The muscular system consists of around 700 muscles throughout the body that work together to enable movement. There are three main types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attached to bones, enabling movement of the skeleton. Smooth muscles are involuntary and found within internal organs, enabling functions like digestion. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and enables it to beat rhythmically to circulate blood.
This is an interactive powerpoint presentation that helps students explore different types of muscles and the different muscle tissues found in the body.
This is an interactive powerpoint presentation that helps students explore different types of muscles and the different muscle tissues found in the body.
The muscle are biological motors which convert chemical energy into force and mechanical work.
This biological machinery is composed of proteins – which is actomyosin and the fuel is ATP.
With the use of muscles we are able to act on our environment.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
The Muscular System
1.
2.
3. The Muscular System moves the
body. The body has almost 700
muscles, each of which consists of
special fibers that can contract. When
a muscle contracts, it pulls the tissue
to which it is attached. This pulling
results in movement.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
4. Muscle is the tough, elastic tissue that
makes body parts move. All animals except the
simplest kinds have some type of muscle.
Muscles are found throughout the body.
As a person grows, the muscle also get bigger.
Muscle makes up nearly half the body weight of an
adult.
MUSCLE
6. Are attached to the bones. They move the
bones of the arms, fingers, legs and other parts of the
skeleton. We can consciously control the skeletal
muscles, and so they are known as voluntary
muscles. The fibers that make up a skeletal muscle
have alternate light and dark cross bands called
striations. Muscles move the body only by pulling.
They usually move voluntarily and also may move
involuntarily.
SKELETAL MUSCLES
7. Are found in most in the body’s internal organs.
Unlike skeletal muscles, smooth muscles do not have
striations. Smooth muscles in the walls of the stomach and
intestines move food through digestive system. In all these
cases, the smooth muscles contract and relax automatically-
that is, we do not consciously control them. For this reason,
they are often called involuntary muscles. Smooth muscles
can thus produce powerful, rhythmic contractions over long
periods.
SMOOTH MUSCLES
8. Smooth muscles are found in various
organs of the body. They also are smaller than
skeletal muscle fibers and have only one
nucleus. Smooth muscles operate slowly and
automatically in natural, rhythmic pattern of
contraction followed by relaxation.
SMOOTH MUSCLES
9. Cardiac muscle is a third kind of
muscle that only found in the heart. It has
feature of both skeletal and smooth
muscle. Cardiac muscle makes up the
wall of the heart. When its cells contract,
they push blood out of the heart and into
the arteries.
CARDIAC MUSCLES
10. Cardiac muscle has striations like skeletal
muscle, but like smooth muscle, it contracts
automatically and rhythmically without tiring.
Cardiac muscle enables the heart to beat an
average of 70 times a minute without rest
throughout a person’s lifetime.
CARDIAC MUSCLES
11.
12. FRONTALIS - the muscle of
the forehead that forms part
of the occipitofrontalis —
called also Frontalis Muscle
TRAPEZIUS - a large flat
triangular superficial muscle of
each side of the upper back
13. DELTOID - a large muscle
of the shoulder
PECTORALIS - either of the
muscles that connect the
ventral walls of the chest with
the bones of the upper arm
and shoulder of which in
humans there are two on
each side
14. TRICEPS BRANCHII - the skeletal
muscle having three origin that
extends the forearm when it
contracts
BICEPS BRANCHII - a muscle that
flexes and supinates the forearm
LATISSIMUS DORSI - a broad, flat
muscle on each side of the middle of
the back. The action of which draws
the arm backward and downward
15. ABDOMINAL MUSCLES - the
muscles between the throax and the
pelvis supporting the abdominal wall.
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS - the
largest of the three flat buttock or
rump muscles. The gluteal muscle
arise from the back of the pelvis
and are inserted into the back of
the upper part of the thigh
bone(femur).
16. BICEPS FEMORIS - one of the
posterior femoral muscles. It has
two heads as its origin.
RECTUS FEMORIS - a fusiform
muscle of the anterior thigh, one
of the four parts of the
quadriceps femoris. With the
quadriceps group it functions to
extend the lower leg.
17. GASTROCNEMIUS - superficial
muscle of posterior (plantar
flexor) compartment of leg; by
two heads (lateral and medial)
from the lateral and medial
condyles of the femur; insertion,
with soleus by tendo, calceneus
into lower half of posterior
surface of calcaneus; action
plantar flexion of foot; nerve
supply, tibial.
18. ACHILLES TENDON - the strong
tendon at the back of the heel that
connects the calf muscle ( triceps
surae muscle) to the heel bone.
The name is derived from the
legend of the Greek hero Achilles,
who was vulnerable only in one
heel. A large tendon conecting the
heel bone to calf muscle of the leg
19. DISORDERS OF THE MUSCLES
Muscles function through an amazing coordination of
many elements. Occasionally, however, the normal operation of
muscles is disturbed.
CRAMP
Is a painful, uncontrolled contraction of one or more
muscles. It may involve any muscular area of the
body. Cramps can occur either in skeletal muscles or
in smooth muscles.
The muscular system
The muscular system moves the body. The body has almost 700 muscles, each of which consists of special fibers that can contract. When a muscle contracts, it pulls the tissue to which it is attached.this pulling results in movement.
Muscle is the tough, elastic tissue that makes body parts move. All animals except the simplest kinds have some type of muscle.