The Modern Mosaic

The Modern Mosaic
The modern mosaic differs greatly from the medium's ancient form. Once composed of uniform
pebbles in unstructured compositions, it wasn't until the 8th century BCE when the Greeks began
developing mosaics to form decorative and artistic designs. Using the small pebble technique the
ancient Greeks used strategic placement of the varying shades and colors to create geometric
patterns and detailed scenes including depictions of a variety of flora and fauna. As the practice of
art developed in the Greek empire the development of the tesserae technique by 200 BCE began to
generate more complex and detailed mosaic pieces, which more closely imitated paintings. Tesserae
is the use of small pieces of glass, stone, tile, or other materials to create a unified image in a
mosaic. The techniques of the Greeks to use in mosaics soon began to spread to through Italy but
especially hit in Rome. An Important preserved mosaic from this period that makes use of the
tesserae technique is The Alexander Mosaic. The Alexander Mosaic utilizes the minuscule pieces of
material to create highly detailed complex portraits in a emotive and action filled composition.
Created in c. 101 BCE the Alexander Mosaic was discovered in the House of Faun, located in the
ruins of Pompeii, Italy c. 1831 during an excavation. The ancient mosaic has many large patches of
missing composition but the majority that remains contains many detailed portraits of human and
animals fully entrenched in the throes
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Local Mosaic Art History
Mosaic is the fine art of crafting photos, illustrations, or patterns by forming together little colored
fragments of hard material – tesserae – such as stone, tile, or glass. The first known samples of
mosaics were found in Mesopotamia during the third millennium BCE. Opus tessellatum – uniform
sized tesserae – is a frequently mosaic technique used in the fabrication of Hellenistic, Roman, early
Christian, and Byzantine art. This technique usually made the decorative borders around central
figural sections – emblemata – executed in opus vermiculatum, a mosaic method using finer tesserae
("opus tessellatum").
In this essay two works of art will be examinved further. Local mosaic artwork (FIG. 1) is Charlotta
Westergren, "Siting", 2003, Swedish, Mosaic, Sequins, Knoxville Museum of Art, Knoxville, TN.
Artwork (FIG. 3) from the textbook – Gardner's Art Through the Ages – is "Detail of Mosaics in the
courtyard arcade of the Great Mosque", 706–715, Islamic, Byzantine, Glass Tesserae, Damascus,
Syria. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charlotta's family moved to the United States when she was twelve–years–old, however her family
kept a summer home in Sweden. She currently resides in Brooklyn, New York. The artist is well–
known for her interest in working with non–conventional resources. Charlotta spent a semester as an
artist–in–residence at the University of Tennessee, where she trained students in painting. Siting was
fashioned specially for the Knoxville Museum of Art. They purchased the artwork with the backing
from the Tennessee General Assembly, the Tennessee Arts Commision, and the Arts and Culture
Alliance (CANVAS). Approximately twenty–five students assisted her in the assembly of the KMA

The Uses Of Art And Architecture In Pompeiian Villas
Similar to modern society, a home in Pompeii presents your social status. Patricians live in large
lavishly decorated homes while plebeians live in small modest homes or in apartment style housing.
Nonetheless, any Roman home functions as a "refuge from the commotion of a hectic Roman life"
(Zanker 135). Since a home is considered to be a very private place, the differentiation of
magnitude, art, and architecture in Pompeiian villas enlightens us on how these artistic elements
contribute to an aristocratic rank in society. The various uses of art and architecture can therefore
deem what is to be expected in each villa by society and how the villa proves to be the highest
societal ranking home within the Pompeiian society. All villas, with their "use of Greek architectural
elements" (Ling 46) contribute to the overall elegant architectural themes of the structure.
Corinthian columns display a stylistic architectural element that is used to support the weight of the
"roof above the peristyle garden" (Ling 48). In extremely luxurious villas, the outdoor space
"contained not only one but two peristyle gardens" (Ling 46). This use of architecture would mark
the home owner as a high position in society simply based on the cost of creating the peristyle
garden. In addition, the peristyle garden conveys the idea that villa owners have assimilated the
knowledge to know the importance of classical Greek architecture. Furthermore, the use of
incorporating nature within the villa

Hosios Loukas Monastery: Landscape And History
3. Case study
Description of Hosios Loukas Monastery: landscape and history
3. 1. The landscape of the Hosios Loukas Monastery
The monastery is located on the west slope of mount Helikon, below the acropolis of ancient Steiri,
near Attica and Delfoi (fig. 1). The monastic complex was once surrounded by a wall and three
towers with a defensive character, of which only the bell tower at the south–western corner survives
today. Because of their defensive function, these towers were used by local people in emergencies
for seeking for refuge and protection. From an architectural perspective, the Monastery closely
resembles a typical fortified Byzantine city.
Just before entering the courtyard of the monastery complex there is a parking space. A ... Show
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Most publications on Hosios Loukas Monastery are about the history of the monastery and its
foundation, the mosaics of magnificent art in Katholikon (Chatzidakis 2003) its architecture (Bouras
2006) and about the confraternity of the Comnenian era, eleventh century (Chatzidakis– Bacharas
1982, 105–106, 183–188). Both the Church of the Virgin Mary and the Katholikon are famous due
to their decorative program, which is a milestone for the art of Byzantium (fig. 2–5). Its mosaic
decoration is a major example of Constantinopolitan art of the 11th century A. D. It is the largest and
oldest chronological monastic complex of this period (Nea Moni– Chios and Daphni Monastery–
Attica) with a separate system of decoration and style, executed during the age the Comnenoi
(Chatzidakis 2003, 18–20,

The Rise Of Rome 's Decline Of 378 Ad ( Wilkes, 1992 )
After Rome's decline in 378 AD (Wilkes, 1992:265), parts of the amphitheater were restructured and
used as chapels. The main sanctuary was built into the alcove, which originally housed the pulvinar
(elevated imperial box) and vomitorium. Byzantine mosaics and frescos indicate that these chapels
were created during the fifth century AD (Figure 4; Bowes and Mitchell, 2009:574–575; Isufi,
2006:11; Jacques, 1995:154; Karaiskaj, 2004:13; UNESCO, 2004:35–37). A second chapel and
possible third were built on the north side of the stadium (Bowes and Mitchell, 2009:574; Bowes et
al., 2003:392). Sometime during the seventh century, the arena began to be used as a graveyard,
known as the necropolis. There are also several Byzantine art forms, dating from the ninth through
eleventh centuries (Bowes and Mitchell, 2009:581; Bowes et al., 2003:391–392; Jacques, 1995:154–
155; UNESCO, 2004:36–37). The cemetery ceased to be used by the inhabitants of Dyrrachium, at
some point during the Middle Ages (Bowes and Mitchell, 2009:574; Bowes et al., 2003:388–389).
Figure 4. Byzantine mosaics and frescos (Ponce de Leon, 2013)
The last known mention of the amphitheater was by Marinus Barletius in the early sixteenth century.
As the modern city of Durrës grew, the auditorium was covered over and forgotten about.
Throughout the Ottoman expansion of the city, parts of the arena 's walls were used as foundations
for homes (Bowes and Mitchell, 2009:570; Giandebiaggi and Vernizzi, 2013:527).

