We discuss the purported link between cell phone
radiation and cancer. We show that it is inconsistent with the photoelectric effect, and that epidemiological studies of any link have no scientific basis. Read this doc to know more.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The document discusses wireless mobile phone charging through microwave power transmission and rectification. It describes the key components of the transmitter and receiver sections. The transmitter section consists of a magnetron to generate microwaves and a slotted waveguide antenna to transmit them. The receiver section uses a rectenna (rectifying antenna) made of a mesh of dipoles and diodes to convert received microwaves into DC electricity. It also includes a simple sensor circuit to detect when a call is taking place so that the phone can charge during a call. The overall system aims to wirelessly charge a mobile phone using microwave power transmitted to a rectenna attached to the phone.
1) Light has both particle and wave properties. It can behave as particles called photons, with energy determined by Planck's constant and wavelength or frequency.
2) The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, ordered by decreasing wavelength and increasing energy.
3) Different regions of the EM spectrum, such as visible light, x-rays, and infrared waves, have distinct applications including vision, medical imaging, heating food, and more due to their energy levels and ability to penetrate or be absorbed by matter.
The document discusses X-rays, including their origin from Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery in 1895. It describes X-rays as a type of ionizing radiation that can be used for medical purposes like imaging but also carries risks like potential cell damage and cancer if exposure limits are exceeded. The document outlines the risks and safe use of X-rays through regulating bodies and exposure limits.
Dr. Chaudhary's presentation discussed the dual wave-particle nature of X-rays and their interaction with matter. X-rays can behave as both waves, which allows them to be reflected, and particles called photons. The photoelectric effect occurs when a photon interacts with and ejects an electron from an atom, becoming absorbed. This produces characteristic radiation as the electron vacancy is filled. The photoelectric effect yields an ion, photoelectron, and photon, and is more likely with low energy photons and high atomic number elements if the photon energy exceeds the electron's binding energy. It provides excellent radiographic images with no scatter but maximum radiation exposure to the patient.
This document contains 10 physics problems related to x-rays and radiation. The problems involve calculating the energy of gamma rays and radio waves, attenuation of photons through copper, number of electrons bombarding an x-ray tube target, energy deposited in the target, maximum energy and minimum wavelength of x-rays generated at a given voltage, number of photons produced from x-ray conversion in a phosphor, percentage of x-rays transmitted through tissue, target angle from apparent and true focal spots, and length of the electron strip on an angled x-ray tube target.
The document discusses concepts related to x-ray attenuation including:
1. Attenuation is the reduction in intensity of an x-ray beam as it passes through matter by absorption or deflection of photons.
2. Exponential attenuation occurs when the number of photons decrease by the same percentage with each increment of absorber thickness, as seen with monochromatic radiation.
3. The half value layer is the thickness of absorber needed to reduce the intensity of an x-ray beam by half.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The document discusses wireless mobile phone charging through microwave power transmission and rectification. It describes the key components of the transmitter and receiver sections. The transmitter section consists of a magnetron to generate microwaves and a slotted waveguide antenna to transmit them. The receiver section uses a rectenna (rectifying antenna) made of a mesh of dipoles and diodes to convert received microwaves into DC electricity. It also includes a simple sensor circuit to detect when a call is taking place so that the phone can charge during a call. The overall system aims to wirelessly charge a mobile phone using microwave power transmitted to a rectenna attached to the phone.
1) Light has both particle and wave properties. It can behave as particles called photons, with energy determined by Planck's constant and wavelength or frequency.
2) The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays to radio waves, ordered by decreasing wavelength and increasing energy.
3) Different regions of the EM spectrum, such as visible light, x-rays, and infrared waves, have distinct applications including vision, medical imaging, heating food, and more due to their energy levels and ability to penetrate or be absorbed by matter.
The document discusses X-rays, including their origin from Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery in 1895. It describes X-rays as a type of ionizing radiation that can be used for medical purposes like imaging but also carries risks like potential cell damage and cancer if exposure limits are exceeded. The document outlines the risks and safe use of X-rays through regulating bodies and exposure limits.
Dr. Chaudhary's presentation discussed the dual wave-particle nature of X-rays and their interaction with matter. X-rays can behave as both waves, which allows them to be reflected, and particles called photons. The photoelectric effect occurs when a photon interacts with and ejects an electron from an atom, becoming absorbed. This produces characteristic radiation as the electron vacancy is filled. The photoelectric effect yields an ion, photoelectron, and photon, and is more likely with low energy photons and high atomic number elements if the photon energy exceeds the electron's binding energy. It provides excellent radiographic images with no scatter but maximum radiation exposure to the patient.
This document contains 10 physics problems related to x-rays and radiation. The problems involve calculating the energy of gamma rays and radio waves, attenuation of photons through copper, number of electrons bombarding an x-ray tube target, energy deposited in the target, maximum energy and minimum wavelength of x-rays generated at a given voltage, number of photons produced from x-ray conversion in a phosphor, percentage of x-rays transmitted through tissue, target angle from apparent and true focal spots, and length of the electron strip on an angled x-ray tube target.
The document discusses concepts related to x-ray attenuation including:
1. Attenuation is the reduction in intensity of an x-ray beam as it passes through matter by absorption or deflection of photons.
2. Exponential attenuation occurs when the number of photons decrease by the same percentage with each increment of absorber thickness, as seen with monochromatic radiation.
3. The half value layer is the thickness of absorber needed to reduce the intensity of an x-ray beam by half.
A photomultiplier tube is an extremely sensitive light detector that can resolve single photons. It works by multiplying the small current produced by incident light up to 108 times through a process called secondary emission using a photocathode, dynodes, and anode. This allows even tiny and normally undetectable currents to become much larger and measurable. Compared to a phototube, a photomultiplier tube multiplies the electrons emitted from the photocathode, providing much higher gain and allowing it to be used for very low light signals. Photomultiplier tubes cost between $175-300 depending on their specifications and are used in applications requiring high sensitivity light detection.
X-rays can interact with matter through various interactions including the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering. The photoelectric effect and Compton scattering are the most important interactions in diagnostic radiology. Scatter radiation is a major source of reduced image quality and increased patient dose in x-rays, and various techniques like grids and filters are used to control scatter.
