The neural substrates of religious experience are explored through an analysis of relevant clinical observations and literature. Religious experiences in normal individuals and those with temporal lobe epilepsy, near-death experiences, and hallucinogen use are examined. The temporolimbic system is hypothesized to tag certain stimuli as depersonalized, derealized, or joyous, prompting a religious interpretation. Religious delusions are also discussed in the context of schizophrenia and mood disorders.
The Negativity Bias and Taking in the GoodRick Hanson
The brain's evolved bias is like Velcro for negative experiences, but Teflon for positive ones. The unfortunate results include stress and threat reactivity, anxiety, depression, and limited gains in psychotherapy. Happily, through tree steps of mindful attention, we can internalize positive experiences in implicit memory systems, weaving resources for well-being, coping, and kindness into the fabric of the barin and the self.
Taking in the Good: Building Resilience into the Brain through Positive Exper...Rick Hanson
How the brain evolved a “negativity bias” that continually looks for, reacts to, and stores negative experiences; how this shapes the interior landscape of the mind, leading to pessimism, depressed and anxious mood, and over-reactions; the neural machinery of memory; how to “trick” that machinery into weaving positive experiences into the brain and the self, leading to greater resilience, happiness, and interpersonal effectiveness; applications to particular situations, including healing trauma, cooperation with medical or psychological treatment, and raising or teaching children.
Buddha's Brain: Lighting Up the Neural Circuits of Happiness, Love and WisdomRick Hanson
Combining the power of the latest brain science with the wisdom of contemplative practice, these are practical methods for centering your brain in its natural state of gladness, love, and peace.
Steadying the Mind - Healing and Treating Trauma, Addictions and Related Diso...Rick Hanson
To stay alive in the wild, our ancestors evolved highly distractible attentional systems – which pose real challenges to developing greater mindfulness today. This presentation covers how attention works in your brain, and the implications of normal neurological diversity for the “turtles” and “jackrabbits” at either end of the spectrum.
Using the Mind To Change the Brain: Talks @Google - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Jesus, Moses, the Buddha, and other great teachers were all born with a brain built essentially like anyone else's. Then they used their minds to change their brains in ways that changed history. With the new breakthroughs in neuroscience, combined with insights from thousands of years of contemplative practice, you, too, can shape your own brain for greater happiness, love, and wisdom.
Written with neurologist Richard Mendius, M.D., and with a Foreword by Daniel Siegel, M.D. and a Preface by Jack Kornfield, Ph.D., Buddha's Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom joins modern science with ancient teachings to show you how to have greater emotional balance in turbulent times, as well as healthier relationships, more effective actions, and greater peace of mind.
http://amzn.to/oLTD3B
The Negativity Bias and Taking in the GoodRick Hanson
The brain's evolved bias is like Velcro for negative experiences, but Teflon for positive ones. The unfortunate results include stress and threat reactivity, anxiety, depression, and limited gains in psychotherapy. Happily, through tree steps of mindful attention, we can internalize positive experiences in implicit memory systems, weaving resources for well-being, coping, and kindness into the fabric of the barin and the self.
Taking in the Good: Building Resilience into the Brain through Positive Exper...Rick Hanson
How the brain evolved a “negativity bias” that continually looks for, reacts to, and stores negative experiences; how this shapes the interior landscape of the mind, leading to pessimism, depressed and anxious mood, and over-reactions; the neural machinery of memory; how to “trick” that machinery into weaving positive experiences into the brain and the self, leading to greater resilience, happiness, and interpersonal effectiveness; applications to particular situations, including healing trauma, cooperation with medical or psychological treatment, and raising or teaching children.
Buddha's Brain: Lighting Up the Neural Circuits of Happiness, Love and WisdomRick Hanson
Combining the power of the latest brain science with the wisdom of contemplative practice, these are practical methods for centering your brain in its natural state of gladness, love, and peace.