Why Should Not Be Placed On The World Heritage
The World Heritage Committee decides whether a site should or should not be placed on the World
Heritage list, designated, or postponed. The decision is based upon guidance from the Advisory
Bodies. The committee then approves a Statement of Outstanding Universal Value for the site. This
statement consists of their resolution that the site has Outstanding Universal Value. The declaration
is also the foundation for any management and fortification the site may need in the future. If the
site is not to be inscribed onto the World Heritage List, the only way redetermination may take place
is under extraordinary situations. These conditions can include new scientific discoveries or
information, otherwise if differing criteria that was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any information that is needed by the Advisory Bodies must be requested by January 31 (year 2).
Evaluations and recommendations from the Advisory Bodies will be received by the Secretariat six
weeks before the World Heritage Committee meets (year 2). The Secretariat then will transfer the
information to the state party, and the World Heritage Committee. Fourteen days before the World
Heritage Committee meets the state party needs to send any errors in the Advisory Bodies
recommendations or evaluations. The World Heritage Committee's annual session takes place in
either June or July (year 2). Immediately following this session, either the site is inscribed, referred,
or deferred (World Heritage Center, 2013:43–45). Just as a site can be inscribed on the World
Heritage List, a site can be removed. The process for deletion from the list can include loss of
attributes that enabled the site onto the list, if these features are threatened, or if measures by the
state party have not happened. The World Heritage Committee will explore all information as to the
deterioration of a site. A vote requires two–thirds of the members to agree to delete a location from
the World Heritage List. The committee then notifies the public, and publication of this modification
will take place (World Heritage Center, 2013:53–54). Germany 's Dresden Elbe Valley and the
Arabian Oryx Sanctuary in Oman have both been removed from the World Heritage List

Pliny's The Alexander Mosaic
The Alexander Mosaic is a Roman floor mosaic that dates from c. 100 B.C. It is discovered in the
city of Pompeii which was preserved in ash after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. It was found in
the House of Faun, named after the bronze statue of a faun found there. It is thought to be possibly
based on a wall painting done in 315 B.C.E., Hellenistic Period by a Greek artist named Philoxenos
of Eretria because it matches a description of the painting written by Pliny.
The mosaic is approximately 2.72 by 5.13 meters (8 feet 11 inches high and 16 feet and 10 inches)
long. It is currently housed in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples, Italy. It consisted of
over one and a half million tesserae (From the Greek word tesseres which means ''square'.), or small
pieces of colored stone and glass, none larger than 4 mm, in four colors: white, yellow, red, and
black. Several of the colors seen in the mosaic are the natural color of the marble pieces. The
minuteness of the tesserae enables noticeably quality detail and painterly outcomes, including
noteworthy pics of Alexander and Darius.
The reality that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alexander defeated the Persian leader doubly, initial at the 333 B.C. Battle of Issus, and 2 years later
at the Battle of Gaugamela. Alexander the wonderful led his Greek and Macedonian forces to
victory over the Persian army. The work is historically believed to point out the Battle of Issus. The
war of Issus (333 BC) become a turning factor in ancient history due to the fact the ruler of Persia
(Darius III) is ordering a retreat of his troops. This piece is preference of difficulty be counted and
naturalism ultimately shows the Roman appreciation for Greek art. Alexander isn't represented in his
typical type here, as associate incarnation of Zeus, Greek deity or Apollo with long ringlets and soft,
perfect options, however is additional

Similarities Between Rome And Roman Art
From a style perspective, both the art of the Late Antique/Early Christian period in Rome and art
from the Byzantine were very distinct in details and styles. The Roman empire and the Byzantine
empire were both impacted by Christianity, which is their main religion. Roman art was mainly
influenced by the Greeks, Egyptian, and Etruscan art, which can be seen in the history of Roman art.
Unlike, the Byzantine favoriting glitter mosaic painting in the interior of a building, mosaic were
very popular and hold a religious value towards the empire. The mosaic depicting "Christ as the
Good Shepherd" from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna with the other mosaics from San
Vitale in Ravenna are excellent examples of the difference and similarities between Roman and
Byzantine art. These images can also explain the representation of the natural world, difference in
the art styles, and use of mosaics in church. The "Christ as the Good Shepherd" from the
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna is an example of Roman art from Late Antique. The
location for the mosaic is very interesting itself; Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna is in a
shape of a cross and contain many mosaics intact. The reason why this mosaic was painted because
of the adaptation of Christianity at Rome caused an increase of art displaying Christ. This Rome art
explores human nature by showing Jesus Christ as a carpenter's son becoming a holy divine figure.
There is a vast blue background indicating the

Shield With Coyote Analysis
The piece of artwork part of the Indigenous North and South America's art and design, Shield with
Coyote, probably Tenochtitlan made in 1525, and the piece of artwork part of the Byzantine,
Romanesque, and Gothic architecture and interiors, The Transfiguration of Christ with Saint
Apollinaris, First Bishop of Ravenna, mosaic in the apse, Church of Saint'Apollinare in Classe,
made in 533–549. Both art pieces are a similar type of art and styles, yet they both have different
functions, symbolism, and cultural context. A mosaic is a type of art that requires the assemblage of
small pieces of coloured glass, stone, or other materials. The art piece from the Indigenous, Shield
with Coyote, is a mosaic that is a decorative art, while The Transfiguration of Christ with Saint
Apollinaris used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Shield with Coyote is a feathered mosaic; the use of bird feathers was used to make this shield.
The Transfiguration of Christ with Saint Apollinaris is an interior mosaic, it is part of a church in
Italy, it uses glass and other materials. Both artworks have similar styles of idealism, however, their
functionally and symbolism differ. The function of the Shield with Coyote is a shield, used in battles
for a soldier in a high ranking among the Indigenous people, on the shield is a blue coyote. While
the function of The Transfiguration of Christ with Saint Apollinaris is an interior decoration on a
dome of a church, used to tell stories and communicate a message for those who couldn't read
during that period. The symbolism during the time of Indigenous was very spiritual, they believed in
animals and creatures on a spiritual level, which is why on the shield it features a blue coyote. The
blue coyote must have represented strength and power because the shield was given to a high ranked
soldier. As

The Nomination Process For A Site
The nomination process for a site to be considered on the World Heritage List is comprised of five
steps, which include the tentative list, nomination file, advisory bodies, World Heritage Committee,
and criteria for selection. The tentative list is where a country makes an inventory of all cultural and
natural heritages within the site 's boundaries. This tentative list may be submitted for inscription for
the next five to ten years, and can be updated at any time. This step needs to take place before the
World Heritage Committee can consider a site for inscription on the World Heritage. The
nomination file includes all necessary documentation and maps of the site. This nomination can then
be submitted to the World Heritage Centre for review. Once complete the file can then be sent to the
appropriate Advisory Bodies for evaluation. There are two Advisory Bodies. Both of which evaluate
a site that is being nominated, and include the International Council on Monuments and Sites
(ICOMOS) and the World Conservation Union (IUCN). These committees provide evaluations on a
site. There is a third Advisory Body known as the International Centre for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM). This last group provides expert
advice as to the conservation of cultural sites, along with training activities. The World Heritage
Committee will then make a final decision on whether a site will receive an inscription. This
committee meets once a