This document proposes a method for wirelessly charging mobile phones using microwaves. A transmitter would send microwave signals along with message signals. Mobile phones would be equipped with a sensor, rectenna, and filter to receive the microwaves and convert them to electricity. This would charge the phone as the user talks, eliminating the need for wired chargers. The document discusses using a 2.45 GHz frequency, and includes diagrams of the proposed transmitter, receiver, and rectification processes. If implemented, manufacturers could remove talk time from phone specifications as the phone would charge during use.
Oersted, Faraday, Maxwell, and Hertz contributed to the development of electromagnetic theory through key experiments and findings. Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields. Faraday showed that changing magnetic fields induce electric fields. Maxwell formulated equations showing the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Hertz provided experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves and their link to light.
The document discusses various topics related to radiation and nuclear physics, including:
1) The inverse-square law and how radiation intensity decreases with distance from the source. An experiment is described to demonstrate this.
2) Different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma rays and their properties. Experiments with shielding materials like lead are proposed.
3) Natural and medical sources of radiation and how they contribute to typical human annual radiation doses. Most exposure is from natural background sources like radon.
4) Nuclear reactions like alpha decay, neutron capture, and beta decay are explained. Isotopic notation and how the element changes during these reactions is also covered.
Interaction of x and gamma rays with matterVarun Babu
1. When photons interact with matter, they can be transmitted, absorbed, or scattered. Absorption and scattering are stochastic processes and it is impossible to predict the fate of individual photons.
2. The linear attenuation coefficient measures the probability that a photon interacts per unit length of material and depends on the material's density, atomic number, and photon energy. As photon energy decreases or atomic number/density increases, attenuation increases.
3. The main interaction processes are the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and elastic scattering. The photoelectric effect dominates for high Z materials and low energy photons, while Compton scattering is more important for low Z materials and high energy photons. Secondary electrons and ionization produced are
Basics of radiation and production of x raysdbc9427
Electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays, is produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerate, such as when they collide with the target material in an x-ray tube. In an x-ray tube, a stream of electrons is emitted from a heated cathode and accelerated toward the anode. When the electrons collide with the anode, they cause the emission of x-rays. This results in a spectrum of x-rays known as bremsstrahlung radiation. Some electrons may also eject inner shell electrons from the anode atoms, producing characteristic x-ray lines. Modern x-ray tubes use a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow higher outputs.
Chemistry ppt on magnetic radiation and youngs experiment vishalmhaske13
Electromagnetic radiation consists of different types of waves including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV rays, and x-rays. Radio waves are generated by transmitters and received by receivers using antennas. They are used for television, radio, mobile communication, and wireless networks. Microwaves are used to heat and cook food as well as for disinfecting and beauty treatments. UV rays are present in sunlight and are used to kill bacteria, create fluorescent effects, and for phototherapy and tanning. X-rays were discovered in 1895 and are used in medical imaging, security screening, and industrial applications due to their ability to pass through or be absorbed by different materials.
This document discusses the production and absorption of x-rays. It describes how x-rays are produced using a Coolidge tube, which uses thermionic emission from a heated cathode to accelerate electrons into a metal anode, producing x-rays. It also discusses how the intensity and quality of x-rays can be controlled. X-ray absorption is explained, noting sharp rises occur at absorption edges that correspond to the binding energy of core electrons. Different methods for analyzing x-rays are also summarized, including the Bragg x-ray spectrometer and information that can be obtained from x-ray spectra.
Nano electronics- role of nanosensors, pdf fileRishu Mishra
This document discusses nanosensors and their roles and applications in nanoelectronics. It describes how nanosensors can convey information about nanoparticles and have various medical and other uses. Some key applications of nanosensors discussed are in computers to make processors more powerful, in energy production to create more efficient solar cells, and in medical diagnostics to detect biomolecules in real time. Nanosensors are also discussed as having potential uses in chemical sensing by detecting various gas molecules and in detecting single molecules using nano-cantilevers. The document outlines several approaches for producing nanosensors, including top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly of individual atoms/molecules, and self-assembly of starter molecules.
X-ray physics is summarized as follows:
(1) X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are stopped by a target material, with 1% of the electron's kinetic energy converted to X-rays. (2) X-ray generators use a high voltage source to accelerate electrons from a heated cathode filament toward an anode target, producing a bremsstrahlung spectrum of X-rays. (3) Modern X-ray tubes feature a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow longer exposures without damage to the anode.
This document discusses various types of interactions that can occur between x-ray photons and matter. It describes how atoms are composed of shells containing electrons that orbit around a positively charged nucleus. The main interactions discussed are absorption and scattering. Scattering is further divided into coherent and incoherent scattering. Coherent scattering includes Thomson and Rayleigh scattering and is the most common type seen in diagnostic radiology. Photoelectric absorption ejects an electron from an atom when struck by an x-ray photon. Compton scattering is similar to characteristic x-ray production. Pair production and photodisintegration generally do not occur at diagnostic energy levels.
Characteristic x-rays are produced when an inner shell electron is ejected from an atom during bombardment and an outer shell electron fills the vacancy, while bremsstrahlung x-rays result from the deceleration of electrons when their trajectory is altered by the electric field of atomic nuclei. In diagnostic medical imaging, most x-rays produced are bremsstrahlung due to the voltages used, though some characteristic x-rays are also produced at higher voltages. The efficiency of x-ray production increases with higher kilovolt peak (kVp) voltages.
This presentation discusses the interaction of x-rays with matter. It begins by introducing x-rays and their discovery. It then explains how x-rays are produced in an x-ray tube and describes the three main types of interaction that occur between x-rays and matter in diagnostic medical imaging: photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering. For each interaction type, the presentation outlines the clinical importance and products that are formed from the interaction. It concludes that while there are five total interaction types, only these three occur within the diagnostic energy range commonly used in medical imaging.
This document provides an overview of x-rays and x-ray tubes. It discusses the history of x-rays starting with their discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. It then covers basic x-ray physics and the electromagnetic spectrum. The document focuses on the components and functioning of x-ray tubes, including the cathode, filament, focusing cup, anode, rotating target, and control console. It explains how varying the kVp and mAs settings on the control console controls the x-ray beam properties.
