole Radius and makes it to be an inborn 3D magnifying lens: because of the centering
way of the confocal magnifying instrument, it is exceptionally appropriate for acquiring 3D pictures
as an accumulation of intensities at various purposes of the space.
Dark field
Dark field microscopy (dark ground microscopy) portrays microscopy techniques, in both light and
electron microscopy, which prohibit the unscattered bar from the picture. Accordingly, the field
around the specimen (i.e., where there is no specimen to disseminate the pillar)

Investigation Of Vitro And The Vivo Antifungal Activity Of...
Investigation of in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of different plant acetonic extracts against
fungal skin isolates
ABSTRACT
T he worldwide increase of multidrug resistance has impaired the current antimicrobial therapy,
warranting the search for other alternatives.This study investigated the efficacy of using plant
extracts; Lawsonia inermis L(Henna), Glycyrrhiza glabra L(licorice) and Rosmarinus officinalis L
(Rosemary) as antifungal agents.Antifungal susceptibility test revealed that nystatin were mostly
active against tested clinical isolates. In vitro antifungal activity of the different plant extracts
against isolates showed that acetonic extract of licorice, had high antifungal activity. In vivo study,
topical application of licorice gave promising and excellent healing response. We propose that the
higher percentage of (GC–MS) of 3–O–Methyl–d–glucose 29.1 %, most probably are the causes of
its higher antifungal activity.
INTRODUCTION
Fungal and bacterial skin infections are of public health concern as they can elicit social, economic
and public health problem (Maseleno and Hasan, 2013). Heavily infected persons with visible
lesions are often unconscious targets of social stigma of rejection isolation because of their
unslightly appearance. The cost of long term diagnosis and treatment can be over bearing for low
income individuals who make up the bulk of developing countries where these infections occur in
epidemic proportions due to poor hygiene. It

Erosion Efficiency And Scanning Electron Microscopy ( Sem...
Erosion Efficiency and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of Textile Material Reinforced
Polymer Composites Sachin Tejyan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharaja Agrasen
University, Baddi (H.P.) – India tejyan86@gmail.com Amit Singla Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi (H.P.) – India Abstract–– The objective of this
paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of the erosion efficiency by considering the large body of data
in the literature pertaining to the solid particle erosion of polymer composites under normal impact
conditions and to identify various mechanisms in solid particle erosion. Eroded surfaces of
composite samples were also examined by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) to see the effect of
impact velocity and impingement angle on the surface of composites. Index Terms–– Textile Fabric,
Epoxy, Solid Particle Erosion, Erosion Efficiency. INTRODUCTION The most common advanced
composites are polymer matrix composites consisting of a polymer reinforced by different types of
fibers. Fiber reinforced polymer composites consist of strong and stiff fibers embedded in a matrix.
Compared with traditional materials, they offer superior durability, light weight, and mechanical
properties. Polymer composites are being increasingly used in various applications including
aerospace, transportation, industrial and household applications. Like other materials, the selection
and design of a polymer composite structure must take

The Doping Of Semiconductor By Rare Earth Metal Nanoparticle
The doping of semiconductor by rare earth metal nanoparticle is an effective way for increasing
photocatalytic activity. Zinc oxide and Lanthanum doped Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized
by modifying the gel–combustion method. It was found that La can greatly enhance the cytotoxicity
and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles towards various cell lines and paracetamol drug.
These nanoparticles were characterized by various spectroscopic and other techniques which clearly
revealed the presence of lanthanum ions. The absorption edge shifts towards the visible region after
doping with La ions. This shift shows that the doping of La ions is favorable for absorbing the
visible light. The comparative photocatalytic and cytotoxicity activity revealed that La doped ZnO
nanoparticles remarkably enhanced activities as compared to the ZnO nanoparticles. The outcome of
these studies offers valuable for planning La doped ZnO nanoparticles having cytotoxicity and
photocatalytic activities helpful for the formulation of anticancer product and wastewater
remediation.
Keywords. Gel–combustion, Photocatalytic, Paracetamol, Cell lines and nanoparticles.
1. Introduction.
The presence of pharmaceutical compound even at low concentration in waste water effluents raised
the environmental problems on aquatic and human life in recent years [1]. Several drugs are
extensively used as antibiotics, antiseptics, anti–inflammatory and disinfectants [2]. Out of which
Paracetamol