Steadying the Mind - Healing and Treating Trauma, Addictions and Related Diso...Rick Hanson
To stay alive in the wild, our ancestors evolved highly distractible attentional systems – which pose real challenges to developing greater mindfulness today. This presentation covers how attention works in your brain, and the implications of normal neurological diversity for the “turtles” and “jackrabbits” at either end of the spectrum.
Using the Mind To Change the Brain: Talks @Google - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
Jesus, Moses, the Buddha, and other great teachers were all born with a brain built essentially like anyone else's. Then they used their minds to change their brains in ways that changed history. With the new breakthroughs in neuroscience, combined with insights from thousands of years of contemplative practice, you, too, can shape your own brain for greater happiness, love, and wisdom.
Written with neurologist Richard Mendius, M.D., and with a Foreword by Daniel Siegel, M.D. and a Preface by Jack Kornfield, Ph.D., Buddha's Brain: The Practical Neuroscience of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom joins modern science with ancient teachings to show you how to have greater emotional balance in turbulent times, as well as healthier relationships, more effective actions, and greater peace of mind.
http://amzn.to/oLTD3B
The Loving Brain - Healing and Treating Trauma, Addictions and Related Disord...Rick Hanson
Over millions of years, social abilities – such as bonding, empathy, compassion, language, and cooperative planning – really aided survival. Love, broadly defined, has profoundly shaped the evolution of the human brain.
Paper Tiger Paranoia - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
How the brain’s “negativity bias” makes clients overestimate threats, underestimate opportunities, and underestimate inner and outer resources, leading to anxiety, anger, depression, and conflicts with others – and how to help clients overcome that bias, see the good facts about the others, the world, and themselves, and build resilience for happiness, healthy relationships, and occupational success.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
The Neurology of Awakening: Using the New Brain Research to Steady Your MindRick Hanson
Introduction to the neuroscience of mindfulness and meditation; brain-wise methods for steadying the mind, quieting it, bringing it to singleness, and concentrating it; an exploration of what could be happening in the brain during the non-ordinary states of consciousness known as samadhis or jhanas.
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Neuropsychological research on stress, emotions, and painful experiences; approach/avoid responses to the pleasant/unpleasant “hedonic tone” of experience; illuminating parallels in the Buddhist analysis of “dependent origination,” in which our reactions to the hedonic tone of experience lead to craving, clinging, and suffering; numerous methods for reducing or eliminating reactions to the hedonic tone, and thus gaining much greater emotional balance, and an increasingly unshakeable core of happiness.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Buddha's Brain: Lighting up Your Own Circuits of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom ...Rick Hanson
How mental activity sculpts neural structure; the benefits and pitfalls of integrating neuroscience and psychotherapy; the neural substrates of self-compassion; and how to activate the lateral networks of mindful awareness.
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
THE BLISSFUL BRAIN The neuroscientist Shanida Nataraja, author of The Blissful Brain, has proven that meditation has real benefits for brain functioning. She explains to us what effects’ meditating has on blood pressure and depression, through the latest insights of brain imaging studies. THE MUSIC OF THE SPHERES Universal Melody. The Romantic Dance between the Sun and the Earth. What do Jupiter or Neptune Sound Like? MONEY REDUCES TRUST IN SMALL GROUPS Are we more selfish when money is involved? Why is money able to change the way we behave? IS THERE A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION FOR NDE? Psychological theories and Evidences for the Near Death Experience
Presented at Spirit Rock Meditation Center - December, 2011.
The biological evolution of awareness and the apparent self; what neuroscience tells us about the distributed and endlessly variable neural nature of the apparent self; the stress, suffering, and interpersonal difficulties that come from “excesses of self”; the importance of healthy self-compassion and self-advocacy; how to heal injuries to self-worth; methods for taking things less personally, relaxing possessiveness, and feeling more at one with all things.
Managing the Caveman Brain in the 21st CenturyRick Hanson
The human brain evolved in three stages: reptile, mammal, and primate. Each stage has a core motivation: avoid harm, approach reward, and attach to "us." Modern life challenges these ancient neural systems with bombardments of threat messages, the endless stimulation of desire, and social disconnections and tensions of industrial, multicultural societies. This talk will explore brain-savvy ways to cultivate mindfulness in young people, and then use that mindfulness to internalize a greater sense of strength and safety, contentment, and being loved.
