Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia, has a long history dating back over 5,000 years. As an important port city located on the Baltic Sea, it became a major trade hub between Russia and Scandinavia in the Middle Ages. In 1285, Tallinn joined the Hanseatic League and came under Danish rule in 1219 and later Teutonic rule in 1346. Tallinn's Old Town dates back to this medieval period and is well preserved, making it a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today, Tallinn is Estonia's political and economic center and a leader in technology and innovation.
“..the starting point for enterprises wishing to manage their human capital successfully and seeking a labour competitive advantage is activities of the HR department.”
A quiz about monuments and archaeological sites, main historical events and local history. Project Erasmus+ (Bulgaria, Greece, Lithuania, Poland, Turkey) and about the cities of Istanbul, Kulupenai,Pobiedizka, Rhodes και Svishtov
slides10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx.docxjennifer822
slides/10 Crusade and the Twelfth Century.pptx
3
León’s First Queen
Alfonso VI married his daughter to
Alfonso I of Aragon.
Urraca was already a widow, with a
legitimate son (and heir) born in 1104
named… Alfonso.
Ruled the kingdom from
1109-1126.
Incest makes the world go round
The marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon was a violation of canon (Church) law, which forbid relations between third (or closer) cousins.
Both Urraca and Alfonso were great-grandchildren of Sancho the Great, and were thus cousins.
Such marriages were considered consanguineous, meaning the partners “shared blood”.
What is more important… political expediency or Church approval?
Unhappy Marriage
Political expediency doesn’t work… no kids.
Urraca said Alfonso beat her, and she used this as grounds for separation.
Alfonso said Urraca was an adulteress, and blamed her scandalous sexuality on her polygamous father.
Urraca as Queen
Alfonso el Batallador
King of Aragon from 1104-1134
Conquered Zaragoza in 1118, more than doubling the size of Aragon.
Military man, uninterested in family
life. After Urraca died, he remarried,
but never produced an heir.
Fascination with the crusade.
Christendom and Crusade
Church Reform in the Eleventh Century
Cluny
Monastic reform
Church reform
Independence from kings and nobles
Restore the leading role of the church in society
Power of the pope, hierarchy
Create a stronger Christian society
Peace and Truce of God
Curb the bad behavior of knights, lords, the warrior aristocracy
Limit sinful activity (murder, violence, etc)
Church councils began placing restrictions on combat, forbidding fighting on Sundays, holidays (Holy Days), and anywhere near churches.
Spiritual sanctions were used to enforce this– excommunication.
The Reform movement in Iberia
Cluniac monasteries
Cluniac bishops: Toledo, Valencia
Around 1100 the Kingdom of León abandoned its traditional mass (known as the Mozarabic mass) in favor of the Roman mass, on Alfonso VI’s orders.
Beginning in the eleventh century, the papacy began taking greater interest in Iberian affairs… for example, condemning the incestual marriage of Urraca and Alfonso of Aragon.
Gregory VII
Pope 1073-1085
Aggressively promoted the rights of the Church over secular rulers– he excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor (King of Germany)
Imagined harnessing the power of a united Christendom, under papal control, which could do all sorts of great things, like conquer the Holy Land!
The Holy Land
Pilgrimage destination since the days of Constantine… Visit the sites of the Bible.
Pilgrimage was very popular in the elventh century… most people visited local holy sites, but the ambitious (or wealthy) might travel to Rome, Santiago or even Jerusalem
Pope Urban and the Idea of Crusade
The secretary of Gregory VII became Pope Urban II in 1088.
Help Constantinople against the
Turks
Gregory’s idea of an armed
pilgrimage to Jerusalem
Council of Clermont,.
Florence, capital of Italy’s Tuscany region, is home to many masterpieces of Renaissance art and architecture. One of its most iconic sights is the Duomo, a cathedral with a terracotta-tiled dome engineered by Brunelleschi and a bell tower by Giotto.
This presentation discusses the timeline and evolution of Florence, both culturally and in terms of the size of the city.
Spanish History and Culture up to 14th CenturySwagata Basu
This is a summary of the course I teach at Doon University before the Mid Term exam of 2013. It covers the History and Culture of Spain from the beginnings till the 14th century covering architecture, literature and of course the politics. It would be useful for any body interested in Spanish studies.