And Differences: Similaristics Of Zooplankton
1)
All copepods live or are suspended in water environments or lakes. They're very small organisms
that are major components of fresh zooplanktons.
2)
Similarities:
They're both of the same size, 1 mm.
They're both marine organisms/animals that live in water environments like oceans or lakes.
Differences:
The color of the zooplankton contains red, blue, and a kind of white/transparent color, while the
copepod pairs are entirely yellow.
The body parts of the zooplankton appear almost transparent in the areas of no color, and major
body components that help organisms move like legs, aren't clear here. However, the body parts,
like the legs, of the copepod pairs are clear and can be seen through the image.
3)
This red bread mold is considered a model organism by scientists.
This organism is easy to grow, has a sequenced entire gamete, it also has a haploid life cycle (n),
which makes it easier for scientists to perform genetic analysis on the organism.
4)
The dissecting scope has a lower magnification ability than the compound and electron microscopes.
It can magnify up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the dissecting microscope has resolution and magnification, although not as high or as
great as the other microscopes, it is needed by samples or subjects like the one above. The live
earthworm is an organism that can be seen by the simple eye with no aid, but sometimes, if you

want detailed 3D imagery of the subject, without having limitations in size, the dissecting
microscope is the best choice. Here, the dissecting microscope would provide a more detail, higher
resolution than the simple eye, and greater magnification than the simple eye, also, a 3D image. The
image might not be very clear, but it provides details that cannot be seen by the naked

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Electron Microscope
INTRODUCTION
Electron microscopes are generally microscopes that use electrons as a source of illumination to
create an image, unlike light microscopes that relays on light. One of these types of microscopes is
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), This microscope uses electrons to scan the surface of a
sample giving an observer a highly magnified image of the sample. The electron microscope has
been an amazing tool for research purposes around the world for many decades and the technique
was discovered and developed throughout the years.
A SEM consist of a column that is situated at the top which generates an electron beam, and at the
bottom there is a sample stage, a thermionic cathode in the column is heated up by an electric
current and emit electrons into the vacuum and below it is an anode connected to a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another limitation to this technique is that it's expensive to buy and to maintain.
SEM is limited to solid samples so all the liquids and gaseous materials cannot be viewed under this
microscope, also samples that cannot withstand vacuum pressures cannot be viewed under this
equipment. Since the scanning electron microscope is more focused on the surface it cannot
accurately give information about the bulk at once. For samples that are not metallic like biological
samples like tissues and cells coating is necessary since they are not electrically conductive, this
becomes a limitation because a living cell cannot be viewed since coating would kill it so these are
some of the

The Torus Shaped Vessel
2.3 Diverter Applications
The diverter is located at the bottom of the torus shaped vessel and is designed to extract heat from
the plasma as well as the 'exhaust fumes' of the reaction occurring which are helium and any
impurities from the first wall of the reactor. The basic concept of a diverter used within a tokamak
design can be understood better by looking at figure x which is a diagram of JET after it had a
divertor fitted. The separatrix is the last field line which contains the plasma. The magnetic field
transports the plasma to the diverters at the bottom as shown where the heat energy strikes the
diverter target plates and conducted to pipes where it is then removed through either a water or
helium cooling system and the 'exhaust gases' are extracted by a vacuum.
The diverter itself is made up of several components shown in figure x. The plasma facing
components are the two vertical targets and dome. A closer look at one of the vertical target in figure
x shows how the cooling system works with a pipe with cooling fluid flowing through it is fitted
through blocks of armour material which make up the targets.
Looking to the future as projects grow in size towards DEMO, which will be a functioning fusion
power plant, the demands on materials especially PFC's are going to increase. For ITER the plasma
facing components for the divertor are to be made of carbon fibre–reinforced carbon composite's
(CFC) and some sections tungsten armour materials but for DEMO