Rick Hanson gave this keynote address for the Bridging the Hearts and Minds of Youth: Mindfulness in Clinical Practice, Education and Research Conference at the UCSD Center for Mindfulness in February, 2012.
Transpersonal Framework for Understanding CodependenceSharon Ng
This is the ppt presentation that I presented in Los Angeles at the Evolution of Addiction Treatment conference in Dec. 2011. If you missed the presentation, these slides will introduce you to the elements of the framework that leads to healing, rather than simply recovery. I am also available for workshops or presentations on this topic. Contact me at sjoyng@gmail.com. Enjoy!
Introduction to the neuroscience of mindfulness and meditation; brain-wise methods for steadying the mind, quieting it, bringing it to singleness, and concentrating it; an exploration of what could be happening in the brain during the non-ordinary states of consciousness
The Loving Brain - Healing and Treating Trauma, Addictions and Related Disord...Rick Hanson
Over millions of years, social abilities – such as bonding, empathy, compassion, language, and cooperative planning – really aided survival. Love, broadly defined, has profoundly shaped the evolution of the human brain.
Paper Tiger Paranoia - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
How the brain’s “negativity bias” makes clients overestimate threats, underestimate opportunities, and underestimate inner and outer resources, leading to anxiety, anger, depression, and conflicts with others – and how to help clients overcome that bias, see the good facts about the others, the world, and themselves, and build resilience for happiness, healthy relationships, and occupational success.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
The Neurology of Awakening: Using the New Brain Research to Steady Your MindRick Hanson
Introduction to the neuroscience of mindfulness and meditation; brain-wise methods for steadying the mind, quieting it, bringing it to singleness, and concentrating it; an exploration of what could be happening in the brain during the non-ordinary states of consciousness known as samadhis or jhanas.
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Neuropsychological research on stress, emotions, and painful experiences; approach/avoid responses to the pleasant/unpleasant “hedonic tone” of experience; illuminating parallels in the Buddhist analysis of “dependent origination,” in which our reactions to the hedonic tone of experience lead to craving, clinging, and suffering; numerous methods for reducing or eliminating reactions to the hedonic tone, and thus gaining much greater emotional balance, and an increasingly unshakeable core of happiness.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Buddha's Brain: Lighting up Your Own Circuits of Happiness, Love, and Wisdom ...Rick Hanson
How mental activity sculpts neural structure; the benefits and pitfalls of integrating neuroscience and psychotherapy; the neural substrates of self-compassion; and how to activate the lateral networks of mindful awareness.
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
THE BLISSFUL BRAIN The neuroscientist Shanida Nataraja, author of The Blissful Brain, has proven that meditation has real benefits for brain functioning. She explains to us what effects’ meditating has on blood pressure and depression, through the latest insights of brain imaging studies. THE MUSIC OF THE SPHERES Universal Melody. The Romantic Dance between the Sun and the Earth. What do Jupiter or Neptune Sound Like? MONEY REDUCES TRUST IN SMALL GROUPS Are we more selfish when money is involved? Why is money able to change the way we behave? IS THERE A PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION FOR NDE? Psychological theories and Evidences for the Near Death Experience
Presented at Spirit Rock Meditation Center - December, 2011.
The biological evolution of awareness and the apparent self; what neuroscience tells us about the distributed and endlessly variable neural nature of the apparent self; the stress, suffering, and interpersonal difficulties that come from “excesses of self”; the importance of healthy self-compassion and self-advocacy; how to heal injuries to self-worth; methods for taking things less personally, relaxing possessiveness, and feeling more at one with all things.