The Christ Pantocrator
The Christ Pantocrator, the base is made of a special wood board., In this Mosaic art, numerous
materials are used to developed colors, styles and outlines, mostly, small pieces of painted stone.
The artist of this piece of work also used a lot of rare minerals, colored glass, handmade tiles, and/or
seashells. Just like in this painting, blemish types of technique painting was used in many of the
Byzantine arts. The artist will normally start with geographical lines, into the gesso, or paint the
lines, taking special care of detailing with the facial features to get the right emotions. The wood is
covered with the plaster and the image is formed by arranging small colored stone or glass pieces
and affixing them to a hard, stable surface

The Church Of San Vitale
The Church of San Vitale is an historical building that should be considered to be turned into an art
museum. The building itself is very beautiful on the outside and having replica of this building
would bring beauty and individuality to Stillwater. This oddly shaped church that was built in
Ravenna, Italy over 1,000 years ago, should be considered to be used as an art museum.
The Church of San Vitale located in Italy is an early Christian church completely made up of bricks,
which was built and completed between 538–548. It has an octagonal plan, with a two–story
ambulatory enclosing a central space. There is a narthex, or entrance porch attached to the west side
of the building at an angle, while a small choir and chancel, or extended ... Show more content on
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The centralized space is a used for a place of gathering, as well as the narthex. There are many
mosaics, or pieces of art, that are located around the building. All the mosaics are rich with colours,
vivid depictions of nature, and each one has a different but certain perspective. The apse has two
famous and stunning mosaics, these pieces were located on the side walls. These mosaics depicted
the East Roman Emperor, Justinian, and Empress Theodora. The two mosaics were created to depict
each one of them by themselves, but both pieces of art have similarities. The right panel mosaic
depicts Emperor Justinian with golden halo, standing in the middle of court officials, guards, and
Bishop Maximian. The halo and his position in the piece emphasizes Justinian as the leader of his
empire and the church. Justinian and Bishop Maximian are placed in front of the other individuals,
which represents their importance. On the opposite side, there is the mosaic of Empress Theodora.
In the mosaic, she can be depicted as a goddess because like Justinian, she too has a halo over her
head, with a crown and women amongst her. The mosaic represents movement in way, it shows the
women going into the church, while Empress Theodora is holding what seems to be wine.
The Church of San Vitale located in Ravenna, Italy. It is an important example of early Christian
Byzantine architecture in Europe. The church of San Vitale was dedicated to St.Vitalis, a slave that
converted

America: A Cultural Mosaic Essay
The United States is a country with a diverse existing population today; this country is known as a
melting pot of different cultures, each one unique in its own respect. Culture; differentiate one
societal group from another by identification beliefs, behaviors, language, traditions, Art, fashion
styles, food, religion, politics, and economic systems. Through lifelong, ever changing processes of
learning, creativity, and sharing culture shapes our patterns of behavior as well thinking. The
Culture's significance is so intense that it touches almost every aspect of who and what we are.
Culture becomes the telescope through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on around us.
Trying to define the perplexing term of culture with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, when someone stops by your home to visit, you ask them if they want something to eat
or drink as a tradition, and if they refuse, you have to get them something anyway. When we look at
fashion as American culture, fashion precedes culture; I believe that culture has more of an effect on
fashion than vice versa, if you consider the designs themselves. For instance, Women's fashion
changed a lot in the twenties. The fashion went from young lady to more daring. The typical woman
in the twenties is considered to be a brash teenage girl who no longer confined to home and
tradition. They wore short skirts and dresses exposing their body. People were shocked when
women began to dress in clothes that exposed their skin. This affected the older generation that
valued respect and moral that people should not dress in public, in away to show off their body. The
older generation emphasize that the behavior and fashion of the new generation especially the
women were unacceptable. The Culture as a fashion should allow women to adhere with traditional
clothing and fashions. The changing morals values towards fashion were unacceptable because
women have changed and their cloths have become a compulsion for daytime wear. They have
power suits, favorite black pants, and a special shirt, something

The Destructive Effects Of Iconoclasm During The Byzantine...
Makoto Emura 3/22/2015 The Destructive Effects of Iconoclasm during the Byzantine Empire In
the 4th century, the Roman Empire underwent major changes, becoming the Byzantine Empire. The
Roman religion was replaced by Christianity, specifically the Eastern Orthodox Church, as the new
state religion. Artists helped to spread this new religion by building churches and producing
manuscripts. The artists imagined what religious figures looked like to portray them in art. But the
Church criticized the visual representation of figures at certain periods during the Byzantine Era.
Artists lost their creative freedom during these periods, called iconoclasm. The Early Byzantine Era
ended when the first iconoclasm occurred. One manuscript created during the Early Byzantine Era
was the Rossano Gospels (Image 1). The Rossano Gospels is written in Medieval Greek during the
6th century, and was discovered in Rossano, Italy. The parchment medium was colored slightly
purple with a rare dye to proclaim the importance of the document. Over time, it turned red. The
document is big – 12 x 10.5 inches. As an illuminated manuscript, it is filled with colorful
illustrations. Image 1 shows Christ in Washing of the Feet and Last Supper. The identity of Christ is
easily discernable with his clothes and the golden circle behind his head. To add even more
emphasis, everyone around is looking toward him. Below the illustration are four Old Testament
authors pointing up. The text below them explains what

Essay Roman Pool
Roman Pool
The private residence built by newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst in San Simeon,
California is quite a site to behold. Originally named La Cuesta Encantada it is now often referred to
as Hearst Castle. It is located on a hilltop overlooking the Pacific Ocean in the Santa Lucia
Mountains. The estate took 28 years to build and includes the main house, guest houses, two pools,
and acres of gardens, terraces and walkways. Its rooms and gardens are decorated with an
impressive collection of antiques from around the world. One particularly interesting building is the
Roman Pool.
The Roman Pool at Hearst castle is a tiled indoor pool decorated with eight statues of Roman gods,
goddesses and heroes. The pool appears to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
274.) Only guests of Hearst were allowed to use his pool whereas anyone could go into the Baths of
Caracalla. Both the Roman Pool and the baths could be used by men and women. The main function
of the pool and the baths was for recreation and socializing. Hearst's pool was not used for bathing.
The Roman Pool is decorated from ceiling to floor with 1" square mosaic tiles. These glass tiles,
called smalti, are either colored (mainly blue or orange) or are clear with fused gold inside. The
intense colors and shimmering gold of the tiles combine to create a breathtaking effect. The designs
created by the tiles were developed by muralist Camille Solon. The inspiration for some of these
designs came from the 5 C. Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (Kastner, p. I–261.)
Galla Placidia was the daughter of Roman emperor Theodosius. She built a cruciform oratory for
her own mausoleum where she was to lie between her brother Honorius and her son Valentinian.
This monument to her is located in Ravenna, Italy (Hutton, p. 203.)
Hearst was affected by the beauty of the mosaics in the mausoleum and incorporated similar styles
into his Roman Pool. The walls of the mausoleum are marble but the vaulted arches are composed
of blue and gold smalti. The roofs and dome are covered with mosaics of night blue, powdered with
stars (Hutton, p. 204.) The Roman Pool is similar to the mausoleum with its blue and gold color
scheme and stylized star