Case Study On Periodontitis
Periodontal disease is very common, and is widely regarded as the second most common dental
disease worldwide after dental caries. Periodontitis is initiated by gram negative tooth associated
microbial biofilm that elicit a host response which result in bone and soft tissue destruction. The
chief treatment modality for periodontal health is scaling and root planing either during surgical
intervention or in a non–surgical approach with the endpoint of bringing a root surface that is
biologically acceptable for healing processes. [1] These mechanical procedures are accomplished by
using sonic–ultrasonic, manual and rotary instruments with the intention of removing subgingival
biofilm, calculus & endotoxins from the root surface and also to accomplish a maintainable ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The time required for scaling and root planing with each instruments were measured by using
stopwatch from the start, until the root surface appeared smooth upon visual examination and check
with an explorer. The teeth samples were sectioned longitudinally to obtain the proximal
instrumented surfaces using a diamond disc mounted on a slow speed handpiece with water coolant.
The crowns were then resected at cement–enamel junction with help of diamond disc. Specimens
were obtained from the cervical 2/3rd to middle 1/3rd of root.Preparation of root specimens for
SEM study Following the mechanical treatment, all specimens were dehydrated in graded series of
isopropyl alcohol– (50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% as the final step). The specimens were kept for
half an hour in all graded series of isopropyl alcohol and for 1 hour in 100% isopropyl alcohol. The
specimens were dried for half an hour and then mounted on the aluminium stub with an adhesive
tape. Further procedure for specimens sputter coating and examination under SEM was carried out
at Forensic Science Laboratory, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Standardized photomicrographs of the
selected sites were obtained at magnification of ×100 and ×500 for each

Graphene Essay
Effect of Point and Line Defects on the Properties of Graphene: A Review
Rajasekaran G, Prarthana Narayanan and Avinash Parashar*
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee –
247667, India
* Corresponding author: E–Mail: drap1fme@iitr.ac.in, Ph: +91–1332–284801
ABSTRACT
New materials with distinctive properties are arising and attracting the scientific community at
regular intervals. Stiffness and strength are the important factors in determining stability and
lifetime of any technological devices, but defects which are inevitable at the time of production can
alter the structural properties of any engineering materials. Developing graphene with specific
structural properties depends upon controlling these defects, either by removing or deliberately
engineering atomic structure to gain or tailoring specific properties. In the present article, a
comprehensive review of defective graphene sheets with respect to its mechanical and thermal
properties are presented and examined.
Key Words: Graphene; point defects; line defects; molecular dynamics; atomistic modeling; fracture
toughness. Introduction
Graphene is emerging as a potential candidate for developing nanocomposites with desired
mechanical properties, thermal and electrical conductivities. Due to its exceptional mechanical
properties, thermal and electrical conductivities graphene can also be used for more conventional
purposes as compared to carbon nano tubes, which is

Essay on The Invention of the Telescope
The microscope which is invented and developed by much different scientist overtime is one of the
most important tools a scientist especially in the biology and chemistry study can use. It made an
impact in how we view life and learn more about the nature of diseases that had plague mankind for
years. The microscope is mainly a tool biologist use but it has many uses for those studying
chemistry. Life before the microscope may not seem as different as life with the microscope. But if
you look at the bigger picture the microscope made an impact to the way humanity lives like other
technology such as the printing press, and guns. The microscope at first was only use for scientist
curiosity of what is beyond the sight of the human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most modern day microscopes used in labs outside of the school uses electricity and use light to
help function the microscope. A scientist in Canada actually used an iPhone to see through a
woman's intestine.
There was technology before the invention of the microscope in 1590, like the spectacles or the
glasses, that uses lenses. There was the reading stone that helped people read reading material in the
2nd century. There are also the spectacles also known as glasses that are still used today. The first
spectacle was invented by an Italian named Salvino D'Armate. The spectacle was a major invention
that helped people sees well. The first actual microscope was invented by Zaccharias Janssen and
his son Hand Janssen two Dutch eye glass makers. They invented both the telescope and the first
microscope. Then in the 1600's Anton van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch scientist made a microscope that
allowed him to see objects one millionth of a meter. This microscope is known as the first modern
microscope. This allowed Leeuwenhoek to be the first person to describe bacteria. After
Leeuwenhoek invention of the microscope a couple of centuries went by without any major
advancement of the microscope. But there was new discoveries made by the microscope like Robert
Hooke's discovery of the cells by studying cork using a microscope. It wasn't till the late 1800's
where the microscope made more advances and started using new technology such as electricity.
Charles A.