Interaction of xrays and gamma rays with matter iiSneha George
The document discusses four main mechanisms by which photons interact with matter: coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. It provides details on each mechanism, noting that the photoelectric effect dominates at low energies, pair production at very high energies above 1 MeV, and Compton scattering is predominant at medium energies. It also discusses absorption and transmission of photons in materials, how attenuation coefficients vary with photon energy and material properties like atomic number, and the spatial distribution of secondary radiation produced.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 1 mm and 1 m, or frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. James Clerk Maxwell first theorized electromagnetic waves in 1864 and proved that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Later, others like Heinrich Hertz and Albert Walace Hull helped develop microwave technology. Microwaves are used for applications like GPS, radar, and microwave ovens. Microwave ovens use a magnetron to generate microwaves that are guided into a food chamber using a waveguide and stirred using a turntable.
Gamma Rays (γ)
(noun) penetrating electromagnetic radiation of a kind arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
Gamma rays ( often denoted by the Greek letter gamma, γ) is an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron destruction
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Radiation physics -
Basic consideration
Composition of matter
Nature of radiation
X- Ray machine
Production of x-rays
Factors controlling the x-ray beam
Effect of interaction of x-rays with matter
Photoelectric absorption
Reference
Radiation comes in many forms, both natural and man-made. While some types like ionizing radiation can be harmful if exposed in high doses over long periods, radiation is also all around us in everyday life from sources like wifi, microwaves, visible light, and more. The document discusses the different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, and their varying abilities to penetrate materials. Overall, radiation is a natural phenomenon and in moderation the risks are quite low compared to other common causes of death.
A photomultiplier tube is an extremely sensitive light detector that can resolve single photons. It works by multiplying the small current produced by incident light up to 108 times through a process called secondary emission using a photocathode, dynodes, and anode. This allows even tiny and normally undetectable currents to become much larger and measurable. Compared to a phototube, a photomultiplier tube multiplies the electrons emitted from the photocathode, providing much higher gain and allowing it to be used for very low light signals. Photomultiplier tubes cost between $175-300 depending on their specifications and are used in applications requiring high sensitivity light detection.
X-rays can interact with matter through various interactions including the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering. The photoelectric effect and Compton scattering are the most important interactions in diagnostic radiology. Scatter radiation is a major source of reduced image quality and increased patient dose in x-rays, and various techniques like grids and filters are used to control scatter.
This document proposes a method for wirelessly charging mobile phones using microwaves. A transmitter would send microwave signals along with message signals. Mobile phones would be equipped with a sensor, rectenna, and filter to receive the microwaves and convert them to electricity. This would charge the phone as the user talks, eliminating the need for wired chargers. The document discusses using a 2.45 GHz frequency, and includes diagrams of the proposed transmitter, receiver, and rectification processes. If implemented, manufacturers could remove talk time from phone specifications as the phone would charge during use.
Oersted, Faraday, Maxwell, and Hertz contributed to the development of electromagnetic theory through key experiments and findings. Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields. Faraday showed that changing magnetic fields induce electric fields. Maxwell formulated equations showing the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Hertz provided experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves and their link to light.
The document discusses various topics related to radiation and nuclear physics, including:
1) The inverse-square law and how radiation intensity decreases with distance from the source. An experiment is described to demonstrate this.
2) Different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma rays and their properties. Experiments with shielding materials like lead are proposed.
3) Natural and medical sources of radiation and how they contribute to typical human annual radiation doses. Most exposure is from natural background sources like radon.
4) Nuclear reactions like alpha decay, neutron capture, and beta decay are explained. Isotopic notation and how the element changes during these reactions is also covered.
Interaction of x and gamma rays with matterVarun Babu
1. When photons interact with matter, they can be transmitted, absorbed, or scattered. Absorption and scattering are stochastic processes and it is impossible to predict the fate of individual photons.
2. The linear attenuation coefficient measures the probability that a photon interacts per unit length of material and depends on the material's density, atomic number, and photon energy. As photon energy decreases or atomic number/density increases, attenuation increases.
3. The main interaction processes are the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and elastic scattering. The photoelectric effect dominates for high Z materials and low energy photons, while Compton scattering is more important for low Z materials and high energy photons. Secondary electrons and ionization produced are
Basics of radiation and production of x raysdbc9427
Electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays, is produced when electrons are accelerated and decelerate, such as when they collide with the target material in an x-ray tube. In an x-ray tube, a stream of electrons is emitted from a heated cathode and accelerated toward the anode. When the electrons collide with the anode, they cause the emission of x-rays. This results in a spectrum of x-rays known as bremsstrahlung radiation. Some electrons may also eject inner shell electrons from the anode atoms, producing characteristic x-ray lines. Modern x-ray tubes use a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow higher outputs.
Chemistry ppt on magnetic radiation and youngs experiment vishalmhaske13
Electromagnetic radiation consists of different types of waves including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV rays, and x-rays. Radio waves are generated by transmitters and received by receivers using antennas. They are used for television, radio, mobile communication, and wireless networks. Microwaves are used to heat and cook food as well as for disinfecting and beauty treatments. UV rays are present in sunlight and are used to kill bacteria, create fluorescent effects, and for phototherapy and tanning. X-rays were discovered in 1895 and are used in medical imaging, security screening, and industrial applications due to their ability to pass through or be absorbed by different materials.
This document discusses the production and absorption of x-rays. It describes how x-rays are produced using a Coolidge tube, which uses thermionic emission from a heated cathode to accelerate electrons into a metal anode, producing x-rays. It also discusses how the intensity and quality of x-rays can be controlled. X-ray absorption is explained, noting sharp rises occur at absorption edges that correspond to the binding energy of core electrons. Different methods for analyzing x-rays are also summarized, including the Bragg x-ray spectrometer and information that can be obtained from x-ray spectra.
Nano electronics- role of nanosensors, pdf fileRishu Mishra
This document discusses nanosensors and their roles and applications in nanoelectronics. It describes how nanosensors can convey information about nanoparticles and have various medical and other uses. Some key applications of nanosensors discussed are in computers to make processors more powerful, in energy production to create more efficient solar cells, and in medical diagnostics to detect biomolecules in real time. Nanosensors are also discussed as having potential uses in chemical sensing by detecting various gas molecules and in detecting single molecules using nano-cantilevers. The document outlines several approaches for producing nanosensors, including top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly of individual atoms/molecules, and self-assembly of starter molecules.
