Anatomy of the pelvis, understand the clinical relevance and key landmarks,parts and function,blood and nerve supply and disorders associated with the pelvis.
Definition of pelvis, pelvis of structure, gynaecoid pelvis, types of pelvic bones, pelvic joints, pelvic ligaments, diameters, land marks, types of pelvis, functions of pelvis, deformities of pelvis all includes the detailed content of female pelvis.
Pelvis definition, pelvis parts, pelvis functions, pelvis structure, pelvis ligaments, pelvic floor, pelvic joints, effect on labour, pelvic inclination, possible injuries in birth canal during labour, ways of preventing injuries in birth canal during labour.
The female pelvis is ideal for childbearing. Complete knowledge on it helps a obstetrician or midwife to conduct normal labour as well as detect any abnormalities related to abnormal pelvis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
i. Describe the pelvis
ii. Structure of the pelvis
iii.Parts of the pelvis
iv.Types of pelvis
v. Functions of the pelvis
vi.Common conditions affecting the pelvis
vii.References
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PELVIS
• The pelvis is made up of two hipbones connected anteriorly at the pubic
symphysis and posteriorly to the sacrum and the coccyx, each is made up of
3 bones-the blade shaped ILIUM-on each side- the ISCHIUM posterior and
inferior on which the weight falls when sitting and the PUBIS anteriorly.
@teachmeseries
4. STRUCTURE OF THE PELVIS
• Anterior view of the pelvis
Anterior view of the pelvic girdle. Adapted from [Van de Graaff, 2001, Ch. 7]
6. PARTS OF THE PELVIS AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
• Base of the sacrum: It is a large oval articular surface, the
upper surface of the body of the first sacral vertebra which
is connected with the under surface of the last lumbar
vertebra by an intervertebral fibrocartilage( intervertebral
disc)
• The pelvic surface of the sacrum: It is concave from top
and curved slightly from side to the side.
• Iliac crest: The top border of the ilium.
7. Cont…
• Ilium: It is the widest and largest of the three parts of the hip bones
• Sacroiliac articulation: it connects the hip bones to the sacrum and
the coccyx. It serves as a shock absorber between the upper body and
the legs.
• Anterior sacral foramina: They are four in number and their size
diminishes from top to bottom, they give exit to the anterior sacral
nerves and entrance to the lateral sacral arteries.
• Spine of ischium: it is a thin pointed triangular eminence at the
posterior border of the ischium bone, it supports and resist intra-
abdominal pressure that is exerted from above.
8. Cont…
• Acetabulum: The cup-shaped socket that forms the hip
joint with the head of the femur.
• Obturator foramen: it the largest foramen in the body, it
allows passage of the obturator artery, vein and nerve, it is
situated between the ischium and the pubis.
• Superior and inferior rami: they are what we refer to as the
pubic bones.
• Pubic tubercle: It serve as a point of attachment for the
inguinal ligament, it is clinically used to locate the rings of
the inguinal canal.
9. Cont….
• Symphysis pubis: It is a cartilaginous joint between the two
pubic bones, it keeps the two pelvic bones together and
steady during activities, it absorb shock and allow delivery
of a baby.
• Acetabular notch: it is an anterioinferior depression of the
margin of the acetabulum, the margins serves as attachment
of ligaments of the head of the femur.
• Coccyx: triangular bony structure located at the end of the
vertebral column, also known as tailbone, its made up of 3-
5 bones fused together.
10. Cont……
iliac spine: Serves as attachment for ligaments and muscle,
it is an important landmark for measurement of the true
length of the leg.
Iliac fossa: it is a large, smooth, concave area on the
internal surface of the ilium.
Sacral canal: Is a continuation of the spinal canal and runs
throughout the greater part of the sacrum. The canal lodges
the sacral nerves via the anterior and posterior sacral
foramina.
Sacral hiatus: Located at the distal part of the sacrum, it's
the area in which epidural medication are administered.
12. TYPES OF PELVIS
• Gynecoid. This is the most common type of pelvis in females and is
generally considered to be the typical female pelvis. Its overall shape
is round, shallow, and open.
• Android. This type of pelvis bears more resemblance to the male
pelvis. It’s narrower than the gynecoid pelvis and is shaped more like
a heart or a wedge.
• Anthropoid. An anthropoid pelvis is narrow and deep. Its shape is
similar to an upright egg or oval.
• Platypelloid. The platypelloid pelvis is also called a flat pelvis. This
is the least common type. It’s wide but shallow, and it resembles an
egg or oval lying on its side.
13. FUNCTIONS OF THE PELVIS
• For locomotion: The body weight is transmitted through
the pelvis to the lower limbs.
• Childbirth: The birth canal lies within the pelvic girdle, it
serves as a passage for the neonate.
• Support: It supports the organs of the pelvic cavity.
17. LIGAMENTS OF THE PELVIS
1. ILIOLUMBAR LIGAMENT
2.SACROILIAC LIGAMENT
3.SACROSPNOUS LIGAMENT
4.SACROTUBEROUS LIGAMENT
5.INGUINAL LIGAMENT
18. Iliolumbar Ligament
• It spans between the tip of the 4 and 5th transverse process of
the spine to the waist bone (iliac crest). It functions to restrain
movement in the lumbosacral and sacroiliac joints. In doing
so, the iliolumbar ligament is a major stabilizer of the low
back and sacroiliac joint
20. Sacroiliac (SI) Joint Ligaments:
• These are the massive ligaments at the back of the sacroiliac
joints (the joints between the tailbone and back of the
pelvis/hip). Women have more issues here than men, and
these can be stretched during childbirth, falls onto the butt,
and trauma. The pain is often in this area at the back of the
hip and can refer down the leg.
22. Sacrospinous Ligament
• It is a thin triangular ligament that stretches between the
sacrum and boney outcropping on the ischium. It functions
to prevent posterior rotation of the ilium. Stress to this
ligament occurs most often when leaning forward or getting
out of a chair
24. Sacrotuberous Ligament
• It stretches between the sacrum and the Sitz bone (ischial
spine). It functions to prevent rotation of the ilium. The
sacrotuberous ligament also contributes to the strength of the
pelvis, prevents rotation of the ilium, and provides an
attachment point for buttock and thigh muscles.
27. CONT..
• The inguinal ligament (also ligamentum inguinale,
arcus inguinalis or Pouparts’s ligament) is a band of
connective tissue that extends from the anterior
superior iliac spine of the ilium to the pubic
tubercle on the pubic bone
36. COMMON DISORDERS OF THE
PELVIS
• Osteitis pubis: Inflammation of the pubis symphysis, characterized
by pain in the groin and tenderness over the front of the pelvis.
Common with footballers due to repeated kicking.
• Fractures: Common with motorcycle users, acetabulum and
sacroiliac dislocation, open book and vertical shears,
• Contracted pelvis: due to developmental and severe nutritional
deficiencies. e.g. Naegeles pelvis, Roberts pelvis, Osteomalacic
pelvis etc.
• Osteoarthritis of the hip
