Effect of Combined Antenna Electromagnetic Power to Human

*Corresponding author (C. Maleewan). Tel: +66-2-5643001-9 x3062. E-mail: charkree@engr.tu.ac.th.
2014. American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences. Volume 3 No.3 ISSN 2229-1652
eISSN 2229-1660 Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V03/0181.pdf.
181
American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS
Effect of Combined Antenna Electromagnetic Power to Human
Chakree Maleewan
a*
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received April 01, 2014
Received in revised form
May 15, 2014
Accepted May 20, 2014
Available online
May 26, 2014
Keywords:
Cellular
communication;
Combined antenna
field; human brain;
signal excitation
human molecule.
This paper investigates the effect of the combined signals from the nearby
cellular towers that have toward population health in Thailand. We investigate the
frequencies in the operating ranges of GSM 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900/ and 2100 MHz. Both
power and frequency of electromagnetic wave have influence to living cell. In theory,
these combined signals strength can fluctuate the energy level of certain minerals that
are key components of human internal organs. These minerals, such as K+, Ca++, and
Na+, are crucial in maintaining the balance for healthy body. The damage to the living
organ from the small amount of heat energy that caused by the vibration of polar
dielectric, such as H2O is even less than the damage that is caused by displacement of
electron in the these minerals. In theory the charged particle that originated from as
such demonstrates property of electric vector (magnitude, phase and direction) which
cause the living cell to be prone to oxidization and degenerated; it can deviate from its
normality. Hence, this study is crucial to human and all livings.
2014 Am. Trans. Eng. Appl. Sci.
1. Introduction
Cellular communication has been rapidly developed in recent time. With the wide spread usage of the
communication devices of both handheld and stationary, many communication companies have developed
and installed cellular antenna to cover the cell network areas for optimum receiving and transmitting
between the devices and the towers. Main objectives are to not having drop calls with high quality voice
and data. In Thailand, there are five major cellular companies: AIS, TrueMove, DTAC, CAT Telecom
Co., and TOT [1].
It is being seen in many areas that these companies have installed the cellular antenna towers in close
proximity to each other to cover the usage areas of their own subscribers. The signal that generated from
the antenna is electromagnetic wave which can be considered harmful to human. One clear example is
x-ray imaging that is being used in medical analysis. There is development of x-ray imaging to produce
2014 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.

182 C. Maleewan
higher quality image with lower x-ray signal strength to be less harmful to human [2] and studied the effect
of cellular signal to human [3]. In this paper, we propose the study of the combined cellular towers signal
strength.
2. Power and Frequency of Antenna and the Living Cell
In Metallic bond, with the right frequency and right energy, the bond between atoms can be excited
and its outermost electron can be free so it becomes free electron. Simple example is the rise of temperature
of the metal in the sun light. The electrons are excited and move randomly resulting in the heat. When
different parts of conductance have unequal energy, there is movement of electron from one place to
another (Ohm’s law). Different frequency with different exciting energy cause different electrons to move
which results in rising temperature.
This is the same principle of cause and effect of frequency and power that is being transmitted from
cellular tower in cellular communication.
Covalent bond: the atoms are bonded and polarized as negative and positive, i.e., H2O. and CaCO3 The
electric field causes the dipole-moment which sways the molecules. The water molecule has two Hydrogen
atoms and one Oxygen atom and has electric dipole characteristic, Figure 1. With the sufficient
electromagnetic power of 2.45 GHz frequency, the water molecules will spin 2.45 thousand millions time
per second with dipole moment according to electric vector direction. The movement of these molecules
generates heat as the household microwave equipment.
Ionic bond: This is the bonding of positive ion and negative ion of the outermost atoms of minerals
that have different electro-negativity such as Na+
Cl‐
.
All Metallic bond, Covalent bond, and Ionic bond reactions to electromagnetic signal can be applied to
the effect of the electromagnetic that is transmitted from cellular antenna toward human health. Human
body composes of various kinds of minerals elements that listed on periodic table. With the right amount of
quantized energy, the minerals in human body will be excited. This causes the electrons to be free and
randomly move which results in disturbance to the cell functions. Cells behave abnormally.
The ionizing process separates atoms of the substance. When this happens, the ions differentiate
themselves to be positive ions and negative ions, which cause free electric charge particles within that
substance, example of this behavior can be observed in NaCl. The covalent bonding that is formed has a
very strong bond. Even such strong bond, with the matching frequency of either full or half electromagnetic
wave, it can cause resonant effect that breaks down the covalent bonded molecules of non-polarized
substance, thus called ‘electronic break down’. This is fundamental principle that explains the breaking
down of electronic components. Most of the time, it occurs in dielectric components such as the blow up of
the capacitor. In summary, with the right frequency of energy, the electro-magnetic wave can cause
resonance to the electron, atom, and molecule to the breaking point of the substance.