Managing the Caveman Brain in the 21st CenturyRick Hanson
The human brain evolved in three stages: reptile, mammal, and primate. Each stage has a core motivation: avoid harm, approach reward, and attach to "us." Modern life challenges these ancient neural systems with bombardments of threat messages, the endless stimulation of desire, and social disconnections and tensions of industrial, multicultural societies. This talk will explore brain-savvy ways to cultivate mindfulness in young people, and then use that mindfulness to internalize a greater sense of strength and safety, contentment, and being loved.
Rick Hanson gave this keynote address for the Bridging the Hearts and Minds of Youth: Mindfulness in Clinical Practice, Education and Research Conference at the UCSD Center for Mindfulness in February, 2012.
Transpersonal Framework for Understanding CodependenceSharon Ng
This is the ppt presentation that I presented in Los Angeles at the Evolution of Addiction Treatment conference in Dec. 2011. If you missed the presentation, these slides will introduce you to the elements of the framework that leads to healing, rather than simply recovery. I am also available for workshops or presentations on this topic. Contact me at sjoyng@gmail.com. Enjoy!
Introduction to the neuroscience of mindfulness and meditation; brain-wise methods for steadying the mind, quieting it, bringing it to singleness, and concentrating it; an exploration of what could be happening in the brain during the non-ordinary states of consciousness
Implicazioni per le origini evolutive e la funzionalità adattiva delle religioni
di Gliberto Corbellini
Sapienza - Università di Roma
Convegno "Le neuroscienze incontrano le altre discipline"
4 maggio 2011
Padova, Palazzo del Bo
Il convegno è promosso dall’Università di Padova e dal Dipartimento di Psicologia generale della stessa università, con il sostegno della Fondazione Sigma Tau e della Fondazione Giannino Bassetti.
Neuro Quantology is an international, interdisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles on the interface between quantum physics and neuroscience. The journal focuses on the exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying consciousness, cognition, perception, and behavior from a quantum perspective. Neuro Quantology is published monthly.
Being and Doing: Activating Neural Networks of Mindful Presence - Rick Hanson...Rick Hanson
In our turbocharged culture, "doing" routinely overpowers "being," so this talk and discussion covers effective ways to stimulate and strengthen "being networks: the neural substate of spacious contented awareness."
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Use Your Mind to Change Your Brain: Tools for Cultivating Happiness, Love an...Rick Hanson
Tools for well-being, grounded in cutting-edge science and the wisdom of the world’s contemplative traditions.
More resources, freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net
Natural Contentment And Brain Evolution - Rick Hanson, PhDRick Hanson
With the power of modern neuroscience, informed by ancient contemplative wisdom, you can use your mind alone to change your brain for the better. Self-directed neuroplasticity involves steadying the mind (key to both worldly success and spiritual practice), cooling the fires of stress reactivity, weaving positive experiences into the fabric of your brain and self, and taking life less personally.
More resources are freely offered at http://www.rickhanson.net.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
2. SAVER AND RABIN
liminary unifying model of the brain basis of religious that perception of the divine occurs not through the
experience may be constructed. operation of a distinctive sensory faculty, but through
the superimposition upon ordinary sensations of a
unique numinous-mystical feeling, a feeling of direct
CIRCUMSCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC awareness of a sacred or divine presence.8’9 Studies of
healthy individuals and neuropsychiatric populations
Most religious experience parallels ordinary experience. support this hypothesis and suggest a distinctive
The religious sentiments include religious joy, religious neurolimbic substrate.