Byzantine Mosaic : Examples Of The Goals Of Byzantine Art
Byzantine Mosaics
The mosaic of Christ being baptized by John the Baptist in the Nea Moni monastery of the Greek
island of Chios is a prime example of the goal of Byzantine mosaic art. Although the true artist's
name is unknown, it can be said that this mosaic is from the 11th century, from the period known as
Middle Byzantine art. This mosaic features Jesus in the middle of the mosaic, with John on his left
baptizing him. Two angels are present to the right of Jesus, watching over the proceedings taking
place. Behind John the Baptist, to the left of Jesus Christ, is a group of onlookers, although the
mosaicist used the least number of figures possible to successfully portray the group. Mosaic art in
the Middle Byzantine period was focused on calling to attention the subject of the piece rather than
the piece itself and portraying the spiritual world instead of the physical. First, I will analyze the
mosaic I have chosen to be the main piece of art to look at. Second, I will compare and contrast the
first piece of art with other pieces of mosaic art from the Byzantine period and from Late Antiquity.
Last, I will conclude this paper by recounting my main points and showing how they connect to my
claim that Middle Byzantine art was focused on portraying the spiritual world. Through my
research, I have come to the conclusion that Middle Byzantine art was more focused on portraying
the spiritual world instead of the physical world. A significant example of this is the mosaic

Mosaics in Early Byzantine Era
The increase in mosaics in churches in Late Antiquity and the Byzantine Era was largely due to the
influence of the Roman Emperor Constantine (ruled from 306 to 337 AD). During his rule as
emperor, Christianity became the major religion and there was a push for more buildings to house
the followers of Christ. Along with the new buildings there was a need to decorate these places of
worship accordingly and express the religion in a grandiose sort of way. Mosaics were generally the
inexpensive and impressive answer that was used to convey the church's message. Through mosaics,
the people of the church could learn and be informed of the spiritual and cultural symbolism
(Kleiner and Mamiya 313).
Early mosaics before this time period had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Below the sphere are the four rivers of paradise and there are sharp contrasts between the blue
sphere, the gold background, and the rainbow–hued clouds above. Saint Vitale, who was martyred in
the second century, is just to the right of Christ. An angel is introducing Saint Vitale while Christ
offers him a wreath. On the left of Christ, another angel introduces Bishop Ecclesius who presents a
small model of the church of San Vitale (Kleiner and Mamiya 332–336).
On the lower north wall to the left and below the apse mosaic, Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and
others are shown in a mosaic rich in color. There are three groupings in this mosaic, the emperor and
his staff, the clergy, and the imperial guard. Justinian is in the center garbed in his purple robe and
depicted with a halo representing the god–given powers of the emperor. To his left are Bishop
Maximianus and two clergymen. The bishop was given a level of importance by the inscription of
his name above his head. The emperor appears slightly behind the bishop when looking at their feet
but his shoulder is depicted in front of the bishop's. To Justinian's right is the imperial guard holding
a shield with the monogram of Christ. The artist depicts importance by showing the feet of the
leader of each group overlapping the others while depicting the powers of the church and the
emperor on an equal level (Kleiner and Mamiya 332–336).
An unusual thing about the mosaics of San

Essay Ravenna
Located in northeast Italy in the Emilia–Romagna region and the capital of the province bearing its
name, Ravenna is internationally celebrated for its stunning ancient mosaics and rich history.
Ravenna's prosperous past is evident in its wealth of still–standing examples of Byzantine art and
architecture. Positioned near the Adriatic Sea on a marshy plain, Ravenna has served as a strategic ?
capital three times: of the western Roman Empire, of Theodoric King of the Goths, and of the
Byzantine Empire in Europe? (History, par. 1). By delving into Ravenna?s history, as well as its
remarkable artistic achievements, the reasoning behind its popularity in tourism becomes clear.
Ravenna was formed by the buildup of centuries of silt deposits ... Show more content on
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The surrounding marshes provided a natural line of defense and its location at the crossroads of the
northern and southern peninsula made it exceptionally challenging to capture. These were all
influences in its allure as a bastion of control.
?The exact date of Roman control remains a mystery, as much of Ravenna?s past, although the first
record of a Roman fleet to reach the city was in 82 BC. Caesar chose Ravenna as his headquarters
while negotiating with the Senate and later as his base when launching various military campaigns
on surrounding areas. While there, he is thought to have begun construction on the port of Classe
(initially known as Classis), which served as the catalyst for Ravenna's first rise to greatness.
Emperor Octavius Augustus oversaw the port?s completion and, realizing its strategic location,
made the port the principal base for a fleet, 250 ships strong, to defend the ?Adriatic Sea and the
waters of the near eastern Mediterranean (History, par. 9). Augustus also created a canal, known as
the Fossa Augusta, linking the port to the southern branch of the Po. This canal permitted waters to
flow around the city walls to fortify Ravenna?s defense and through the center of the town to
facilitate transport and commerce. With the port as the focus of the city, Ravenna flourished as a
town of trade and industry (especially ship building). Though the port?s value waned by the sixth
century

Justinian And Theodora And Byzantine Cultures In The...
World Changers
Justinian and Theodora ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 AD, in their time they
influenced not only the art of the era, but also the architecture and the church. Byzantine was an
extremely diverse culture. It included members from groups around the entire known world at the
time and this region brought them together (Brooks). This diversity did lead to conflict once
Justinian became emperor due to his intolerance for what he considered paganistic rituals. This lead
him to end the Academy and for him or even go so far so to put in place measures that limited the
Semitic lifestyle. Theodora was one of the most powerful empresses of the Byzantine era and was
wife of Justinian. In her youth she was a prostitute and dancer and this translated into her adulthood
as her fighting for women's rights. Justinian claimed to be a "Christian Emperor" and accomplished
many achievements with both the church and with law. The goal of their reign was to restore Rome
to its previous vigor through their influence in the culture that was portrayed through mosaics and
churches. While they did not achieve the full life of Rome again, they did influence it and bring it
out of the darkness that it was beginning to fall into.
There is a mosaic located in the San Vitale church located in Ravenna. This mosaic depicts Justinian
and a court of clergymen in the chancel of the church. In this art there are many symbols. According
to Khan Academy in this mosaic Justinian is seen in

Art 1010: Justinian And Attendants
Final Exam Art 1010: Justinian & Attendants The Justinian and Attendants is a mosaic which was
created by an unknown artist in the Byzantine period dating back to 547 CE. The work measures 8'
8" X 12' and is located in Ravenna, Italy inside the Church of San Vitale. This landscape format
mosaic depicts an outdoor scene with eleven figures that are at least partially visible, if not entirely
visible, within the scene. The figures are all very different from the stocky large–headed figures in
the art of the 4th and 5th centuries. These figures are all very tall, however; they all have eye–levels
that are more or less precisely the same. Their bodies are slim, faces are all fairly similar and they all
have petite feet. The figure in the middle wears a crown and appears to be holding a basket, while
the figure directly to the right is holding a cross in his right hand, the one to his right is cradling ...
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Color is the most prominent art element utilized in the work. A series of bright warm colors such as
whites, greens, reds, blues, gold, and purple have been used throughout the art. Gold is seen on the
robes of the priest and Justinian, but is most noticeable in the background. White is used for the
priest's robes and distinguishes them from the group. A lighter green fills the lower background by
their feet while darker greens are used for the shield and bordering designs. A deep purple is seen on
Justinian's robe to show his royalty and power. Blue and red are the least prominent as they are
mainly used in the boarder and small details. Lines are used to create a sense of depth and sharply
outline the figures. Overlapping is seen with the figures to show their importance in the art. The
composition of the art shows the status and roles of the men with the most important near the middle
(Justinian) and the least important off to the