183
There are two categories according to the response of the molecules of substance to electromagnetic
energy: Molecules with Dipole properties and Molecules with Non-Dipole properties. In fabricating the
microelectronic components, Silicon and Carbon are used as they have 4 outer most electrons. Then we
make them to be N-type or P-type. An N-type (Negative type) can be achieved by adding 1 – 3 extra
electrons into the minerals. A P-type (Positive type) is achieved by reducing 1 – 3 electrons. This is the
principle of P-N junction (Diode). The resonance within the diode properties and dielectric devices that is
caused by the right amount of electromagnetic energy and frequency can result either Photon or Phonon.
An example of Photon is Laser Diode, for Phonon is PZT.
From above, it shows that the electromagnetic wave can cause deviation in molecules structure (to be
either photon or phonon). For the organism, there is research result to create photon from human kidney
cell [4], which is similar to the process of making diode from Carbon, OLED.
This is to conclude that not only water that can be excited by electromagnetic energy to form Dipole
characteristic, but there are acids, certain fat, and other internal organs of living creatures that can form
Dipole characteristics as well. The organisms, in general, have non-dipole state of properties except the
mechanism or working brain and muscles. But once the cells are excited with enough amount of external
electromagnetic energy (from cellular towers), both dipole molecules and non-dipole molecules can cause
the ion transmission in the cell not being able to propagate normally. The occurrence rate of ion of the cell
depends upon the bonding strength of the atoms.
In Quantum Golden rule [5], according to Heisenberg, the outer most electron is perturbed by electric
fields of electromagnetic energy and causes changes in electron speed and its energy momentum. This
applies to atoms, molecules in organism as well. In order to calculate the energy that effect on the atom and
molecule, the measurement of energy intensity [6] from poynting vector of the electromagnetic over
electron wave function across area, penetration to -axis known as skin depth effect.
In Thailand, multiple towers from multiple cellular companies result in different frequencies with
different electromagnetic energy levels transmitted out to cover the cellular network of each company.
The electromagnetic energy does not go to only cellular phone, but go to everyone and everything in the
coverage area. To calculate the effect of electromagnetic energy to the human cell, we need to combine the
intensity according to the angles of various energies that cover in the area. The result of combined
electromagnetic energy that has toward living cell will cause the atom of the cell to wander randomly. The
combination of different frequencies and different electromagnetic energy has effect to calcium carbonate
and the bone cell. This can cause Osteoporosis disease. When the electromagnetic signals from cellular
towers disturb the signal from human brain (cortex and cerebellum), it poses the possibilities for the brain
to demonstrate abnormality. This can occur without large energy of electromagnetic signal; all it needs is to
have the frequency that matches with the brain frequency as stated in Quantum theory.