Lab Report On The Absorption Of Crystals
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The CoCaOxM crystals were grown by single diffusion gel
growth technique and the harvested crystals are analysed by FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX, UV–Visible
and incubation studied.
3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy The FTIR spectrum of CoCaOxM crystals were as
shown in Fig 3. In FTIR spectrum, a strong band at 3434cm–1 and 3062cm–1 is due to asymmetric
and symmetric OH stretching while an intense absorptions band at 3261cm–1 show inters molecular
hydrogen bonded OH stretch. Intense absorption band at 1612cm–1 and 1318cm–1 can be assigned
to asymmetric and symmetric C=O stretching bands specific to the Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate.
The sharp band at 885cm–1 is due to C–C stretching vibrations which confirm the existence of
oxalate group in Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate. The sharp peak at 781cm–1 is due to O–C=O and
the wideband at 665cm–1 can be assigned to the bending modes of the water molecule. However,
the peak at 518cm–1 is assigned to the presence of metal–oxygen bond (18–21). Thus FTIR reveals
that the growth of COM crystals was due to the presence of O–H stretching, C=O, C–C, O–C=O
and M=O bonds.
There are some additional peaks formed due to the process of doping some absorption peaks due to
OH vibrations are changed because of the incorporation of dopant in the lattice. In the case of
CoCaOxM crystals additional peaks are found at 1285cm–1 and 1462cm–1 which are attributed to
the C=O stretching. These peaks are found to

Optical, Morphological And Photoluminescence Spectroscopic...
Optical, morphological and photoluminescence spectroscopic studies of PVA/AgNO3films after γ
irradiation xxxxxxxxx
Abstract
In this paper, PVA–AgNO3 films were prepared by casting method. Then irradiated with different
gamma doses (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 KGy). UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope,
EDX and photoluminescence spectroscope were used to characterize the prepared films. UV–visible
absorption spectra showed a peak at 200 nm for PVA. And a peak at 427 nm for the surface plasmon
resonance of silver nanoparticles. This peak increases with gamma doses until 125 KGy, its decrease
for front surface. And increase continuously with gamma doses on the back surface. SEM images
and EDX spectra showed that the silver appear on the front surface as silver atoms, and with
increasing the gamma doses is disappeared and then appear at the back surface at the highest doses
(125 KGy) as a nanorods.. While PL intensity decrease for front surface and increase for back
surface as the γ doses is increased.
Keywords: UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, PL spectroscopy.
1– Introduction.
Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of a nanostructure materials of silver
(nanoparticles and nanocomposites) have been the subject of various researcher in many scientific
laboratories during the past years for many studies and it has been also established that size,
stability, color, shape, and properties

Powder: Oral Water Soluble Drugs
About 70% of the new chemcial ntities are recognized as poorly water–soluble about 40% of
commercially available immediate–release oral formulations are recognized as practically insoluble
in water (Kawabata et al., 2001). Therefore, several potentially promising drug candidtates were
rejected as pharmaceutical products due to ther poor solubilitty in GI fluid, poor dissolution in GI
tract, low systemic absorption and thus poor oral bioavailability (therapeutically ineffective) (Hörter
and Dressman, 2001). Therefore, enhancing the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of poorly
water–soluble drugs is one of the major challenges in pharmaceutical industry.
The study was performed to improve the compactibility and the biopharmaceutical performance of
xylitol by improving its physicomechanical properties to make it better suited for tableting using
direct compression. To this end, antisolvent crystallization technique was employed in the presence
of various additives, i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl
alcohol with a molecular weight (PVA22000) or 16000 (PVA16000) at varying concentrations
(0.06%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.2%, w/v). The size and morphological changes induced by crystallization
the in presence of the additives were studied. The dissolution performance of crystallized xylitols
formulated with a model poorly water–soluble drug, i.e. indomethacin, in comparison to commercial
xylitol were also evaluated.
Materials and Methods

The Invention Of The Electron Microscope By Ernst Ruska...
In the scientific community, there have been many advancements in the technologies and processes
used to help us understand the truth of the world around us. The invention of the electron
microscope by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll in 1933 is just an example of one of these advancements.
There is another advancement that has roots over one hundred and sixty million years old, and that
is the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The fluorescence from GFP molecules has made it feasible to
look through a microscope at a spatial resolution higher than the diffraction limit. The green
fluorescent protein was first found in the Aequorea Victoria, or the crystal jellyfish. It is a
bioluminescent hydrozoan jellyfish, or hydromedusa (1). In the crystal jellyfish, there are two
proteins that are responsible for its bioluminescent, aequorin and GFP. They are both located in the
photo–organs of the jellyfish. The jellyfish releases calcium ions which the aequorin binds to. The
process of binding gives off a blue light, which is then absorbed by the GFP. The blue light absorbed
is then converted into the green light that GFP is named for (2). At the moment there is no apparent
reason for the bioluminescence displayed by the Aequorea Victoria since it has not been observed
being used as a defense mechanism or as a signalling mechanism. Osamu Shimomura was the first
person to isolate the GFP. He started to study the bioluminescence of crystal jellyfish at Princeton
University in 1960 and he and