Relationship Between Byzantine And Islam
Two spirited societies emerging simultaneously in the tumultuous early ages of the medieval era, the
Byzantine and Islamic societies were bound to have challenging relations. The Byzantine Empire
was ruled most notably by Justinian, a devout Eastern Orthodox Christian who would expand his
empire to encompass the vast Mediterranean. Islamic society was made strong because of Islam's
contagious success and the sheer power of its adherents. Stark differences in the values of their
rulers, religion, and their governmental policy between the two would outline a trail of conflicts that
would riddle their societies for years. To begin, one reason for Byzantine and Islamic conflicts is the
difference in their ruler's values. In the Mediterranean, the Byzantines were powered by their strong
faith in Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Religious statues, paintings, and icons could be found
throughout the empire and were revered. An example of these religious icons can be found at the
Church of San Vitale at Ravenna, which houses a mosaic of Emperor Justinian and his court. In the
mosaic, Justinian is depicted in a purple robe with a golden bowl to represent the body of Jesus. This
indicates how Emperor Justinian was viewed as both a political and religious leader. On the
contrary, in Islamic societies, the ruling caliph was explicitly a militaristic and political leader.
Rulers of both the Byzantine and Islamic societies desired to project a regal presence to their
subjects and visitors.

Robert Irwin 's Excerpt From Islamic Art
In Robert Irwin's excerpt from Islamic Art in Context, Irwin outlines why he believes that the
Muslims of this medieval era in Islamic art would have looked at many of the arts, such as painting,
sculpture, and the decorative arts, with distaste. He clarifies what Muslims at the time believed
about the depiction of living things, how that belief evolved, and why; claiming that the issue of the
non–representational nature of Islamic art is not as clear–cut as people often assume. As for how this
excerpt compares to what was shown in the lectures, there is a similar lack of living creatures that
are depicted in the art. Irwin looks more closely at the line between what is a depiction of a living
creature, however, which was not specifically covered in the class lectures about Islamic art. The
defining line between what is acceptable and what is not in Islamic art is very blurry, and Irwin
explains some of the grey area citing both the Koran and hadiths, as interpreted by various religious
scholars, as well as some other writers that were known at the time. He starts by citing the Koran,
which is a sacred Islamic book written by the Prophet Muhammed, in where the translation is
disputed; it could mean that you are to avoid paintings, as they are Satan's work, or it could mean to
avoid idols, which in context most likely refers to pagan idols, which he shows an example of a
Persian miniature that shows the destroying of an idol. Hadiths were also used to help illustrate his

The Dome Of The Rock In Ravenna, Italy
Great pieces of architecture like The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Church of San Vitale in
Ravenna, Italy are important to Byzantine and Islamic Art. Both structures were not just places of
worship, but showed the power of the men behind them and the growth of the culture at this time.
San Vitale which was constructed under the Bishop Ecclesius around 540 to 548 A.D. and was
erected to show the power and achievements of Emperor Justinian. The banker Julius Argenteus
provided the funds for San Vitale, and it was dedicated to Bishop Maximian. The Dome of the Rock
was built in Jerusalem by Caliph Abd al–Malik "to mark the triumph of Islam in Jerusalem on a site
sacred to Muslims, Christians, and Jews"(Gardner and Kleiner B: 285). It is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The bishop was also in charge of building two other churches, San Michele and Santa Maria, but
"San Vitale is larger in scale than these two churches, designed as a centrally planned octagonal
two–story congressional church" (Tronchin and Knight 130).The church features "two centric
octagons. The dome covered inner octagon rises above the surrounding octagon to provide the
interior with clerestory lighting" (Gardner and Kleiner B: 255). This octagon shape brings the
parishioners to the center of the church, allowing them to become part of the service, which is not
found in a traditional church. The dome is constructed on eight piers and arches which are
surrounded by an ambulatory and a gallery. Much of the inside is marble and gold and the church
walls have many windows to let the sun in to shine on this gold. "Light filtered through the
alabaster–paned windows and plays over glittering mosaics and flowing marble" (Gardner 255)
which shows the beauty and lavish pieces Justinian put into this construction, even though the
outside is dull and made mostly of bricks. However, this becomes another difference concerning
these two monuments. The dome of San Vitale shows the Roman influence, with a figure of Christ,
marbles and glittering galleries and the Dome of the Rock features a more ordinary approach with
geometric shapes and calligraphy as well as extraordinary colors used in Islamic

Pluralism Vs American Culture
A political philosophy is both term and can mistakenly to be confused with one another. It's a ethnic
group collaborate with one another without a sacrifice their particular identities. It can also mean a
tutti frutti cocktail of culture. Language in pluralism with two term used interchangeably with mixed
ethnic community area where multiple culture tradition exists or a single country within they do. A
fundamental characteristic of the Canadian heritage and associate to buy from them and trade like
the British, Germany, and American. Canadian celebrate the gift of one another presence and work
hard to respect pluralism and live in harmony working with Canadian is a privilege and a celebration
to feast in their home with tradition and respect in honor of respect in their religious belief. ... Show
Supporters argue that being American does not inherently tie a person to a Canadian, through rather
to citizenship and loyalty to the United State. An "American culture shall not have to abandon their
culture to in order to be a American. Critic tend to oppose the idea in tandem with other critiques on
multiculturalism saying the American need to have common "American"

Similarities and Differences Between Ancient Greek and...
Part A: Plan of Investigation Artists created their own unique style in Greek culture and with the
creation of the Roman Empire, Greek artwork had been spread throughout the region. When the
empire eventually split and faded from existence, Greek artwork had left its mark on the remaining
civilizations. Because Byzantium had arisen from the ashes of the Roman Empire, Byzantine
artwork incorporated aspects of Greek art within their own artwork. The purpose of this
investigation is to compare and contrast art in ancient Greece and Byzantium. Recognizing the
similarities and differences between two related cultures is vital in understanding the evolution of art
from one culture to another. Within this investigation designs/patterns and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Material found in both the pot itself and the glaze painted on its surface were similar in composition.
Sculpture
Marble, limestone, bronze, terra–cotta, wood and a combination of gold and ivory known as
chryselephantine were mediums of ancient Greek sculptures used in the fifth century BCE. Statues
were often adorned with pearl, gold, jewels and accessories to give them a more vivid appearance.
Most statues were of male men athletes (naked), entities and mythological creatures such as
centaurs. Many statues of significant figures were created after their death. Interest in the female
nude body (divinity) later became more popular amongst Greek sculptors. In the fourth century,
characterization came into play. Characterization focused on creating sculptures that were of no real
person.
Art in the Byzantine Golden Age
Sculpture and Ivories
Sculptures from the thirteenth century CE were almost exclusively limited to large cities and
monuments and for decoration rather than a religious purpose. The largest religious statues were
ivory carvings of the Virgin Mary and did not exceed 12 inches tall. Ivory plaques were often 12
inches tall and were placed in caskets, reliquaries, manuscript covers and furniture. A block of ivory
was soaked in water and then carved while the material was porous and easier to carve. Some tools
used were burins, scalpels, gouges, files, stylets, knives and drills.
Mosaics
Tesserae were