X-ray physics is summarized as follows:
(1) X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are stopped by a target material, with 1% of the electron's kinetic energy converted to X-rays. (2) X-ray generators use a high voltage source to accelerate electrons from a heated cathode filament toward an anode target, producing a bremsstrahlung spectrum of X-rays. (3) Modern X-ray tubes feature a rotating anode to dissipate heat and allow longer exposures without damage to the anode.
This document discusses various types of interactions that can occur between x-ray photons and matter. It describes how atoms are composed of shells containing electrons that orbit around a positively charged nucleus. The main interactions discussed are absorption and scattering. Scattering is further divided into coherent and incoherent scattering. Coherent scattering includes Thomson and Rayleigh scattering and is the most common type seen in diagnostic radiology. Photoelectric absorption ejects an electron from an atom when struck by an x-ray photon. Compton scattering is similar to characteristic x-ray production. Pair production and photodisintegration generally do not occur at diagnostic energy levels.
Characteristic x-rays are produced when an inner shell electron is ejected from an atom during bombardment and an outer shell electron fills the vacancy, while bremsstrahlung x-rays result from the deceleration of electrons when their trajectory is altered by the electric field of atomic nuclei. In diagnostic medical imaging, most x-rays produced are bremsstrahlung due to the voltages used, though some characteristic x-rays are also produced at higher voltages. The efficiency of x-ray production increases with higher kilovolt peak (kVp) voltages.
This presentation discusses the interaction of x-rays with matter. It begins by introducing x-rays and their discovery. It then explains how x-rays are produced in an x-ray tube and describes the three main types of interaction that occur between x-rays and matter in diagnostic medical imaging: photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and coherent scattering. For each interaction type, the presentation outlines the clinical importance and products that are formed from the interaction. It concludes that while there are five total interaction types, only these three occur within the diagnostic energy range commonly used in medical imaging.
This document provides an overview of x-rays and x-ray tubes. It discusses the history of x-rays starting with their discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. It then covers basic x-ray physics and the electromagnetic spectrum. The document focuses on the components and functioning of x-ray tubes, including the cathode, filament, focusing cup, anode, rotating target, and control console. It explains how varying the kVp and mAs settings on the control console controls the x-ray beam properties.
Interaction of xrays and gamma rays with matter iiSneha George
The document discusses four main mechanisms by which photons interact with matter: coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. It provides details on each mechanism, noting that the photoelectric effect dominates at low energies, pair production at very high energies above 1 MeV, and Compton scattering is predominant at medium energies. It also discusses absorption and transmission of photons in materials, how attenuation coefficients vary with photon energy and material properties like atomic number, and the spatial distribution of secondary radiation produced.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 1 mm and 1 m, or frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. James Clerk Maxwell first theorized electromagnetic waves in 1864 and proved that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Later, others like Heinrich Hertz and Albert Walace Hull helped develop microwave technology. Microwaves are used for applications like GPS, radar, and microwave ovens. Microwave ovens use a magnetron to generate microwaves that are guided into a food chamber using a waveguide and stirred using a turntable.
Gamma Rays (γ)
(noun) penetrating electromagnetic radiation of a kind arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
Gamma rays ( often denoted by the Greek letter gamma, γ) is an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron destruction
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Radiation physics -
Basic consideration
Composition of matter
Nature of radiation
X- Ray machine
Production of x-rays
Factors controlling the x-ray beam
Effect of interaction of x-rays with matter
Photoelectric absorption
Reference
Radiation comes in many forms, both natural and man-made. While some types like ionizing radiation can be harmful if exposed in high doses over long periods, radiation is also all around us in everyday life from sources like wifi, microwaves, visible light, and more. The document discusses the different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays, and their varying abilities to penetrate materials. Overall, radiation is a natural phenomenon and in moderation the risks are quite low compared to other common causes of death.
EMF Protection: Should You Be Worried About EMF Exposure?George Kelly Nkem
The majority of us are accustomed to modern life's electronic conveniences. However, few of us are aware of the potential health concerns posed by the devices that keep our world running.
A stream of invisible electromagnetic waves is emitted by our power lines, smartphones, microwaves, Wi-Fi routers, laptops, and other products. Wherever electricity is utilized, whether at home and at work, electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are produced.
Some scientists are concerned about the health risks associated with these sectors. Should we, nevertheless, be concerned?
While the majority of experts do not believe that most EMFs are harmful, some scientists still doubt the safety of EMF exposure. Many people believe that there hasn't been enough research done to determine whether EMFs are safe. Let's look at it more closely.
This document discusses the safety of cellphone radiation based on photon energy levels. It makes three key points:
1) Cellphones operate in the classical wave limit of high photon densities, not the single photon limit, so the energy of individual photons is irrelevant to safety.
2) The photon flux from cellphones is many orders of magnitude greater than levels that have produced biological effects in studies. Effects could result from coherent photon energies combining to do work inside cells.
3) Estimates suggest exposure levels above 30pW/m^2 could produce biological damage, whereas cellphones typically emit hundreds of V/m, exceeding considered "safe" levels for large neurons. Many studies have found health effects from
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n a recent article in Physics Today, Meredith and Redish
emphasized the need to.make introductory physics
.o,lrr., beneficial for life sciences majors.l In this study,
a lab activity is proposed to measure the intensity of electro-
magnetic waves emitted by cell phones and connect these
measurements to various standards, biological topics, and
personal health.