How Milling Is A Vital Process For Minimizing The Machined...
Milling is a vital process used in the industry to make and assembling the components. The
extensive and expensive experimental work is necessary to determine the optimal of machining
process parameters for obtaining the desired machined quality. In this regard, the present work is
focused on the relationship between the input process parameters and machined surface integrity for
minimizing the machined damage. Moreover, the paper presents the comparative analysis and
performance of two different mill tools such as a specially designed carbide tipped tool and a solid
carbide tool. Subsequently, comparing the evaluation of two tools was illustrated by plotting origin
graphs. Finally, experimental results were thoroughly analyzed by Scanning electron microscope
(SEM) to investigate the cutting characteristics of machined laminates.
Keywords: compression moulding technique, cutting process parameters, End milling tools, GFRP
composite laminates, SEM.
Introduction
Hence GFRP composites frequently used in several applications like sports goods, racing car bodies
and aerospace components [1]. Often composite products manufactured by near–net shapes. The
components made by secondary machining processes are involving to get good dimensional
accuracy and geometrical shapes done by turning, drilling

Reaction Paper On Punarnava
Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa L.) is a promising drug to rejuvenate new cells in body. It is well
known in Ayurvedic medicine and locally called Tambadivasu. Superficially it is similar to other
species of Boerhaavia and species of Trianthema and Sesuvium. Due to the minute morphological
differences, above plants are erroneously used in medicine as Punarnava, and at times on purpose as
an adulterant. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight the anatomical features of Punarnava for proper
identification of the medicinal plant species for local people and for scientific research. Due to the
ambiguity in local names and similar apparent appearance, market samples of Punarnava are often
adulterated with various species of Trianthema and Sesuvium. These adulterated samples contain
neither the Punarnavine alkaloid, nor does it possess anisocytic stomata. Comparative study of stem
anatomy showed two main characteristic differences. First, plenty of starch grains can be seen in
both the ground tissues and xylem parenchyma of Punarnava which is not observed in species of
Trianthema, and second, the phloem around the xylem of Punarnava root has semi–circular or ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consisted of stomata and trichomes on both, upper and lower surface. SEM study of leaves
showed anisocytic stomata with uniseriate or multicellular trichome with enlarged globose or
elongated terminal cell in Boerhaavia diffusa, while paracytic stomata was observed in Trianthema
and Sesuvium (Figures 2A–D). Epidermis was followed by mesophyll tissue. It revealed
dorsiventral organization, comprising one–two stratum of palisade and about 3–4 layers of spongy
tissue (Figures 2E, F; 3A–D). Length and width of the palisade varied in different plant species.
They were measured from 50–72 mm length and 24–38 mm width in B. diffusa, and 33–48 mm
length and 24–26 mm width in T.

The Use Of Glycerol Residue
ABSTRACT: The use of glycerol residue, a palm oil waste from Oleochemical industries as a raw
material for the production of succinic acid with immobilized cell fermentation process was
investigated. In this work, the raw material, immobilized cells to produced succinic acid were
characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Scanning Electron
Microscope instruments. Based on the results, the functional group appearing for treated and
commercial glycerol is the hydroxyl, aromatic methoxyl, alkenes, soap, carbonyl and alcohol group.
The hydroxyl group which is O–H appeared at a spectra value of 3394.2700 cm–1for the treated
glycerol and 3299.9600 cm–1 for the commercial group. Respectively. From the analysis of SEM
for bead, it was found that majority of pores fall within range and the shapes was ellipsoid and a
thick skin around strains was detectable, therefore indicating that immobilized cell prepared for
fermnatation process is an attractive source for succinic acid applications. . Key words: succinic
acid, immobilized cell, glycerol residue, characterization 1. INTRODUCTION Over the last decade,
succinic acid have been attracted a great deal of world attention with its excellent organic compound
and key compound in producing more than 30 commercially important product which lead to many
promising applications. (Agarwal et al., 2005). Succinic acid mostly produced by chemical
processes which is using liquefield petroleum gas or petroleum