Cultural Mosaic In Canada
Canada is considered to be a cultural mosaic, where all cultures are embraced opposed to a melting
pot where it is expected to adopt one culture. Government regulated media is more favourable than
policies based off of self–regulated solutions when addressing Canada's media industries and
cultural needs. Canadians place importance on national identity and without government regulated
policies, the content in the media would have minimal Canadian information. According to the Aird
Commission, when Canada's media was operating through private enterprise, many stations
expressed conflicting content, however, with state regulated media, broadcasting allows the nation
to have a unified vocation. One unified message being sent to the nations citizens is more beneficial
than multiple broadcasts on differentiated and insignificant information.
Private enterprise also included ample advertisements because they struggle with lack of
commission. The Fowler Commission explains that governments are concerned with public interest,
therefore minimalizing advertisements and maximizing educational and entertainment content that
benefit consumers. According to Fowler it is dangerous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If Canada wants to protect their national identity, they must all embrace each other's cultures,
instead of creating multiple broadcasts that preach one view or culture. Without state governed
media, the dominance of US products in Canada would diminish its identity as a nation, fail to serve
the public interest and create less profits causing more advertising and less content in the media.
Government regulated media proves to be more favourable and beneficial than policies based off of
self–regulated solutions when addressing Canada's media industries and cultural

Essay about The Mosaic of American Culture, It's No...
The Mosaic of American Culture, It's No Melting Pot
Culture is a behavior that consists of several critical elements, such as language, religion, race and
ethnicity, clothing and politics. Culture is what one does in his/her daily life. In order to understand
others, we must first keep in mind that every culture carries its own set of values and assumptions.
Culture is an evolving, ever changing civilization, which includes several different groups people.
For immigrants, America is a land of opportunity; for others it is just the best country in the world
because of its economic success and/or its democratic political system. Americans usually value
independence a lot, believe in equal opportunity, and have a direct communication ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mosaic depicts a society in which various communities maintain their religious, culinary, and
cultural particularities, proud and knowledgeable about their specific traditions while recognizing
that they are integral parts of a more encompassing whole. The communities are, and see themselves
as constitutive elements of a community of communities, the society. Moreover, they have a firm
commitment to the shared framework. "We came on different boats, but we now ride in the same
ship," to draw on a popular saying.
From the term Mosaic we get a picture that America has a structure of different cultures. ?The
mosaic implies a contiguity of fixed, self–sufficient, utterly distinct cultures. Multiculturalism, as it
has been practiced in the United States in the past 10 years, implies the existence of a central
culture, ringed by peripheral cultures. The fallout of official multiculturalism is the establishment of
one culture as the norm and the rest as aberrations.? So I agree that the American civilization is
composed of diverse cultures.
Chicago serves as the best example for diversity. If we walk down on Devon Street, the area, which
is located between western and California serves many communities. You could see Indian, Russian,
Pakistani and Jewish shops, all side by side. When looked in closely shop–by–shop we see different
cultural shopkeeper carrying

The Sea Of Leptis Magna
AS THE HIPPAGOGUS sailed into the harbor of Leptis Magna, Rubio got a good glimpse of the
city and its people. It was a thriving Roman metropolis settled on the coastline of North Africa, and
its market was one of the most flourishing; ships sailing the Mediterranean brought forth valuable
goods, slaves and exotic animals. Immense quantities of olive oil also arrived in the country, as well
as high–quality garum, and salted fish were brought in from the coast. This grand port, with its
superb monumental architecture, was fast becoming the busiest in the Roman Empire. The reason
why Leptis Magnus was so well–fixed was its strategic position of its many dockages, control of
which guaranteed total domination of the local markets, combined ... Show more content on
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It was a never–ending cycle of buying, selling and trading, and Falco never tired of the horse racing
business, because horse racing was deeply ingrained in his blood. Rubio was along for the ride,
taking a break before racing again; the racing season would officially end after the Saturnalia
Games. He was here to assist Falco in the purchase of new horses, although he was considered to be
on "holiday." Also aboard the Hippagogus was Titus Buccio, much to Rubio's annoyance. The
paunchy Doctore was also along to aid Falco in the purchase of new horses, as he had some rather
good connections with some of the top stable owners. As a matter of fact, Buccio knew quite a few,
as he once lived and worked in Leptis Magnus before moving to Rome, and then on to Alexandria
and the Factio Russata. He began his racing career here, and had raced for the Reds and the Blues–
and for the short–lived Gold Faction–winning a respectable twenty–one first–place purses before
graduating to the great Circus Maximus of Rome. But his career abruptly ended there after a bad
accident, the accident in which he'd lost half his foot. Afterwards he worked as a stable boss for a
short time before sailing off to Alexandria, seeking his fortune on the lesser tracks of the provinces.
And that's

The Church Of San Vitale
The Church of San Vitale Shows Justinian and his attendants. . The Art Work is a part of collection
work which is called Justinian Mosaic and it begun by bishop Ecclesius in affiliation with the
Roman Catholic. Its size is really difficult for us to tell because it shows the dome shape design from
inside the church... Basilica of San Vitale is the main location in this art work. The artwork done on
the walls is permanent. It Tells the Story of Ancient Rome and also tells the Aesthetic values of the
Church.
The artist of the material was Ecclesius in conjunction with the aid of the Roman Catholic patrons.
The coordination of the work involved many participants under the leadership of Ecclesius.
Proposals of the art material resulted from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other members of the Clergy flank the Emperor from either side and prominent personalities such as
the Bishop Maximianus of Ravenna are also in the portrait. Critical examination of the Justinian and
his attendants Mosaic shows that the Emperor is in a central position and the power of the church
surrounds his throne to indicate the way his activities are guided by the power of the church.
Additionally, Angelic surrounding shows the military administration. In other words, the portrait
showed that just like other Emperors of Rome, Justinian had the three forces of religious, military,
and administration around him (Mango 13).
The clergy in the portrait carry a gospel book, from which the Christians of the church obtain their
teachings. The Emperor carries the bowl that is essential in passing the Eucharist to the worshipers
and helps one to understand the important role that the emperor played. The bowl is symbolic in
nature because it identifies the emperor to be doing the act of homage of a true leader. The
symbolism of Christ in the purple orb shows that there is a universal dominion of the power of
Christ to the kingdom. St. Vitale gestures a clear mind of the rule of the emperor as a representative
of God's will on earth. The Emperor's army of Christ is shown in the form of Chi–Rho that is
present on the shied the military men are holding (Mango 15).
Another aspect that emerges from the artwork is the

Sociological Perspectives Of Assimilation Essay
Assimilation is a process where formerly distinct and separate groups have taken the time to come
and share a common socially. This is where a minority group adapts to a custom in attitudes of the
prevailing culture and customs. The three sociological perspectives of assimilation is race relation
cycle, Gordon's stages of assimilation, and human capital theory. In race relations cycle groups first
come into contact with a conflict and competition between them. This process moves toward
separate groups coming together and sharing that common culture socially. After a certain amount of
time the differences in these groups will lose the important and separate. In Gordon's stages of
assimilation there are three stages first being acculturation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The sociological perspectives of assimilation has advantages and disadvantages of a functionalist
approach that emphasizes on social unity, but has been criticized for being unable to account for
social conflict systemic inequalities like race, gender, and class. The importance and variation in
assimilation is 2 bring ethnic and racial groups together to share their culture and become mutually
exclusive without creating a barrier within their groups. Pluralism is groups remaining separate with
their culture and social different being this way over time. When you have groups that have not
acculturated and maintain their own identity differing in the language they speak in their religions
this is called cultural pluralism. When a group occupies different location in the social structure but
speaks the same accent or eat the same food this is called structural pluralism. Integration without
pluralism is a group that has the material success but has not became Americanized because they
either have not learned English or adopt values and