184 C. Maleewan
From the above statement, it is obvious that the electromagnetic signal can be harmful to the living cell
even. The level of the electromagnetic power [7], does not need to be as high as 9 watts/sq meter neither its
frequency has to be as high as ultraviolet to be harmful for the atom of organism to break down and form
ionizing. Lower frequency such as in microwave range, even it does not cause ionizing in atom but it may
cause abnormality in DNA as there is effect of electromagnetic toward living cell as described above. This
is the topic that needs to be studied extensively and needs long term monitoring of the effect of
electromagnetic signal from cellular tower.
Figure 1: Behavior of molecule when it is covered with various frequencies.
3. Modeling and Analysis
Antenna Power Density (far field), S, we have:
S (1)
Where Pt is antenna radiation power (watt), G is antenna gain, and D is distance between antenna and
the target (meter).
In general, all 3 companies (AIS, DTAC, and TRUE) will set up their cellular tower in the same
boundary areas. Each of their towers sends electromagnetic signal with their required power densities and
required frequencies, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure2: Cellular tower in the same boundary areas. Figure3: Cellular tower in the same territory areas.
Table 1: the values used in our modeling
Frequency (MHz) Transmit Power (W) Antenna Gain (dBi) Antenna Gain (dBi) EIRP = PG (W)
850 10 – 50 6 – 18 25 – 50 100 – 800
900 10 – 60 7.5 – 18 25 – 50 100 – 800
1800/1900 1- 80 per carrier 8 – 21 25 – 50 30 – 800
2100 1- 80 per carrier 12 – 18 35 – 50 800

185
Next, we show the coverage areas when all 3 companies have their transmit antennas towers at the
territory area. Here, the coverage areas are filled with electromagnetic energy with their required
frequencies as shown in Figure 3.
In our study, we use the maximum value allowed that are provided in Table 1. For example, in 850
MHz, we use transmit power of 50 W with antenna gain of 18 dBi. Next we consider Safety Regulation
and recommended power density from standard organizations [8].
Table 2: Recommended safety values for each frequency[9].
Standard/Recommendation
Reference levels expressed as power density (W/m2
,rms)
(F=frequency in MHz)
400-2000 MHz 900 MHz 1800 MHz
ICNIRP 1998 F/200 4.5 9
CENELEC ENV 50166-2 F/200 4.5 9
IEEE C95.1-1991 F/150 6 12
AS/NZS 2772.1 2 2 2
Table 3: Recommended power density for each system [10] by ICNIRP.
No. Application Frequency ICNIRP limit value for public
1 GSM/CDMA850 850MHz 4.25 watt/m2
2 GSM900 900MHZ 4.5 watt/m2
3 GSM1800 1800MHz 9 watt/m2
4 3G 2100MHz 10 watt/m2
Table 4: Recommended power density by IMC.
400-2000MHz = f/2000 W/m2
CDMA/GSM900 0.45 W/m2
GSM1800 0.92 W/m2
2-300GHz =1 W/m2 3G 1 W/m2
Table 5: Result of 2100 MHz.
Distance of target
and Antenna
Max Power Density for single
cell Antenna (W/m2
)
Power Density for single cell
Antenna from EIRP (W/m2
)
Max Power Density for 3 cell
site Antennas colocated (W/m2
)
10 m 1.146 0.637 3.438
50m 0.0458 0.025 0.1374
100 m 0.0115 0.00637 0.0345
150 m 0.00509 0.00283 0.01527
200 m 0.00286 0.00159 0.00858
250 m 0.00183 0.00102 0.00549
300 m 0.00127 0.000707 0.00381
350 m 0.000935 0.00052 0.002805
400 m 0.000716 0.000398 0.002148
450 m 0.000566 0.000314 0.001698
500 m 0.000458 0.000255 0.001374
3 cell overlapped
areas within 250 m
1 cell Antenna = 0.00183
Hence, 3 cell Antennas = 0.00183 x 3 = 0.00549 w/m2
2 cell overlapped
areas within 250 m
1 cell Antenna = 0.00183
Hence, 2 cell Antennas = 0.00183 x 2 = 0.00366 w/m2
From Tables 4, and 5, the maximum power density from single antenna of 1.146w/m2
is when the
target is 10 meters away from transmit antenna and for 3 antennas it is 0.00549 w/m2
with 250 meters