The debate on whether or not cell phones can cause brain
tumors has been going on for years due to the lack of conclu-
sive evidence of cell phone danger; claims of chronic health
problems and fertility problems have been reporte d.2'3 The use
of cell phones, especially among students, is mounting, which
makes studying cetl phone signals exciting while also relating
physics to biology and health. Many students are not aware that
cell phones emit microwave radiation, usually called radio fre-
quency (RF) radiation. A warning in many cell phone manuals
alerts the user of a possible danger of the radiation emitted by
cell phones. Apple, for example, recommends that iPhone users
carrytheir phones at least 10 mm from the body and use hands-
free optioni such as headphones to reduce RF exposu re.4
Wavelength and frequency determine the enetgy carried
by the electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic energy may be
thought of as being carried by photons or quanta whose energy
E is given by E - hf,where h is Plank's constant andfis the
frequency. Gamma rays and x-rays have the highest frequency
of all electromagnetic waves and caffy enough energy per
quantum to break bonds between molecules inside biologi-
cal tissues -these
waves are call ed ionizing radiation. Waves
such as light and microwaves are call ed non-ionizing radia-
tionbecause their quanta are insufficient to break molecular
bonds. Though microwaves cannot break bonds, they can heat
biological tissues; such is the case of microwave ovens. That
is because when these waves penetrate biological tissues, they
transfer energy to the molecules, increasing their kinetic ener-
gies and thus increasing their temperatures. This may lead to
adverse health effects either directly due to the heating of the
tissues, such as burns or hemorrhage, or due to a breakdown
of local or systemic temperature regulation.S The Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) has set safety limits for acceptable
human exposure at certain frequencies.6 For the frequency
of the microwave oven,2.45 GHz,the FDA placed the human
exposure limit at 5.0 mW/cmz.Butcell phones operate at ava-
riety of microwave frequencies ranging from 0.8 to 2.2A0 GHz.
Since the exposure limit depends on frequency, one expects
a different allowed level of exposure for every frequency. For
simplicity, we will use 5.0 mW/cm2 as a guide for exposure
limits of the cell phone signal, but note that the absorption of
EM waves by water drops dra ...
This document summarizes key concepts in radiology and radiation physics. It describes the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1898 and defines x-rays as gamma rays of electromagnetic radiation. It explains that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to wavelength and that radiation with energy greater than 15 eV can cause ionization within cells. It also outlines the units used to quantify radiation exposure, dose, and dose equivalency, and discusses the interaction of radiation with matter through processes like the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering.
This document provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding electrosmog, which refers to the effects of electromagnetic fields on health. It defines different types of electromagnetic fields such as extremely low frequency (ELF) fields from electricity networks and high frequency fields from wireless devices. While some epidemiological studies have found potential health risks from long-term exposure, the scientific evidence remains inconclusive. Standards have been established by organizations like ICNIRP but some advocate applying more precautionary limits. The document discusses debates around electrosensitivity and measures individuals can take to reduce exposure. Experts interviewed provide differing perspectives on the issues.
"Mobile phones are an important part of daily life; thus, the rate of usage of mobile phones is increasing on a daily basis. Because they work in connection with base stations, number of base stations has to be boosted as long as the trend in the use of them continues. Because each base station runs by radiating electromagnetic waves, this is consideration source of distribution for many people from a medical point of view.
In this work we explained the radiofrequency and microwave radiation out from some mobile telephones towers studies and Measurements were done in many countries in the world in Sudan capital Khartoum , Malaysia, Gaza and Turkish capital Ankara.
"
Defense Pendant is a beautiful pendant necklace that protects you from EMF (electromagnetic field) radiations and helps you avoid their negative effects. The pendant necklace has been designed with over 30 frequencies that neutralize radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum, eliminating a variety of non-specific illnesses caused by EMF exposure. It shields you and your loved ones from the hazardous EMF radiation emitted by TVs, computer screens, mobile phones, and other devices. All of these devices emit electromagnetic fields, which can hurt your health by causing sleep disruptions, headaches, fertility issues, weakened immunity, joint discomfort, and muscle aches.
Because these technologies have become a regular and necessary part of your life, you must neutralize the dangerous radiations produced by their use.
You can protect your health while being exposed to high electromagnetic fields in the environment by wearing Defense Pendant.
This document summarizes concerns about potential health risks from cell phone radiation. It discusses how cell phone radiation works and the frequencies involved. Lower frequencies like those from cell phones are linked to health issues like cancer and fertility problems, though the scientific community is hesitant to make definitive claims. The document also discusses a former industry-funded researcher who later warned about risks and criticized how studies downplayed some concerning findings.
Effect of Combined Antenna Electromagnetic Power to Humandrboon
This paper investigates the effect of the combined signals from the nearby cellular towers that have toward population health in Thailand. We investigate the frequencies in the operating ranges of GSM 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900/ and 2100 MHz. Both power and frequency of electromagnetic wave have influence to living cell. In theory, these combined signals strength can fluctuate the energy level of certain minerals that are key components of human internal organs. These minerals, such as K+, Ca++, and Na+, are crucial in maintaining the balance for healthy body. The damage to the living organ from the small amount of heat energy that caused by the vibration of polar dielectric, such as H2O is even less than the damage that is caused by displacement of electron in the these minerals. In theory the charged particle that originated from as such demonstrates property of electric vector (magnitude, phase and direction) which cause the living cell to be prone to oxidization and degenerated; it can deviate from its normality. Hence, this study is crucial to human and all livings.
This aim of this paper is to investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in a human head by
using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations, due to exposure to EMF radiation from a
mobile phone at frequencies 900 MHz Mobile Phone model with a λ/2 monopole antenna and a hand head
phone model dimensions are 100 mm x 50 mm x 20 mm. The head model used is a sphere with a diameter
of 18 cm. The FDTD grid size used in the computation was 2.5 mm. The distance between the antenna and
head was 5 mm. To simplify the FDTD simulation, the SAR in the head was calculated without the effect of
the human body. It was found that the SAR induced in the head decreases with the distance from the
radiating source.
This document discusses the effects of nuclear radiation on the human body. It defines nuclear radiation and the different types, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. It explains how radiation is produced through nuclear decay, fission, or fusion and discusses the health impacts of different types of radiation depending on their size and energy. The document provides context on natural sources of radiation and appropriate safety standards to limit health risks from radiation exposure.
The vast maturity of us are employed to the electronic comforts of current life. Yet, not numerous of us know about the conceivable good gambles with introduced by the contrivances that make our reality work.
Our electrical lines, cellphones, broilers, Wi- Fi switches, PCs, and different machines convey a swell of inappreciable energy swells. Electric and seductive fields( EMFs) are created anyplace power is employed, incorporating at home and in the working terrain.