House of the Vetti and House of the Fawn Essay
Compare and contrast two Pompeian houses. What do they each tell us about the status of their
owners?
Within Pompeii, the size and decorative aspects of someone's home explained a lot about their
monetary wealth and what sort of social status they upheld. People who had money and good social
status would decorate their homes with High Greek culture for example myths and mosaics of Greek
heroes. Whereas people from a lower class, tended to use less grandeur within the decorative style
of their homes. The houses that I shall be comparing are House of the Fawn and House of the Vettii.
I shall be looking at the décor found within the houses and they way that it was displayed to
determine the social, political and economical status of their ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Doorframes and pediments would have also been included in the marble detailing. One scholar has
said " The house has been preserved as a kind of museum to the past influence and power of an
important Pompeian family" 2. In the Exedra a mosaic is shown. The House of the Fawn was
stripped of its elaborate mosaics and then permanent damage was committed to these mosaics when
the allied bombings happened in 1943. The House of the Fawn adorns the most famous mosaic in
Pompeii, – The Alexander mosaic, it is thought that this mosaic is a copy of a painting painted by
Greek painter Philoxenos of Eretria, shortly after the battle was fought. The mosaic shows
Alexander in battle with the King of Persia, Darius the third, during the campaigns in Asia.
Alexander is shown on the left and Darius on the right. The Alexander mosaic shows the moment of
battle with soldiers fighting around the two kings. This mosaic measured two hundred and fifteen
square feet and is " a work of epic proportions in fine Opus Vermiculatum "3. It was thought that the
mosaic was commissioned to commemorate the role of an ancestor of the owner of the house in the
battle itself.
In the Ala is a floor mosaic depicting a Satyr and a Nymph showing high Greek culture. This room
would have been used as a waiting room for people to take part in

Alhambras Research Paper
Tesselations can be found in paintings, project and kids items. Tesselations can be grouped into two
things "real things" like people, housepets, and pencils. He earliest tessellations were stone floors,
walls, and brick walls. In Roman times Tessellatios often made pictures, The pictures were usually
grouped of simple colored square tiles. The group of pictures were very large. It was viewed as like
a battlefield. Screens such as tv's and computers are the same, they are large screens made of pixels.
The first kind of tessellation is called Escher–Style or Representational art. In that kind of
tesselation each tile likes real and each tile has a repeating shape. Escher invented it and made it
popular in Western Culture. The 2nd kind of tessellation Way older then the first and it is called
Islamic tessellation or also known as geometric tessellation, or alhambra style. Becaus eof these
discoveryes Escher is know one of the most famous tessellator of tiles shaped like things that look ...
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The geometric art of Alhambras is not "real things". The abstract art looks very good between math
and geometry being interwoven. Its like the the Mona Lisa with how inspiring tesselations can be.
Its not difficult to think of how it could become a idol or a cool object. Alhambra will always
become a tourists attraction, and many talk about the awe of tesselations. If a whole tile is mostly
organic then it needs to be original witht he corners or walls so observers are quickly to guess or see
what of leftovers of the simple geometric cell. The first tessellation shapes flat lines and very sharp
corners. The artist should not show that they are not being lazy and that they are just rearranging the
tiles toward a specific artistic goal. Unless it looks meaningless, flavorless blob or just a minor
tweaking of a simple geometric shape, so it wont be

The Development Of Cultural Tourism
Nevertheless, the Association for Development of Cultural Tourism, known as Europa Nostra,
nominated the Durrës Amphitheatre to 'The 7 Most Endangered' list in 2013. The importance of such
a recommendation can help bring attention to the much needed renovation and preservation of this
site. Europa Nostra believes having the Durrës amphitheater on the World Heritage List will have a
big impact on the revitalization of the city. They also indicate, being placed on the list, would help
put Durrës back on the map of historic sites in Europe. The amphitheater is one of the most
remarkable heritage sites not only for Albania, but also for the whole of the Balkan region (Ponce de
Leon, 2013). Restoration and Rehabilitation The consequence of the amphitheater being lost for
over 500 years has resulted in chaotic urban planning. As the modern city of Durrës grew, it often
developed right on top of the arena. Ultimately, the city's organization has impacted the structural
integrity and deterioration of the auditorium, since excavation (Figure 4; Molla, 2014:32). Further
damage has taken place due to looting, which has added to the wear and tear to the building's overall
integrity (Karaiskaj, 2004:13). The amphitheater, along with the Byzantine mosaics and frescos are
in dwindling condition (Jacques, 1995:154). Part of the poor form of the arena, can be traced to an
ongoing presence of water. Even though at one point, there was a bilge water pump installed from
2005–2008, it

The San Vitale in Ravenna and The Dome of the Rock in...
Monuments such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and San Vitale in Ravenna, perform a great
importance in Byzantine and Islamic architecture. Both of these structures did not exclusively
represent the main place of worship, but most importantly as a symbol of achievement and growth
within the current times of construction. Starting in 524, under the influence of Orthodox bishop
Ecclesius, the development of San Vitale was to represent the achievements of the emperor
Justinian. Julius Argentarius was the sponsor for this structure and it was dedicated by Bishop
Maximian in 547. The Dome of the Rock is built on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem in 692 with the
help of Abd al–Malik with the suspected intention to symbolize Islams influence in ... Show more
On the lower half is an organization of geometric forms. However, the most important mosaic is the
representation of Emperor Justinian and Emprise Theodora. Justinian is presented holding a bowl of
Eucharistic bread as Theodora carries a chalice or vessel of Eucharistic wine. Due to the orientation
of these figures and the ones that surrounds them, it could be suggested that they represent bringing
Eucharistic elements into the church. Perhaps even as an offering to christ which is reinforced by the
three magi bearing gifts on Theodora's rob. The Dome of the Rock is constructed with a wood
structure encased with marble and stone mosaics. The octagonal plan has a large central space which
is separated with two surrounding ambulatories. Supporting the tall cylindrical dome is four
masonry piers and twelve Corinthian columns. With tie beams separating columns from their
capitals, is twenty–four Corinthian columns and piers in an alternating pattern mimicking the central
circle support. The interior of this space is embellished lavishly with veined marble, gilded glass,
and coloured stone. On lower half of the arcades are fitted marble with intricate patterns as above is
decorative with mosaics of trees, plants, fruits, jewels (such as breast plates and necklaces), chalices
and crowns. The gold gilded wood dome is decorated with red and gold floral

Canada's Multicultural Dynamic
Canada's multicultural dynamic presents the country with a unique perspective unlike no other. The
nation is made up of citizens with different heritages, traditions and practices that have positively
integrated into Canadian society ever since the government began to acknowledge diversity within
the country. This paper will argue that multiculturalism represents a qualitatively better approach to
ethnic diversity than did the Canadian immigration and cultural policies that preceded it. Restricted
immigration and aboriginal assimilation negatively affect the larger picture of Canadian culture in
comparison to public policy supporting multiculturalism.
The idea of Canada being a "multicultural" society has arguably been around since the ... Show
They had no choice in the matter and children were going to be taught how to assimilate into
Canadian society. This was done through the implementation of a residential school system and
therefore be forced to lose ties to a culture they knew their whole lives. They continued to be
"segregated socially, silenced politically, and marginalized economically" (76). The Canadian
government in this period was vested in decreasing diversity while promoting assimilation and
limiting the multicultural character of Canada (Davis 70). A political shift in ideals favoring
multiculturalism was necessary before the government continued to make decisions that would
compromise their integrity as well as continue a developing racist and prejudiced society into the
future.
It was not until the 1960s when previous assimilation and limited diversity began to change. The
federal decision to move away from ethnic intolerance and assimilation saw the beginnings of
diversity tolerance for Canada. The government was left with no choice but to tailor their mandates
around the shifting opinions of Canadians. Increasingly, "Canadians found the old policy
incompatible with the liberal and democratic values of Canada" (71) along with "increased
disaffection with the policies of assimilation on the part of minatory ethnic groups themselves" (71).
Social standards were changing amongst the general public.