love, religious fear, and religious awe. These religious
emotions are analogues of ordinary emotions of joy,
love, fear, and awe, differing not in their emotional RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE IN
tone, but only in being directed to a religious object. NORMAL INDIVIDUALS
Their neural substrate is likely to contain nothing of a
specifically religious nature, but instead to rest upon the Surveys suggest that religious-numinous experiences
same limbic and subcortical networks that support non- are common in both children and adults, across differ-
religious joy, love, fear, and awe, directed by dorsolat- ent historical eras, and across all cultures. #{176}‘ In national
eral and orbital frontal cortices to religious rather than surveys in the United States, Britain, and Australia, 20%
nonreligious targets. The neural substrates of human to 49% of individuals report having personally had
emotionality have been extensively delineated.34 numinous experiences, and this figure rises to more
Similarly, religious language depends upon the cus- than 60% when in-depth interviews of randomly se-
tomary dominant-hemisphere perisylvian language lected individuals are conducted.8 Hardy and his col-
cortices for its production, differing only in taking sa- leagues8’6 identified eight major types of numinous
cred rather than nonsacred topics as linguistic themes. experience in British individuals, encompassing, in de-
Focal left-hemisphere lesions produce aphasia for relig- scending order of frequency, 1) a patterning of events
ious discourse that parallels aphasia for nonreligious in a person’s life that convinces him or her that in some
discourse, as common clinical experience attests. Pros- strange way they were meant to happen, 2) an aware-
ody and other emotional contributions to discourse of ness of the presence of God, 3) an awareness of receiving
the right hemisphere apply to both religious and non- help in answer to a prayer, 4) an awareness of being
religious themes, and nondominant-hemisphere looked after or guided by a presence not called God, 5)
lesions have been reported to produce parallel impair- an awareness of being in the presence of someone who
ments of religious and nonreligious emotional process- has died, 6) an awareness of a sacred presence in nature,
ing.5 Similarly, scholastic/talmudic reasoning is 7) an awareness of an evil presence, and 8) experiencing
ordinary reasoning applied to religious problems and is in an extraordinary way that all things are “One.” Stud-
undoubtedly mediated by the same neural networks in ies in identical and fraternal twin pairs raised apart
frontal and parietal multimodal association areas. suggest that genetic factors account for 50% of interim-
A first general observation, then, is that the neural dividual variance in religious interests and attitudes.’7
substrate for the preponderance of religious affect and The cross-cultural ubiquity of numinous experiences
cognition is the whole human brain, employing proc- and the heritability of religious dispositions argue
essing that is parallel, distributed, affective, and sym- strongly for a biologic basis, but fail to indicate the
bolic, with contributions of large-scale neurocognitive specific neural mechanisms involved. Clues to neural
networks subspecialized for linguistic, prosodic, logical, substrate must be gleaned from the sites of brain disor-
and affective processing. ders that provoke qualitatively similar experiences.
What might be peculiarly distinctive to religious ex-
perience would appear, on first inspection, to reside not
in the domains of affect, language, or cognition, but in EPILEPSY AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE
perception. It is the direct sensory awareness of God or
the divine that is a quintessential mark of specifically Humanity has long recognized a direct link between
religious experience. There is, however, no identifiable epilepsy and the divine. The early Greeks viewed epi-
separate organ of religious perception. Accordingly, lepsy as a “sacred disease,” a visitation from the gods,
sensory apprehension of the divine is likely to be medi- until the notion of divine genesis of seizures was dis-
ated, at least in part, by the neural systems for ordinary pelled by Hippocrates.18 In the Medieval and early Ren-
tactile, visual, auditory, and olfactory perception. Wil- aissance periods, wide currency was given the biblical
liam James and others have suggested, and we concur, view that epileptic seizures are manifestations of de-
JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHIATRY 499
3. NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE
monic possession (Mark 9:14-29).’ Esquirol2#{176} in 1838 arousal with set cognitive schemata. Epileptic auras
and Morel2’ in 1860 recognized a heightened “religios- themselves are the most convincing evidence of the
ity” of epileptics, which they attributed to disability, insufficiency of attribution theory, instead demonstrat-
social isolation, and greater need for religious consola- ing the existence of distinct physiologic neural sub-
tion. The first reported conversion experience directly strates for several specific emotional states. Several
related to a seizure was noted by Howden, whose “psychic” auras, including depersonalization, dereali-
patient experienced being transported to Heaven dur- zation, dreamy states, autoscopy, and ecstasy, are par-
ing a fit. Spratlin3 in 1904 reported a religious aura in ticularly likely to engender religious interpretation and
52 of 1,325 patients with epilepsy (4%). In the early 20th experience, and merit detailed review.