A many specialists are upset about implicit good impacts from these fields. Yet, would it be judicious for us to be concerned?
Kinds of EMF openness
Radiation exists across what is known as the electromagnetic range. This radiation goes from exceptionally high- energy( called high- rush) toward one side of the range, to extremely low- energy( or low- rush) on the contrary end.
Cases of high- energy radiation include
•x-beams
• gamma beams
• some advanced- energy bright( UV) beams
Presentasi fisika (infrared and microwaves) 2Auliabcd
1. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 1 mm and 1 m and frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. They are used for applications such as communication, heating food in microwave ovens, and radar.
2. Infrared radiation has longer wavelengths than visible light, ranging from 700 nm to 1 mm. Infrared is emitted or absorbed by molecules and used in applications like temperature measurement, night vision, and remote controls.
3. Both microwaves and infrared are parts of the electromagnetic spectrum but have different properties. Microwaves are used in technologies like WiFi and radar while infrared is important for applications like thermal imaging and night vision goggles.
Witricity is a wireless electricity technology developed at MIT that uses magnetic resonance to efficiently transfer power between two resonant objects over short distances, without wires. It works by generating an oscillating magnetic field from a power source coil which induces a magnetic field in a receiving coil linked by resonance. This resonant coupling allows efficient energy transfer over distances greater than traditional induction methods. The inventors validated the theory by powering a 60-watt light bulb suspended two meters from the power source coil, demonstrating its potential for wirelessly charging electronic devices without contact.
Witricity is a wireless electricity technology developed at MIT that uses magnetic resonance to efficiently transfer power between two resonant objects over short distances, without wires. It works by generating an oscillating magnetic field from a power source coil which induces a magnetic field in a receiving coil connected to a device. When the coils are tuned to the same frequency, their magnetic fields strongly couple and power is transferred efficiently. This overcomes limitations of traditional induction which requires close proximity. Witricity has potential applications for wirelessly charging devices and could eliminate power cords.
Witricity is a new technology for wireless power transfer using magnetic resonance. Researchers at MIT developed Witricity by using resonant magnetic fields between a transmitter and receiver coil to efficiently transfer energy over distance without wires. The coils are tuned to the same frequency, allowing energy to be wirelessly transferred through resonant coupling of the magnetic fields. Witricity offers highly efficient power transfer over distances much larger than traditional wireless induction methods, with efficiency exceeding 90% over distances from centimeters to meters.
Bad habits like smoking, drinking and erratic diets are the primary causes of cancer. Cell phones emit low frequency magnetic energy and are not responsible to cause cancer.
Newer digital cellphones generally emit lower levels of radiation than older analog phones from the 1980s and 1990s. Internationally, cellphones can operate at up to 2 watts of radiation per kilogram of body weight, but India has a stricter limit of 1.6 watts per kilogram. All phones sold in India must meet this stricter standard, and some Chinese phones with radiation levels as high as 5-10 watts per kilogram have been banned from import into India.
Is celltower radiation a cause of frequent headaches #safe towersThe Radiation Doctor
The World Health Organization reviewed studies investigating the effects of radiofrequency fields from cell towers on health. The studies did not find consistent evidence that exposure below levels causing tissue heating causes adverse health effects. Additionally, research did not find support for a causal relationship between electromagnetic fields and self-reported symptoms like headaches or electromagnetic hypersensitivity. Double-blind studies found people unable to detect when cell towers were on or off and reported symptoms before towers were operational, demonstrating these were psychosomatic responses rather than biological reactions.
The mobile phone industry takes allegations of adverse health impacts seriously due to the potential for expensive product liability lawsuits and loss of subscribers. Therefore, the industry has participated in and funded research studies on the health effects of cell phones and towers. Indian regulations set stricter norms than international standards, fining operators for towers emitting excessive levels and banning handsets with SAR rates above the 1.6 watts per kilogram limit.
What are the guidelines for installation of mobile towers across the countryThe Radiation Doctor
The Department of Telecommunications in India has established strict regulations for installing mobile towers that mandate power emission levels, minimum distances from houses and buildings, and emission limits that are ten times stricter than international norms. Telecom enforcement units conduct random audits of operators to ensure emission levels below 0.45 watts per square meter at 900 MHz, and operators found exceeding this strict Indian limit can be fined Rs. Ten Lakhs per incident.
What r the views of national & international orgs about mobile phone,tower em...The Radiation Doctor
United Nations Environment Protection Programme (UNEP) has conducted studies and research projects on the impact of mobile phone and tower emissions on the environment and biodiversity. In India, the Department of Science and Technology has a comprehensive monitoring program studying the effects of towers on animals, birds, plants, crops, bees, and other living things.
Why is there a restriction on using mobile phones in airplane flightsThe Radiation Doctor
Mobile phones are restricted on airplanes to avoid any potential interference with older avionics and navigation systems, as there was a small probability 30 years ago that analog signals within a few inches could interfere. Modern digital phones and avionics have mechanisms to reject unwanted signals, so interference is now almost impossible. Restrictions now mainly maintain onboard discipline and allow airlines to charge for their onboard communication systems.
Electromagnetic fields are produced by electric charges, both stationary and moving. When charges are stationary, they produce only an electric field, but when in motion they also produce a magnetic field. The electric and magnetic fields combine to form an electromagnetic field, which can transport signals like radio, TV, light, and radiation from the sun. All electric devices and appliances generate electromagnetic fields through their electric and magnetic components.
All radiofrequency waves used in modern telecommunications like 3G, 4G, WiFi and WIMAX are too weak in energy to cause any harm, having only a fraction of the energy of sunlight. International bodies like the ICNIRP and national regulators in the US and UK have determined that 3G, 4G and WiFi devices are safe based on the low energy levels of the radiofrequency waves they use.
Data points covered in the workshop conducted in Kochi, on the Govt. of India guidelines on installation, and safety regime of Telecom Towers and Mobile phones.
Public communication of RF & Health Risks in India - Dr. K. S. ParthasarathyThe Radiation Doctor
Dr. K. S. Parthasarathy, Former Secretary, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Government of India, about what steps can be taken to change the public perception.