This is a product of the Erasmus+ project "Everyone Has a Story-storytelling foir inclusion". (2017-1-IT02-KA219-036568_3)
Objectives
To develop inclusion and intercultural understanding
To promote European values and develop cohesion among European citizens,
To create an atmosphere of non-discrimination and mutual acceptance in each partner school
To involve students in their own learning and motivate them
To develop students' language skills, literacy, critical and creative thinking, personal and social capability
Similar to The Old Town of Tallinn (Tallinn) - Greek Team C (20)
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. In 1154, a town called Qlwn or Qalaven (which may be derivations
of Kalevan or Kolyvan) was put on the world map of the Almoravid by
the Arab cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, who described it as "a small town
like a large castle" among the towns of 'Astlanda'. It has been suggested that
Quwri may have denoted a predecessor of the modern city. The earliest names
of Tallinn include Kolyvan (Russian: Колывань), which is known from East
Slavic chronicles and which may have come from the Estonian mythical
hero Kalev.
Up to the 13th century, the Scandinavians and Henry of Livonia in his chronicle
called the town Lindanisa (or Lyndanisse in Danish Lindanäs in Swedish and
Ledenets in Old East Slavic. According to some poetical suggestions, this name
was derived from Linda, the mythical wife of Kalev and the mother of
Kalevipoeg, who in an Estonian legend carried rocks to her husband's grave,
which formed the Toompea hill. It has been also suggested that the archaic
Estonian word linda is similar to the Votic word lidna, meaning a castle or town.
According to this suggestion, nisa would have the meaning 'niemi' (or
'peninsula'), producing Kesoniemi, the old Finnish name for the city. Another
ancient historical name for Tallinn in Finnish is Rääveli. The Icelandic Njal's saga
mentions Tallinn and calls it Rafala, which is a variant of the name Raphael.
After the Danish conquest in 1219, the town became known in
the German, Swedish and Danish languages as Reval (Latin: Revalia). The name
originated from (Latin) Revelia (Estonian) Revala or Rävala, the adjacent ancient
name of the surrounding area.
4.
5. Tallinn was founded in 1248, but the earliest human settlements
are over 5,000 years old, making it one of the oldest capital cities
of Northern Europe. Due to its strategic location, the city became a
major trade hub, especially from the 14th to the 16th century, when
it grew in importance as part of the Hanseatic League.
Tallinn's Old Town is one of the best preserved medieval cities
in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tallinn
is the major political, financial, cultural and educational center
of Estonia. Often dubbed the Silicon Valley of Europe, it has the
highest number of startups per person in Europe and is a
birthplace of many international companies, including Skype.
Providing to the global cyber-security it is the home to the NATO
Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence. It is ranked as a global
city and has been listed among the top 10 dig for 2011, along
with Turku in Finland and other cities in the world. The city was
a European Capital of Culture.
6.
7. The first traces of human settlement found in Tallinn's
city center by archeologists are about 5,000 years old.
The comb ceramic pottery found on the site dates to
about 3000 BC. Around 1050, the first fortress was built
on Tallinn.
As an important port for trade between Russia and
Scandinavia, it became a target for the expansion of
the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Denmark
during the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning
of the 13th century when Christianity was forcibly
imposed on the local population. Danish rule of Tallinn
and Northern Estonia started in 1219.
8.
9. •In 1285, the city, then known as Reval,
became the northern most member of
the Hanseatic League – a mercantile and
military alliance of German-dominated
cities in Northern Europe. The Danes sold
Reval along with their other land
possessions in northern Estonia to
the Teutonic Knights in 1346.
•Medieval Reval enjoyed a strategic position at
the crossroads of trade between Western and
Northern Europe and Russia. The city, with a
population of 8,000, was very well fortified
with city walls and 66 defence towers.
•A weather vane, the figure of an old warrior
called Old Thomas, was put on top of the spire
of the Tallinn Town Hall in 1530 that became
the symbol for the city.
10. o With the start of the Protestant Reformation the German
influence became even stronger as the city was converted to
Lutheranism. In 1561, Reval politically became a dominion
of Sweden.
o During the Great Northern War, plague stricken Tallinn
along with Swedish Estonia and Livonia capitulated to
Imperial Russia in 1710, but the local self-government
institutions (Magistracy of Reval and Chivalry of Estonia)
retained their cultural and economical autonomy within
Imperial Russia as the Governorate of Estonia. The
Magistracy of Reval was abolished in 1889. The 19th century
brought industrialization of the city and the port kept its
importance. During the last decades of the century
Russification measures became stronger.