186 C. Maleewan
apart. Comparison with the safety standard in other countries (Table 6) i.e., Australia (New South Wales)
and Austria, it is obvious that ours power density is much higher than their standard for power density
limits.
Figure 4: Result of power density per distance.
From Figure 4, result of 2 companies (TRUE, AIS) transmit towers are collocated with frequencies of
850 MHz, 900 MHz is shown in Table 6. Here, again the result shows the maximum power density of
6.873 w/m2
is resulted when target and antenna are 10 meters apart. This resulted power density is much
higher than other contrived limit for health safety, such as Australia and Austria.
Table 6: Colocations Maximum Power Density.
Distance between target
and antenna
Maximum Power Density with colocations of 3
companies coverage (w/m2
)
10 m 6.873
50m 0.276
100 m 0.06873
150 m 0.03054
200 m 0.01728
250 m 0.01104
300 m 0.007641
350 m 0.005613
400 m 0.004299
450 m 0.003396
500 m 0.002748
4. Conclusion
We present another sequel of fast growing modern communication technology, cellular phone. Aside
from facilitating us to connect with everyone in everywhere through radio signal, there are huge impacts of
these signal to our human body. Strong signal eases Tx and Rx between communication devices. Strong
signal extends the boundary of cellular cell which lessen the installation of cellular towers. Hence, it yields
less expense to the cellular company in covering its network, but adversely harmful to human organ tissues.
Strength level of electromagnetic wave has impact to living creature organ and its tissue. In microwave
oven, it heats our food by string up food molecule. Same principle applies to cellular tower and human
organ. Electromagnetic signal excites human molecule, causes the molecule to behave differently from its
normal state. Some level of the signal even changes polarity of atom by increase or decrease charge
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
2100 MHz
distance (m)
powerdensity(w/m2)
1 antenna
3 antenna

187
particle, hence abnormality behavior resulted. So, what level of signal strength is safe?
With the strength of radio electromagnetic power being sent to cover the population area, the living
cell molecules are affected. This results in abnormality of cell function and/or DNA. Do we want ourselves,
our children, and our parent to be in the harmful territory? Let’s consider microwave over for heating up the
food, and x-ray in dentist office with the chest protector. Do we really know if the strong cellular signal
around us is not the cause of cancer, Alzheimer disease, brain dysfunction, and other illness? We don’t, that
is why more study is needed. Cellular system gives us convenience and we don’t reject it; but more
efficient transmitting scheme of antenna with less power and less radiation to our body is truly needed.
5. References
[1] Sumet. Wongpanichlert. Health: Effects from Electromagnetic Waves. 3rd Reprint (in Thai), TQP
Publishing, Bangkok, 2009.
[2] D. Graham and T. Eddie, X-ray Techniques in Art Galleries and Museums (1985); B. H.
Kevles, Naked to the Bone: Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century (1997)
[3] Office of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunication Commission. Guideline on Setting
Telecommunication Stations“. April 2008 (in Thai), 7 pages.
[4] Malte C. Gather, Seok Hyun Yun, Single Cell Biological Lasers, Nature Photonics 5, 406 (2011)
[5] M. Frasca, (1998). "Duality in Perturbation Theory and the Quantum Adiabatic
Approximation". Phys. Rev. A 58 (5): 3439.
[6] S. M. Mann, T G Cooper, A G Allen, R P Blackwell and A J Lowe, NRPB-321. “Exposure to
Radio Wave near Mobile Phone Base Stations”, 2000.
[7] Sir William Stewart, “Radiofrequency Fields from Mobile Phone Technology”, Mobile Phones and
Health, (2000):p. 33-38
[8] “Technology Third Generation of Mobile Telephone (3G)”. .
http://www.stat.rmutt.ac.th/Docstat/research/ScienceNewletter/Technology3G.pdf. 30
June 2012 (in Thai).
[9] TechnoInfocity.“Macro Cells, Micro Cells and PicoCells” http://technoinfocity.blogspot.
com/2011/02/macro-cells-micro-cells-and-pico-cells. 10 August 2012.
[10] Clarke, M. (2003). Shaping the Industry through CDMA 2000 Technology Leadership: Innovative
Design and Development Approaches are Key Factors in How Operators Choose their Wireless
Supply Partners - Advertorial - Innovative Vendors are in Demand Telecom Asia (pp: 8-12).
C. Maleewan is an Assistant Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering at Thammasat
University, Thailand. He received his B.Sc. (Physics), from Ramkhamhang University and B.Arch.
(Industrial Design) from King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang. Later, he gained an
M.Sc. (Physics) from Northeastern Illinois University, USA, and M.S.EE. (Microelectronics), University
of Texas at Dallas, USA. He is interested in microelectronics, electromagnetics and opto-electronics.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.

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