This document discusses issues facing the telecom industry in India compared to other countries. It notes that India has more mobile operators competing for less spectrum than other nations, and the highest government fees and taxes on the industry at 30% compared to 3.5-6.5% elsewhere. Despite this, mobile services in India remain very inexpensive at 3.5% of per capita income compared to 5% in developed countries. The document calls for the government to facilitate cell tower infrastructure and educate the public about unfounded health concerns regarding radiation to help the industry and expand digital services.
Dr. AVS Suresh, MD, DM, ECMO, Consultant Hemato-Oncologist, Chief Scientific Officer & Director, ClinSync, on the man-made as well as other kind of EMF radiation.
This document summarizes the current scientific understanding of the relationship between electromagnetic fields (EMF) from sources like mobile phones and mobile towers, and cancer risk. It reviews the relevant literature and major studies conducted, which have not found a definitive causal link. While long term effects are still being studied, the international radiation exposure limits are based on scientific evidence and prevent thermal effects. Ongoing research aims to further assess health impacts, but there is no current scientific basis that EMF radiation levels from compliant mobile networks pose a cancer risk.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
The Myth of Cell Phone Radiation
1. 1048 RESONANCE November 2012
GENERAL ARTICLE
The Myth of Cell Phone Radiation
Vasant Natarajan
Keywords
Cell phone radiation, photoelec-
tric effect, cancer.
Vasant Natarajan is at the
Department of Physics,
Indian Institute of Science.
He has been a lifelong fan
of Einstein. It gives him
immense pleasure to be
able to start an article with
the name of his idol.
www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/
~vasant
1
See, for example, the article
‘Einstein’s Miraculous Year’ by
Natarajan, Venkataraman, and
Mukunda, Resonance, pp.35–
36, March 2005.
We discuss the purported link between cell phone
radiation and cancer. We show that it is inconsis-
tent with the photoelectric e®ect, and that epi-
demiological studies of any link have no scienti¯c
basis.
Albert Einstein, arguably the greatest scientist in the
history of mankind, won the Nobel Prize not for his work
on Relativity but for his explanation of the Photoelec-
tric E®ect. Why was this considered so important, so
much so that Einstein himself remarked that it was the
most revolutionary contribution in his Annus Mirabilis1
?
Because it was the ¯rst independent con¯rmation of the
photon concept introduced by Planck a few years earlier.
The photon concept itself was radically di®erent from
any thing we understood earlier about light, which was
known to be an electromagnetic wave with frequency
º and wavelength ¸ traveling at a speed c, because it
stated that light came in quantized packets of energy
hº, where h is the new constant that Planck introduced.
Unlike a classical wave which could have any (continu-
ous) amount of energy, the light wave could only carry
energy which was an integer multiple of a fundamental
discrete unit.
The photoelectric e®ect is the phenomenon where light
incident on a metal (or some other surface) causes elec-
trons to be emitted. It had been studied for quite some
time before Einstein came along, and experiments had
shown that photoelectrons were emitted only if the inci-
dent light had a frequency above a threshold level inde-
pendent of the intensity. But the number of photoelec-
trons produced above threshold was indeed proportional
2. 1049RESONANCE November 2012
GENERAL ARTICLE
to intensity. These observations were inexplicable from
the classical wave picture of light. Assuming that there
was a threshold energy (now called the work function)
that had to be overcome before electrons were emitted,
one could always reach this requirement for a classical
wave by suitably cranking up the intensity. But the ex-
periments showed otherwise.
Enter Einstein and the photon picture. With the ideas
that the energy per photon is quantized in units of its
frequency, and that one needs a single photon with suf-
¯cient energy to produce a photoelectron, it is simple
to see that there would be a threshold frequency for
the e®ect. In addition, the number of photoelectrons
would be proportional to the number of photons in the
EM ¯eld, or its total energy. Thus, Einstein could ex-
plain all the observations of the photoelectric e®ect with
the reasonable assumption that the transition involved
in emitting an electron is mediated by one photon of
suitable energy. It is reasonable because the transition
is from one energy level where the electron is bound to
another energy level where the electron is free. There
are no other levels in between, which if present could
be used as `stepping stones'. This explanation is so el-
egant and simple to understand that it is presented to
high-school students in textbooks today. But let us not
forget how radical it was when it was ¯rst proposed 100
years ago. And how much of a departure from the ac-
cepted notions about light. No wonder, only a genius
like Einstein could make this leap.
This is now our accepted understanding of all bond-
breaking processes. Every such process involves a transi-
tion with a single photon of su±cient frequency (or en-
ergy), and a million photons of sub-threshold frequency
cannot cause the transition. Or a billion. Think of it like
this. If you had a cannon that could shoot a cannonball
to a distance of 1 km, 10 cannons will not allow you to
hit a target that is 10 km away. Cannon ranges do not
With the ideas that
the energy per
photon is quantized
in units of its
frequency, and that
one needs a single
photon with sufficient
energy to produce a
photoelectron, it is
simple to see that
there would be a
threshold frequency
for the photo electric
effect.
If you had a cannon
that could shoot a
cannonball to a
distance of 1 km, 10
cannons will not allow
you to hit a target that
is 10 km away.
3. 1050 RESONANCE November 2012
GENERAL ARTICLE
add. Similarly, if you could leap a distance of 10 ft, you
could jump across a stream that was 10 ft wide. But 9
additional people with the same ability cannot help you
cross a 100-ft wide stream.
Which brings to the question of cell phone radiation
and their purported link to cancer. Cancer is known to
be caused by mutations in the cell-division machinery {
a clear bond-breaking process { which results in uncon-
trolled multiplication of the cells. X-rays are well known
to cause such mutations, which is why X-ray technicians
are required to wear lead aprons. UV rays from the sun,
those which are not stopped by the ozone layer, can
cause skin cancers in people who do not have enough
pigmentation to block them. That is why fair-skinned
people have to use UV-blocking creams before going out
into the sun. But visible light cannot cause such muta-
tions. It is sub-threshold. And so is any EM wave whose
frequency is smaller { such as infrared, microwave, radio
waves, and the typical waves (» 900 MHz) used for cell
phones2
. This means that the cell-phone photons (and
I use the word `photon' to represent any quantized EM
¯eld) do not have enough energy to cause a mutation
in your DNA. Period. No matter what their power is {
increasing their power will increase the number of pho-
tons, but they will all be below the threshold for causing
cancer. They do not have enough energy to break a bond
and cause a mutation. If you live next to a cell-phone
transmission tower, the power levels will be higher than
if you just used a cell phone, but you can be sure that
all the photons are harmless.