century, Turner24 and others suggested that epileptics Among individuals with partial complex seizures, the
develop a distinctive interictal character, among the frequency of auras ranges from 23% to 83%, and up to
features of which is religious fervor. A substantial num- one-quarter of auras are psychic in content.2729 The most
ber of founders of major religions, prophets, and lead- common psychic or experiential ictal manifestations of
ing religious figures have been documented as having temporal lobe epilepsy are fear, d#{233}j#{224}
vu,jamais vu, mem-
or suggested to have epilepsy (Table 1). ory recall, and visual and auditory hallucinations.
Modern investigations of epilepsy-related religious Hughlings Jackson was among the first to identify
experience have been marked by contradiction and con- and characterize less common ictal “intellectual auras”
flict. This confusion in part reflects failure to distinguish (“dreamy states,” “cognitive auras”) in which the expe-
among epilepsy-related religious experiences of ictal, rience of the immediacy and liveliness of one’s own or
subacute postictal, and chronic interictal occurrence. external reality is altered.31 The intellectual auras in-
The phenomenology and neurobiology of each differ in clude depersonalization, derealization, and double con-
important aspects. sciousness. Depersonalization auras produce an
alteration or loss of the sense of one’s own reality, often
Ictal Events accompanied by a sense of detachment from others and
Ictal events of any type may be the subject of religious the environment, and of acting like an automaton. Dere-
or cosmological explanation. Seizures are paroxysmal, alization auras generate an alteration or loss of the sense
riveting, and unexpected-sudden intrusions of unan- of the reality of the external environment-for example,
ticipated and often extraordinary experience into the the feeling that the external surround is just a dream-
ordinary daily flow of consciousness. Patients who have and also are often associated with a sense of detach-
culturally acquired explanatory systems of a religious ment. Double consciousness (“mental diplopia”) auras
character naturally tend to interpret any ictal experi- create a simultaneous experience of persisting remnants
ence as possessing religious significance. Studies have of one’s normal consciousness and of a new quasi-
demonstrated that experiences that are personal, im- parasitical consciousness with a different perception of
portant, negative, and medical, like most seizures, are reality. Auras of depersonalization, derealization, and
particularly likely to be interpreted in a religious frame- dreamy state account for approximately one-quarter of
work.25 psychic auras.32
Some psychologists of religion have attempted to Well-documented localizations of spontaneous dis-
explain religious experience by employing classical at- charges or electrical stimulations producing intellectual
tribution theory. Experiments demonstrate that indi- auras are extremely rare. Available evidence, however,
viduals not only interpret, but also inwardly experience, suggests that mesolimbic structures, the hippocampus
the same physiologic stimuli in strikingly different ways and especially the amygdala, are likely the critical gen-
according to the cognitive expectations they carry. In erators of a feeling of unreality about the self or external
laboratory studies, identical, pharmacologically in- reality.33 The experience of unreality occurred in 9%
duced sympathetic arousals are variably labeled and are of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy in one series,
experienced across the spectrum of valence, from re- often accompanied by a sensation of fear.35 One patient
warding to distressful, according to the individual’s in Penfield’s series had a sense of “not being in this
cognitive set at onset.26 Attribution theory predicts that world” each time the first temporal gyrus was stimu-
religious individuals with epilepsy will often experience lated, reflecting either direct lateral temporal cortical
intrinsically neutral ictal physiologic events as having a excitation or rapid spread of afterdischarge to mesolim-
religious-numinous character. This mechanism may in- bic structures. One patient in Gloor and colleagues’
deed mediate some ictal religious experiences. more recent series37 repeatedly experienced a faraway
Human experience, however, is clearly not simply the feeling during stimulation of temporal mesolimbic
product of an interaction of nonspecific physiologic structures.
500 VOLUME 9 #{149}
NUMBER 3 #{149}
SUMMER 1997
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NUMBER 3 #{149}
SUMMER 1997