The History of Christian Art and Structure
After Christ's death, in the first centuries, the Christians were oppressed and considered enemies of
the state. Because of this fact, they kept their tradition and art as a secret. Around the year 313, the
Christianity was proclaimed as the official religion by the Emperor Constantine, and Constantinople
became the second capital of the Roman empire. This was the period when the Byzantine art began
to grow. The art consists on usage of the mosaic techniques to create episodes of Christianity life in
big Structural buildings with amazing decorations like marble columns, mosaic vaults, gold ceilings
and
Stone pavements. It's defined by large open spaces that are painted and decorated with mosaics
representing Christian subjects. The first Byzantine architecture was based on a new building called
basilica. The architecture of the basilica , (latin name for church) and mosaics are a very important
achivement of the First Golden age with symmetrical design and condensed functional plans, The
octogonal layout form features a rectangular base with columns that support an angled roof with.
Light was provided only by natural sources, through windows that were located at the lower level.
However, the light is refined throw the isles that are two stories tall and is used as an artistic
component. Walls are made out of light colored stones, brick and stucco in a smooth finish or
plastered concrete. Interiors are covered on the upper portion by

The Cultural Heritage Of Albania
Consequently, in 1991 at the World Heritage Committee's Fifteenth Session, they ruled on the
Durrës Amphitheatre and stated, "While recognizing the importance of this property as part of the
cultural heritage of Albania...it did not meet the criteria for inscription on the World Heritage List as
defined for the purposes of the application of the Convention" (Convention Concerning the
Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Fifteenth Session, 1991:30). As of 1996, the
amphitheater was placed "under consideration" by UNESCO. Currently Albania has four sites
nominated for consideration, according to UNESCO (2012), which includes the Durrës
amphitheater (11/10/1996), Les tombes de la Basse Selca (11/10/1996), Natural and ... Show more
The need for restoration and rehabilitation of the amphitheater are the consequence of having been
lost for over 500 years. Chaotic urban planning took place as the modern city of Durrës grew;
unfortunately, most of its development took place right on top of the arena. Ultimately, the city's
organization has affected the structural integrity and deterioration of the auditorium, since
excavation (Figure 5; Molla, 2014:32). Further damage has taken place due to looting, which has
added to the wear and tear to the building's overall integrity (Karaiskaj, 2004:13). The amphitheater,
along with the Byzantine mosaics and frescos are in dwindling condition (Jacques, 1995:154). Part
of the poor form of the arena, can be traced to an ongoing presence of water. Even though at one
point, there was a bilge water pump installed from 2005–2008, it seems to have not been used
during this period. Many of the frescos and mosaics in the Byzantine chapel also have been badly
damaged from these conditions. Rainwater seeps through both the polycarbonate covers and a
ventilation chamber, causing more moisture to encounter the artwork, instead of protecting them
(Ponce de Leon, 2013:9).
Figure 5. Modern Durrës around the amphitheater
Part of the amphitheater's cultural importance comes from Durrës historic past, and its association
with the Roman and Byzantium Empires (Ponce de Leon, 2013:3). Currently there is an agreement
between the

Byzantine Mosaics And San Marco Basilica Essay
Byzantine Mosaics and San Marco Basilica
Intro Mosaics have been present in Italy dating back to the Romans. They were originally used in
palaces, temples, and other monumental structures as a way of decoration and paving of surfaces
such as walls, ceilings, and floors, however they can also serve as pictorial art. Mosaics are pictures
formed by marble, stones, and vitric tesserae of various colors, placed on a layer of stucco, putty or
other durable building material. Then the surfaced is finished by smoothing and polishing the stones.
Byzantine mosaics, which are present in the San Marco Basilica, utilize vitric tesserae, a glass like
tile, instead of marble and stone which the Romans and Greeks traditionally used. Mosaic
techniques ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mosaics located on the wall and ceilings of a space are more polished and elaborate in color giving
the space it is situated in an inspiring aesthetic. Mosaics are unique to other art materials in that they
have a shape of their own. They are not soft like paint or clay and cannot be fused with their
material equals but only placed at their side. It remains a building stone in the fact that the material
cannot adapt itself to the intricate turns of cutting tools. Each tesserae is shaped by the artist's
hammer out of a block of colored stone or vitreous paste. Byzantine mosaics have a rough character
to them whereas other styles such as Hellenistic mosaics have a smooth polished look to them.
Byzantine mosaics outline the human figure in dark contours which removes its softness and reveals
its own character by detaching itself from the object represented. The tesserae are larger in size and
do not form a solid surface, instead are placed freely with clear intervals between each piece. The
tesserae are placed irregularly, tilting against each other, some protruding more than others which
creates a rough surface accentuated by light and shadow. This technique breaks up

Essay on Melting Pot or Mosaic, Which One?
Melting Pot or Mosaic, which one?
Culture is a behavior that consists of several critical elements, such as language, religion, race and
ethnicity, clothing and politics. Culture is what one does in his/her daily life. In order to understand
others, we must first keep in mind that every culture carries its own set of values and assumptions.
Culture is an evolving, ever changing civilization, which includes several different groups people.
For immigrants, America is a land of opportunity; for others it is just the best country in the world
because of its economic success and/or its democratic political system. Americans usually value
independence a lot, believe in equal opportunity, and have a direct communication style. In
exploring the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"We came on different boats, but we now ride in the same ship," to draw on a popular saying.
From the term Mosaic we get a picture that America has a structure of different cultures. "The
mosaic implies a contiguity of fixed, self–sufficient, utterly distinct cultures. Multiculturalism, as it
has been practiced in the United States in the past 10 years, implies the existence of a central
culture, ringed by peripheral cultures. The fallout of official multiculturalism is the establishment of
one culture as the norm and the rest as aberrations." So I agree that the American civilization is
composed of diverse cultures.
Chicago serves as the best example for diversity. If we walk down on Devon Street, the area, which
is located between western and California serves many communities. You could see Indian, Russian,
Pakistani and Jewish shops, all side by side. When looked in closely shop–by–shop we see different
cultural shopkeeper carrying material of that specific culture. When looked in from far distance that
place will be known as Devon Street and not as a specific cultural shop name.
In conclusion, in place of the "melting pot", American culture satisfies the term "mosaic". If true
assimilation were to occur, immigrants would have to abandon all their cultural practices and act in
accordance to one set American ways. But, immigrants do not completely give up their traditions
and practices. Their identity remains unique because of their distinct

The Modern Mosaic

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The Modern Mosaic