And yes, if you give enough photons of sub-threshold
frequency, you can heat a substance, i.e. increase their
vibrational energy. This is why you feel hot when you
go out into the sun. The visible and infrared photons
cannot cause cancer but can heat up your body. But
this happens because the power density from the sun
received on the earth (called the `insolation') is typi-
2
For a complete listing of GSM
cell phone frequencies by coun-
try, see
http://allworldcellphones.com/
gsm-frequencies-list.htm
Cancer is known to
be caused by
mutations in the cell-
divisionmachinery
which results in
uncontrolled
multiplication of the
cells.
If you live next to a
cell-phone transm-
ission tower, the
power levels will be
higher than if you
just used a cell
phone, but you can
be sure that all the
photons are
harmless.
4. 1051RESONANCE November 2012
GENERAL ARTICLE
cally 1000 W/m2
, while that at the base of a cell phone
tower is ten thousand times smaller at about 0.1 W/m2
.
No wonder you do not feel hot when you stand next to
a cell phone tower. And this is exactly how a microwave
oven works. It heats up the food inside by bombard-
ing it with microwave photons. These photons have a
typical frequency of 2.45 GHz, or 2.5 times that of cell
phones. And the power level inside the oven required
for it to work is about 700 W. A small fraction of this
power makes it outside the oven, but nobody worries
about it because the photons are harmless. Otherwise,
microwave ovens would not be so commonly used today.
Despite the knowledge that cell phone radiation is harm-
less, organizations like the WHO want to play it safe and
want to base their recommendations on epidemiological
studies" { studies that compare the prevalence of can-
cer or other health indicators between cell phone users
and nonusers. This is because there are scare-mongers
who play on the fears of gullible poorly-informed people
and claim that there is scienti¯cally documented proof
of such harmful e®ects. There was a similar unscienti¯c
claim of the hazards posed by electrical power trans-
mission lines in the 80's and 90's. Power lines oper-
ate at a very low frequency of 50 Hz (a million times
smaller than cell phone frequencies), but have much
higher power densities. The hue and cry died down only
after every single epidemiological study found no link
between power lines and overall health, let alone cancer.
Not unexpected, because there is no scienti¯c basis for
such a link to exist. But scientists and doctors have to
waste their precious time on such studies because the
lay person will be satis¯ed only after these studies are
completed.
Similar mischief-mongers told us that the radiation from
computer monitors was a health risk, and then made a
killing by selling `radiation ¯lters' to block these rays.
But most of us sit in front of a computer all day, and
This is exactly how
a microwave oven
works. It heats up
the food inside by
bombarding it with
microwave
photons.
Organizationslike
the WHO want to
play it safe and want
to base their
recommendations
on“epidemiological
studies” – studies
that compare the
prevalence of cancer
or other health
indicators between
cell phone users and
nonusers.
5. 1052 RESONANCE November 2012
GENERAL ARTICLE
su®er no ill e®ects at all { apart from the occasional
sore back that comes from bad posture and not radi-
ation! They will give anecdotal evidence that someone
who developed brain cancer was always talking on the
cell phone", and therefore the radiation from the cell
phone caused the cancer. This is a well-known logical
fallacy called post hoc ergo procto hoc, meaning that just
because A follows B does not mean that A was caused
by B. This is not a lesson in logic, but to establish cau-
sation the very least one must show is that no B also
implies no A. And this is exactly what epidemiological
studies do, they see if there is a statistically signi¯cant
correlation (by studying a large number of people and
not just one or two) between cell phone usage and the
prevalence of cancer, and which is convincing enough to
establish causation. And none has been found so far.
And none will be, believe me.
In any case, all of us (cell phone users) are unwittingly
part of the largest epidemiological study ever under-
taken in the history of mankind. The total number of
cell phone users in the world is now an unprecedented
80% of the population, up by a factor of 1000 from 20
years ago. Everyone from a poor farmer in a village in
Africa to a rich businessman in Europe uses one. But
there is no correspondingly large increase in the preva-
lence of those kinds of cancers which could be caused by
cell phones (like brain tumors) during that time. Don't
you think that any ill e®ects of cell phones would have
shown up by now in the billions of users worldwide?
We should indeed worry that our modern industrialized
world is full of carcinogens { from pesticides in the food
we eat, to industrial pollutants in our air and water.
But cell phone radiation is not one of them.
Stop Press
As I ¯nish this article, there is a front-page story in to-
day's Hindu (Tuesday, August 28, 2012) about how the
They will give
anecdotal evidence
that someone who
developedbrain
cancer “was always
talking on the cell
phone”, and therefore
the radiation from the
cell phone caused the
cancer. This is a well-
known logical fallacy
called post hoc ergo
procto hoc, meaning
that just because A
follows B does not
mean that A was
caused by B.
We should indeed
worry that our
modernindustrialized
world is full of
carcinogens – from
pesticides in the food
we eat, to industrial
pollutants in our air
and water. But cell
phone radiation is
not one of them.
6. 1053RESONANCE November 2012
GENERAL ARTICLE
government is passing legislation that will set lower per-
missible radiation limits at the base of cell phone towers.
This is a retrograde step. Cell phone companies will hap-
pily pass on the additional cost to the consumer, and we
are the ones who will su®er. The unimaginable bene¯ts
of connectivity will be lost to millions who cannot bear
this additional cost. The government should concentrate
on legislation like universal education or better health
care, which will have a direct impact on the quality of life
in our cities, rather than imagined risks from cell phone
towers. The same article also talks about residents as-
sociations across the country campaigning against cell
phone towers in their neighbourhoods. And these are
the same people who will complain that they do not
have proper network coverage" when the towers are
far away. They are shooting themselves in the foot by
denying residents the joy of wireless connectivity. They
should campaign instead on more useful things such as
banning the use of plastics in their areas or eliminating
child labour.
Address for Correspondence
Vasant Natarajan
Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore 560 012, India
Email:
vasant@physics.iisc.ernet.in