The Effect Of Carica Papaya Seed Extract On The Cell Wall...
Effect of Carica papaya seed extract on the cell wall of A. flavus under transmission electron
microscope:
In this experiment, transmission electron microscope was applied to detect the effect of papaya seed
extract in the conidia cell wall and mycelia of A. flavus at concentration 100 & 200 mg/ml
compared with control (without papaw seed extract). A small portion of the fungal mat was fixed at
room temperature in 2% (v/v) glutaraldehyde mixed with potassium in 2%
(w/v) osmium tetraoxide buffered in 0.005 M sodium cacodylate at pH 6.5 for 40 min. After
fixation, the material was washed overnight in the appropriate buffer, dehydrated at room
temperature in acetone, and embedded overnight at 65°C in low viscosity epoxy resin
(Spuur, 1969). At these conditions, the material was polymerized; ultrathin sections were cut by
glass knives of an ULKD ultramicrotome.
Sections were collected each on stabilized copper grids, stained with lead citrate and examined in a
GOL 100 CX electron microscope. This method was carried out according to the instructions of
Ellis and
Griffiths (1974) and was applied in T.E.M. unit in Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University.
Experimental animals:
Twenty four mice were bred in the microbiology unit, mycology lab, Faculty of
Science, Tanta University. Male mice aged 8 to
10 weeks and weighing 18 to 20 g were used throughout. They were maintained under standard
laboratory condition at temperature of
22 ± 2oC under 12 h light dark cycle and were fed with

Evaluating The Cutting Process Parameters For Achieving...
Milling is a constructive machining process used in the production industry to make and assembling
the components. The extensive and expensive experimental work is necessary to evaluate the cutting
process parameters for achieving the preferred machined quality. In this regard, the present work is
focused on minimizing the machined damage. Moreover, the paper presents the comparative
analysis and performance of two different mill tools such as a specially designed carbide tipped tool
and a solid carbide tool. Subsequently, comparing the evaluation of two tools was illustrated by
plotting origin graphs. Finally, experimental results were thoroughly analyzed by Scanning electron
micrographs to study the cutting characteristics of machined surface texture.
Keywords: compression moulding technique, cutting process parameters, End milling tools, GFRP
composite laminates, SEM.
Introduction
Hence GFRP composites frequently used in several applications like sports goods, racing car bodies
and aerospace components [1]. Often composite products manufactured by near–net shapes. The
components made by secondary machining processes are involving to get good dimensional
accuracy and geometrical shapes done by turning, drilling and milling operations in a specified
manner [2]. The author has presented in

Pros And Cons Of Net Neucy
Net neutrality is the basis in which all internet providers must treat data on the Internet equally and
not charge differently based on what device , website, application you use, or content you decide to
view. The recent vote in the U.S. to repeal net neutrality's guidelines is unjust because it violates 1st
amendment guidelines, gives the people less freedom, and gives Internet service providers many
ways to meddle with data speeds and how their users use the Internet.
A repeal on net neutrality would affect people and schools with tighter budgets, leaving them little
options to access the web. The repeal would allow "...various carriers will alter their pricing and
what you get for that money", meaning that there will most likely be, "bundling (e.g. social media
package, streaming video package, gaming package) as additions to basic services" (Grenoble).
Additional fees for applications such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Youtube, and et cetera, will
mean that depending on what Internet provider people decide to use, they will have to pay more to
use these applications and websites. People who can't afford to pay extra for these bundles will be
limited to the content they can use and access and won't have the same freedom that people who can
afford the bundles will have. In addition, not only individuals will get affected by the repeal but also
communities, especially schools. Based on there the tight budget, a school in Chattanooga who can't
buy the students scanning electron microscopes for experiments so they, " ...control a scanning
electron microscope digitally – University of Southern California has put a hi–def camera on top of
their scanning electron microscope. And so the students can control...And do these experiments
from Chattanooga, where they would not have access otherwise"(Culatta 1). The only way these
students have access to the this website is, "...because they have access to high–speed Internet
connections"(Culatta 1). Without access to high–speed Internet, many schools with tighter budgets
will not access certain resources online that help teachers with their lesson plans because Internet
will be more expensive, therefore being less accessible. Consequently, affecting the education

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